What are the characteristics of Yi costumes? What are the characteristics of Yi people's customs?

Liangshan Yi people's costumes are colorful and unique in style. Historically, due to the numerous branches of the Yi people; Living in scattered places, therefore, there are obvious differences in costumes from different places, with different styles and strong regional colors. In many areas of Liangshan, the four seasons are cool and the climate changes little, so Yi people's clothing has no seasonality, and they wear Chaerwa (wearing sweaters) all year round. There are many branches of the Yi people, and the costumes in different places are very different. There are nearly a hundred kinds of clothing differences, which are dazzling and have their own characteristics. Basic information: Generally speaking, women wear large-breasted or embroidered right-breasted shirts, black headsets and earrings, and silver flowers on the neckline. Except the Yi people in Xiaoliangshan wear skirts, all the Yi women in other parts of Yunnan wear pants. Many branches of women's trousers are embroidered with exquisite lace of Yi costumes, and the skirts, cuffs and necklines of married women are also embroidered with exquisite and colorful lace, especially around the waist. In central Yunnan, unmarried women in southern Yunnan often wear colorful cockscomb hats decorated with red tassels and beads. The comb cap is usually cut into the shape of a comb with a cloth shell and embroidered with dozens, hundreds or even thousands of silver bubbles. Yi people living in mountainous areas are used to wearing "ear-wiping tiles"-sheepskin felt, regardless of gender. It is shaped like a cloak, woven from wool, extending below the knee, and the lower end is decorated with fringed hair, usually dark black. Before the age of 65,438+05, Yi girls wore red and white single braid skirts. When they reach 65,438+05 years old, some places will hold a ceremony called "Shalalo", which means "changing skirts, braiding and pulling strings", which shows that girls have grown up. After 65,438+05, they will wear black Chinese clothes. Most Yi men wear black narrow-sleeved right cardigan jackets with lace and pleated wide-leg pants. There is a lock of hair about three inches long on the top of the head, which is called "Tianbodhisattva" in Chinese and "Zier" in Yi language. This is a way for Yi men to show their gods. Never touch them. The costume of Yi men in China is called "hero bun", which is wrapped in a green or blue or black baotou. The baotou is more than ten feet long and tied into a long spine shape, with a thick thumb on the right front. Men don't need to be beautiful, so they use their leisure time to pull out their beards one by one. They wear yellow or red ear beads strung with red silk thread on their ears and red silk thread under their ears. Men's wear is characterized by a man's hair on his head, which the Yi people call "Zi Er" or "Zi Mu". This is an ancient traditional dress. When the boy was four or five years old, he left a square hair at the front of his head and tied it in a bun as an adult. People regard it as the representative of the gods and think that it can dominate good luck and bad luck, so it is sacred and inviolable, and no one can touch or tease it. Therefore, Chinese calls it "Buddha of Heaven". The head is wrapped in blue cotton cloth or silk handkerchief, and the head end of the handkerchief is mostly tapered. Because the forehead is on the left, it is called "self-lifting" in Yi language and "hero knot" in Chinese. Young people often tie their heroes long and thin to show their bravery, while old people often tie them like a bun to show their age. Yi men don't think it is necessary to be a kind of beauty. They often pull out their beards since they were young. The baby boy has a perforated left ear and wears earrings when he is a little longer. Girls' clothes The braids of Yi girls are perpendicular to the back of their heads after hair storage. At the age of eight or nine, Yi children's clothes were tied into a braid on their heads, with red cotton thread at the end of the braid and sometimes bow-shaped wooden combs. When you get married, you will separate the double braids and the handkerchief that crosses your head. If you are not married and have reached the age limit, you can also wear a pair of braids another day. Young people in Zhiza area wear red, blue and double embroidered headscarves, while in Eno area, one or two meters long blue cloth is folded into several layers and worn on their heads. The area is a long strip of green cloth with flowers tied at the edge and folded on the head. In these three areas, handkerchiefs should be changed after delivery. The areas