What are the main features of couplets?

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Couplets (commonly known as couplets) are a unique and attractive flower in China's literary and artistic garden ... At present, the development of hospitals is in sharp contrast with the creation theory of couplets. The topic of "couplet culture and couplet discipline construction" put forward at this meeting is very good. The author only talks about the above problems and gives some immature views. ?

First, couplets should be a discipline that studies the definition of its essential attributes and the law of its occurrence and development. To explore the construction of this subject, we must first make clear what the definition of couplets is. Couplets belong to the category of literature and are an independent literary form. Literature is a social ideology that uses language art to reflect life and express emotions. At present, literature is divided into four genres: poetry, prose, novel and drama. Couplets should only be "poems". Guo Lizhi said in the preface to the record of Zeng Lian: "Lian is also a poem." In fact, couplets have long been regarded as an independent style and exist objectively. For more than 1000 years, it has been more and more loved by people with its unique form and specific style, and reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty, leaving tens of thousands of couples. A number of influential couplets masters have emerged, forming a unique style that keeps pace with poetry, ci, qu and fu. They influence each other, but not in a master-slave relationship. People sum up experience from the long history, and gradually realize from the basic characteristics of couplets, that is, the number of words in the front and back parts (or languages) is equal, the content is related, the part of speech is relative, and the syllables are harmonious: couplets have unique attributes and creative laws different from poems. They are a style formed by using the characteristics of Chinese language and glyphs, which belong to "phonological couple literature" and have strong social practicability. Based on the above understanding, many friends summed up several opinions on the definition of couplets. The author thinks that the "symmetrical literature with complementary opposites of sound, form and meaning of Chinese characters" proposed by Mr. Zhou Bingkun in the 3rd and 4th issues of Southern China Couplet 98 can better reflect the essential attributes of couplets. Only by clarifying the scientific definition of couplets can we correctly distinguish the boundaries between couplets and non-couplets, and will we not equate couplets with slogans and slogans, which is of positive significance for discussing the inheritance, development and innovation of couplets. ?

2. When did couplets originate? It is generally believed that couplets originated from the main array of Shu after the Five Dynasties. According to some data, people think that couplets originated in the Tang Dynasty. According to China Lianhe Zaobao, three seven-character couplets were found in Fuding County, Fujian Province, and one in Huangmei County, Hubei Province. There are also five pairs of Tang couplets in Wuhan, among which the cross couplets written by Li Daozong in the early Tang Dynasty are the most neat. Its joint article is: "The mountains and rivers are gentle and gentle, and the water leaks secrets. Savages are not allowed to cross; The distant trees are desolate, and Yun Qi lotus fragrance contains strange ideas, but it is strange to use poets to search. " The discovery of these couplets is by no means accidental. The achievements of parallel prose in Han Fu are manifested in couplets, mainly by introducing the concept of antithesis, which makes it appear in the embryonic stage; It is said that couplets originated in the Tang Dynasty, mainly because of the poetic rhyme of metrical poems. The antithesis and temperament of his couplets or necklaces often become the reference for the creation of couplets. Couplets contain two sources: poetry (especially modern poetry) and prose (especially parallel prose), which can be regarded as "matriarchal inheritance". However, once the couplets are "born out" and widely absorbed in nutrition, they are somewhat "mutated". For example, from short couplets of five or seven words to the creation of long and short sentences of complex sentences, there is no limit to the number of words. In terms of antithesis, unlike ordinary poems that emphasize "words in sentences cannot be repeated", couplets allow double characters, and sometimes repeated words can also increase artistry and interest. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, couplets were more mature, and in Qing Dynasty, couplets flourished. When learning couplets, we have to know that couplets have two sources, and we have to distinguish between antithetical sentences and antithetical sentences. Couplets take even syntactic poems, parallel prose palace merchants; It should be a leap and progress from the subtle meaning of words to the touching melody. This is the reality of the origin and flow of couplets. It can be seen that couplets and poems are two literary forms flowing in the same long history and have inseparable connotations. Couplets are different from poems in their unique attributes and creative laws, and have their unique universality and practicality. ?

Third, what is the joint law? The couplet itself has no fixed law, and the law is established by the neighboring law. "Enlightenment of Melody" and "Li Weng Dui Yun" are written for learning poetry, with examples. At present, the popular couplet altar style covers five-seven-character poems and four-six parallel prose, and adopts the harmonious law of its shape and tone; Long couplets can't be separated from lyrics and songs, but should consider the principle of alternate opposition between flat and flat lines, not only to mark beautiful but also to pursue sonorous and melodious sounds, and to open the authentic style of couplets to show the future. ?

When we study couplet law, we should make clear the similarities and differences between couplet law and poetic law. The most obvious differences are as follows: ① Poetry is composed of words and sentences, and a poem expresses a complete content. Couplets are composed of words into sentences, sentences into articles, and upper and lower pictures to express a complete content. (2) Modern poetry is an article with definite sentences and characters, and couplets are not limited by the number of words, and can be long or short. (3) The level and level of couplets are combined with rhythm, and the rhythm points must be clear, and the non-rhythm points can be ignored, which is completely different from the poetic law of "one, three, five, two, four and six are clear". For example, Gu Fuchu's "Wang Jiang Lou Jin Zhuo Lou Lian" said: "The sleeves blow cold stars, and the ancient meaning is boundless. Look at the walls of Yunshan, green is outside the sword; Stop the piano and wait for the bright moon, offer more love and send a river of spring water to Jiangnan. " If "cold" and "cool" are the fourth words according to the law, they should be flat and right, but the rhythms of "blowing cold stars" and "waiting for the cool moon" are flat and flat, and "flat and flat" are not at the rhythm point, so they can be flat and flat. The second words "four" and "one" and the fourth words "cloud" and "spring" are not at the rhythm point and can be eclectic, so this connection is legal. Another example is a couplet of Susan Temple in meishan county, which was circulated in the Qing Dynasty: "Quiet people are pregnant, and there is no phase; It is natural for a virtuous person to enjoy himself. " Modern poetry should avoid three levels, but this couplet is a function word, no matter three levels, it ends with a group of words. Unrelated intersection: what you enjoy is nature. Another example is Yang Bangyi's couplet written by the Song government: "I would rather be a ghost of Zhao than a vassal of other countries." The second four words of the first couplet are silent, while the second four words of the second couplet are plain, generous and touching. Lushan Fairy Cave Couplet: "Yellow Crane in Fairy Trail, White Lotus in Personnel". The second four words of the first couplet are flat, and the second four words of the second couplet are dull, like alcohol. This kind of music should also be considered harmonious.