Discussion on how to do a good job in water landscape design

When it comes to water environment design, there have been sayings since ancient times that "a city with water is beautiful, and a place with water is spiritual" and "a good place cannot live without water". As a landscaping element, water not only has ecological value, but also can adjust temperature and humidity, purify air and enhance living comfort. The shape, rhyme, potential and sound of water contain infinite poetic meaning, which enriches the spatial environment and gives people beautiful enjoyment and infinite association. Waterscape can play a special role in landscape and bring people beautiful enjoyment. However, with the increasing shortage of water resources, how to build waterscape suitable for people's appreciation has become a problem faced by every landscape designer. This paper only makes a simple analysis and thinking, hoping to play a certain role in attracting jade.

First, the landscape characteristics of water

The reason why waterscape is deeply loved by people and brings endless interest to people is undoubtedly due to the characteristics of water itself.

1. fluidity: the gravity of the earth makes water flow from high to low, and this change of displacement keeps water in constant circulation, which fully embodies the soft and lively characteristics of water. However, waterfalls, waves, rapids, springs and other intense states bring people a strong audio-visual feeling. In addition, the seasonal factors of wind also contribute to the flow of water. On the calm lake, "the wind wrinkles a pool of spring water" is full of poetry.

2. Reflection and reflection: The reflection of water can increase the depth of field, enlarge the scene, and produce a contrast picture between reality and reality. Under the sun, the water is sparkling, and the new green, clear sky and buildings are intertwined and changing, and the vision is opened and closed; Reflection, backlight and reflection are sparkling and colorful, making the architectural environment picturesque.

3. Plasticity: Water is a continuous substance, invisible and negative. It has no fixed shape, but it can be molded into various forms through containers or nozzles. Song Dynasty painter Guo in "Lin? Records said: "Water is a living thing, and its shape wants to be quiet, smooth, uplifting, fat and surging", which described the various forms of water in great detail.

4. Sound and color characteristics: Water has no sound of its own. The sound of water is determined by the difference of substrate and the amount of residual air in the upper part. The melodious sound of water, the roar of waterfalls and waves are all conducive to creating an ethereal and detached artistic conception; Although water has no color, it is a transparent liquid, but plankton in nature and blue reflection in light give it rich color; The color mapping of the surrounding environment also makes the water surface change with the color of the scene.

Second, the analysis of the current situation of water landscape

China gardens are known as "all mountains are gardens, and there is no water for scenery", which shows the importance of water to the landscape. However, the present situation of waterscape is worrying. The big fountains that can be seen everywhere in the city lie quietly in the water without spraying water. There are polluted rivers and streams everywhere, and there are straight and deep flood storage dams, not to mention those pools that have already dried up. This is a very common waterscape phenomenon, which is a very sad waterscape phenomenon!

Although everyone has a hydrophilic nature, designers are also trying to meet people's needs, which is a good thing in itself, but the result is disappointing. The relevant media published a news that "water-deficient cities have blown up the wind of water landscaping". This paper points out that in some cities in North China and Northwest China, which are short of water resources, there has been a wind of creating urban landscape water in recent years. Some cities "block rivers and build dams" to "circle" rivers in cities; Some cities spend huge sums of money to "dig land to build lakes" to artificially create water landscapes. According to the survey, at present, there are 65,438+06 large and medium-sized cities in the Yellow River Basin that are building water landscapes, and only Zhengzhou, Xi and Xianyang plan to invest more than 4 billion yuan in related "water circle" funds. In today's increasingly scarce water resources, how to create a pleasant waterscape and how to meet people's hydrophilic needs has become a problem that our designers attach great importance to.

Third, the problems that should be paid attention to in water environment design

(A), waterscape design should strive for innovation, unique to have vitality. The architectural modeling and landscape spatial layout of the community are the same. There must also be innovation and characteristics. At present, quite a few waterscapes in real estate environmental design are similar. Creating "lake", "island" and "dock" has almost become a trilogy of waterscape design, almost all of which are "cloned" and copied, giving people a sense of sameness and nothing new. In fact, we should design the theme according to the concept of real estate development, and design different types, styles and themes of waterscape in combination with different geographical environment and climate. It can be a wide lake or a winding stream; It can be the pursuit of natural shapes or the bold use of artificial geometric objects; You can use pebbles to lay the bottom, or you can use colored mosaics; It can not only reflect the artistic conception of landscape in oriental gardens, but also learn from the waterfront life of world-famous water towns; It can concentrate on the ground, or it can lead water to the sky and flow down the roof to form a spectacular waterfall. But no matter what type, style and expression, the most important thing is to make a unique water environment.