of Saint Chahar and enoch were replaced by hats in the shape of lotus leaves, and the local technology was bamboo-framed green cloth domes. It is also useful to wrap the head with a long black cloth. The long black cloth is about 3 cm wide and wraps around the head, about 10 cm. The more prominent, the more expensive. For example, in the past, black Yi aristocratic women were common whether they were adults or not. Before a woman was a minor, she often hung red and green beads as big as peas on her ears. These beads were tied into a string with four iron wires, three or four centimeters long, and red cotton thread was worn in her ears. Or wear a small red stone circle, put it in the circle and hang it between your ears. Earrings are only worn when you are an adult or wear a pair of braids. Earrings include coral, silver bubbles, tremella beads, jadeite, shellfish and tremella, most of which are round stars. There are many styles of silver or copper. The most common are triple or quadruple combinations of flower buds and embedded red beans. In the old days, black Yi aristocratic women often wore inverted pedicels. There are five thin ribbons made of silver thread hanging down, and each ribbon has a round pendant at the end, which is swaying chic. The collar is independent and not connected with the coat. It is decorated with silver bracts and flowers, and there is a rectangular or plum-blossom collar card in the middle of the front buckle. Women's blouses are made of wool, cotton and silk, and have a lapel collar, a front lapel collar, a back lapel and cuffs. Yi women's clothes have colorful line patterns. The neckline is decorated with gold, silver, jewels and jade. Some are decorated with buckles and wrapped with colored silk threads, with different shapes and ingenuity. The women's clothing of the Yi people in Ganluo is full of inner skirts and has a unique style. Saint Chahar's rabbit hair vest is unique, that is, the bottom of the vest is inlaid with a circle of white rabbit hair, and there are colorful flowers on the green background, which is gorgeous and rich. Women wear pleated long skirts, which are made of wide and narrow fabrics. Children's skirts are mainly red and white, or several colors alternate with each other, young people are mainly red, blue, white or red, blue and white, and old people are mainly blue, blue or blue. Children's skirts are very short, usually divided into two sections, with a small waist and a large swing. Adults have three sections, the upper section is waist, the middle section is straight, and the lower section is fine plaid. Long skirts are characterized by layers of folds in the lower part, so they are often called "pleated skirts", and the price of folds is higher. In the past, the length of skirts was related to their status. Black Yi women's long skirts mop the floor, and dust flies when they walk to show their dignity. The wool skirt in this area is soft, thick and elegant, with a barrel shape in the middle, long and narrow, and red. The blue fine pleats in the lower section are even and neat, and the red, white and black fine stripes in the lower horizontal section are harmonious in tone, then cyan, and the pleats at the knees are scattered and trumpet-shaped. The lines are wrinkled and flashing, light and elegant. Yi women use needles, thread, ivory and musk as chest ornaments to ward off evil spirits. There is a triangular wallet hanging at the waist. The surface of the bag is decorated with various patterns, lined with different wrapping cloths, with an opening at the upper end and a five-color ribbon at the lower end. It is practical and beautiful. The wrist is decorated with bracelets of gold, silver, copper, jade and stone, as well as saddle-shaped and cat-eye-shaped rings inlaid with gold, silver or stone. The lady also wears gold, silver and copper chains, locks, pendants and other ornaments on her head, chest and back. Types of Yi Costume Chuxiong Yi Costume This kind of costume is mainly popular in counties and neighboring areas in the early Wei Dynasty. This is the place where the ancient Yi people migrated. At present, it belongs to the intersection of six dialects: East Yi, South Yi, West Yi, North Yi and Middle Yi, so its costumes are particularly colorful. Generally speaking, wearing a right-handed blouse and trousers is the basic style of modern women's wear. There are many flower decorations on blouses, the patterns are mainly moire and cherry blossoms, which are mostly decorated in specific parts such as the chest and shoulders of blouses. Techniques are usually stitching and embroidery. Generally speaking, women's headdresses can be divided into three categories: wrapping the head and wearing