(2) Waterscape design should have levels and changes, and the visual effects should be rich and colorful. Environmental design needs "point", "line" and "surface", and waterscape design also avoids hoses with the same width. For example, the design of "nine bends and eighteen bends" and "wide at the top and narrow at the bottom" can be adopted. Emphasizing the richness of lines can strengthen the origin of points through novel fountains, pools or mysterious culverts at nodes, and enrich the expression of water surface and give more functions through water curtains, water curtains and lakes of various shapes. At the same time, the waterscape design should divide the whole water system into different levels: there is a central lake and central waterscape for the whole community to enjoy, which can be combined with clubs and central landscapes; There are also different groups of small water belts and waterscape themes, which should be integrated into the group's environmental greening and close contact with residents, and can pass through the residential lobby and the private garden flowing through the residents. Private gardens also have waterscapes or live in them, especially for villa-style low-density houses, which can pass through houses to separate different functional areas, or stay in gardens and inner courtyards to form aquatic plants planting pools, or become children's play pools or family swimming pools.

(3) Try to design flowing waterscape. Experts and scholars, including World Landscape Design Company, believe that planning should be divided into dynamic and static, and so should waterscape. In the design of flowing and static waterscape, we should pay more attention to the design of flowing waterscape. The flowing waterscape gives people a dynamic beauty, and the flowing water creates a dynamic scene, which makes the landscape more prominent. Gardens and waterscapes can be better integrated, but there should be a good combination of "dynamic" and "static" in the combination of waterscapes, gardens and architectural sketches, so waterscape design is not simple. Performing different "dynamic" performances according to the designer's ideas and the requirements of environmental themes is an artistic expression and also a "dance" of water. She should have rich expressions and graceful movements.

(4) Make full use of the original natural rivers and water systems. If there are already rivers and water systems in the base of residential areas and there is no pollution, the original rivers and water systems should be used as much as possible in environmental planning, and water features should be planned. At present, the most popular waterscape environment in the world is not the conceptual design of wetland. Wetlands, forests and oceans are also called the three major ecosystems of the earth, including swamps, wet meadows, lakes, rivers and beaches, which have the functions of maintaining biodiversity and preventing natural disasters. The most precious resource of wetland is water. The main consideration of using wetland as environmental design is to maintain the original river system, the original ecosystem and vegetation biological system, and on this basis, to shape and plan the landscape. Of course, the whole water system should avoid being polluted and destroyed. If it has been polluted, it still needs to be cleaned and cured to restore the water system ecology and give residents a good ecological water environment.

(5) Waterscape should strengthen people's participation and stay, and support community activities. In the environmental construction of residential areas, we should pay attention to creating a space for everyone to enjoy and communicate. The design of waterscape also emphasizes that people can participate in and support community activities. For example, we should set up a place for people to rest around the main waterscape, and set up corresponding facilities, tables and chairs, so that we can watch the waterscape at close range, and at the same time, the waterscape should be close at any time, accessible and playable, which can make the water become the space center of the lobby and add vitality to the indoor space of the lobby. It can flow through or through the central clubhouse, forming the theme landscape of clubhouse water, etc. In short, it is necessary to provide beautiful landscape environment and space with water as the theme for community owners, support community activities, create a good neighborhood atmosphere, promote the development of community culture, and realize the important purpose of environmental landscape design.

For example, Lawrence designed a waterscape in a residential garden in California, USA. Water gushed from the fountain, gathered on the high platform, and then poured down from the surrounding empty platform like a water curtain and fell into the pool below. The interface between the bank and the steps is the overflow. After the water overflowed from the pool and fell into the first step, it entered the canal and gradually became calm. In order to increase the sense of movement of the water in the canal and avoid monotony, some carefully arranged water retaining stones were set up. Finally, the current gradually becomes stable, and it merges into a larger and quieter pool, which has the potential to rush to the sea. Although the scale of water characteristics is not large, it reflects a complete process of water movement sequence.

Fourth, the principles of water landscape design

First, the principle of "small" but not "big". The principle of "small" rather than "big" means that when designing water bodies, more consideration should be given to designing small water bodies instead of rambling and uninteresting large water bodies. There are so many large water bodies now, which may be related to people's psychological factors of "great joy and great sorrow". Perhaps large water bodies can make people feel the existence of water and attract people's attention, but many problems often appear after the completion of large water bodies: the maintenance difficulty of large water bodies may not be considered by designers at the beginning of design; Large water bodies often make people feel far away from each other, but they don't want to get close, because there are often warning signs next to the water bodies: the water depth here, no swimming, no fishing and other statements; Large water bodies are generally dug manually, so most of them are "stagnant water". Once the water pollution problem occurs, it will be fatal. Small water bodies are easy to build, which is one of the aspects. More importantly, small water bodies are easier to meet people's hydrophilic needs and stimulate people's enthusiasm for participation. More importantly, in the later maintenance and management, small water bodies are convenient for better maintenance, and in the case of water pollution, small water bodies are easier to control.

The second is the principle that "Qu" should not be "straight". The principle that "curve" should not be "straight" means that the water body is best designed to be curved. The most important point in the construction of our classical gardens is to "learn from nature", that is, to follow the laws of nature in design. We can look at the rivers and streams in our nature, most of which are winding, because such waterscape is more likely to form a changing effect. Especially in residential areas, it is easier to design it as natural winding water! However, in reality, many people design the water body to be straight, perhaps they want to reflect the beauty of man-made and the ability of man-made conquest of nature!

The third is the principle that "downward" is better than "upward". "Down" and "up" here are relative. "Down" rather than "up" means that the designed waterscape should conform to the gravity in nature as much as possible, so don't design too many large fountains. Most of them spray upward, which requires energy to support them to counteract the influence of gravity and consumes a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources. Therefore, in reality, we'd better make full use of gravity and use as little energy as possible to form as beautiful a landscape as possible. This needs to test the innovative ability of designers.

Fourth, the principle of "virtual" but not "real". Virtual waterscape is also a good solution in areas where water resources are scarce. The virtual waterscape here is relative to the actual water body. It is an intentional waterscape, based on the shape of natural water bodies in nature, with landscape elements with regional characteristics such as stones, sand grains and weeds as elements. This kind of waterscape is of special significance to the waterscape construction in areas with serious water shortage, and it is easier to bring more thoughts and experiences to people. This may be unmatched by the real waterscape, because the real waterscape can only bring people a visual satisfaction and a very superficial experience.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) development and utilization of waterscape

Hydrophilia is human nature. The development and utilization of water can not only create a poetic landscape effect, but also use certain means to expand, extend and guide the space, and use the creative ideas of designers to diversify the landscape environment content, thus activating the space and creating emotions.

1, expanding space. Large-scale plane space has certain control and space expansion functions in environmental space. On the one hand, the form of water nothingness weakens the spatial boundary, expands the spatial scope and contributes to the expansion of space; On the other hand, the reflection in the water not only brings light wave dynamics to the water surface, but also creates a virtual space on the water surface, resulting in an open and far-reaching feeling.

2. Extension and guidance of space. Small-scale water surface or point waterscape plays the role of point scenery in the environment, forming the visual focus of space, thus playing a guiding role, and its layout is more flexible; Moreover, this kind of waterscape is different from a large area of water surface, and it is easier to swim with people directly, which not only enhances the participation and interest in the landscape, but also satisfies people's hydrophilic psychology.

3. Spatial level. As a visual object, waterscape has a rich sense of visual hierarchy. Its diverse forms and plasticity can be flexibly organized into various points, lines and surface waterscapes, and three-dimensional space can be formed by different overlapping methods; And the use of the surrounding environment, the shelter of buildings, divide and enrich the space, play the role of point scene, the scene and the background, and obtain rich spatial levels.