embroidered hats. If subdivided, there are more than 40 kinds, and each kind of headdress often becomes the symbol of Yi people in a certain area. Men's wear is becoming more and more China and fashionable, but there are still many areas where the custom of wearing sheepskin, burning grass and burning linen is still preserved, which is rare in other areas of Yi costumes. Liangshan Yi costumes are popular in Sichuan, Yunnan and the neighboring Jinsha River basin. Men's and women's jackets are all right-breasted, and the Yi men in Liangshan area still retain the ancient inheritance. There is a lock of long hair in front of their heads, which symbolizes the dignity of men and is inviolable. Yi people are commonly known as "Buddha of Heaven". Yi men in Liangshan, Sichuan and Yunnan like to wrap their heads in blue cloth or blue cloth and tie a long conical knot on their foreheads to show their heroic spirit, commonly known as "hero knot". According to archaeological findings, this headdress was found on a shell container unearthed from the tomb of King Dian of Han Dynasty in Shizhai, Jinning, Yunnan. It can be seen that "hero knot" is a rather primitive tradition. In addition, the clothes woven with fine beef tendon (used to hang combat knives in ancient times) are called "hero belts"; Some left ears wear ornaments such as beeswax beads and tremella rings, and the bottoms are trousers, but there are large, medium and small trouser legs because of different regions. Unmarried girls wear all kinds of headscarves, and women wear hats or headscarves after childbirth, all of which are black; Women wear earrings such as penguin, silver, coral and emerald shells in both ears and a silver collar tag around their necks; A pleated skirt with layers of colorful cloth around it is usually long and easy to scrub. The upper part fits the body and the lower part is wrinkled, which not only highlights the female figure, but also adds a bit of elegance. Due to the steep mountains and cold climate, the local Yi people use blankets to protect themselves, commonly known as "Silva". Selva is a kind of wool shawl, which has three colors: white, gray and blue. The upper part is narrowed with wool rope, and the lower part is about 0. 3 3 meters long. It usually takes several months to make a tile. Yi people's plastering tile is a symbol of Liangshan Yi people's clothing, which keeps out the cold during the day and covers it at night. Traditional fabrics are mainly wool and hemp, and they like to match with black, red and yellow. Traditional patterns such as head sickle, claw and vortex are often made by picking, embroidering, embedding and dyeing. There are steep mountains and rivers in Liangshan, big and small. In the past, traffic was blocked and there was little contact with the outside world. Its costumes are simple and unique, and completely retain the traditional style of the Yi people, which is in the same strain as the Yi costumes on the murals of Huo Tomb in Zhaotong, Eastern Jin Dynasty. Wumengshan Yi costumes are popular in Zhenxiong, Yiliang and Weixin counties in Zhaotong, Yunnan, and Yi people's settlements in Bijie, Liupanshui, Xuyong and Longlin, Guangxi. Wumeng Mountain is the birthplace of ancient southwest Yi culture. In the past, Yi costumes were basically the same as Liangshan Yi costumes, and clothing styles have changed greatly since Ming and Qing Dynasties. At present, Yi men and women in this area of Yunnan usually wear blue-blue robes and trousers, black or white headscarves, white cloth belts and embroidered "kite shoes". Men's clothes have no patterns, and they often wear wool and felt when they go out. The neckline, cuffs, hem, hem and trouser legs of women's wear are decorated with colorful patterns and combination patterns. Chinese commonly known as "anti-shoulder-shouldered hanging four pillars", the head is wrapped in a green handkerchief as a human figure, and silver ornaments such as Dai Lezi, earrings, bracelets and rings are used. After marriage, earrings are replaced by earrings, which are white or embroidered with flowers hanging behind them. In some areas, Yi women wear short skirts and long skirts. There are steep mountains and rivers in Liangshan, big and small. In the past, traffic was blocked and there was little contact with the outside world. Its costumes are simple and unique, completely retaining the traditional style of the Yi people, which is in the same strain as the Yi costumes on the murals of Huo Tomb in Zhaotong, Eastern Jin Dynasty. Yi costumes in western Yunnan are mainly popular in Dali, Simao, Lincang and Baoshan in western Yunnan. Women's dresses are mostly right-handed dresses with short front and long back, including trousers, waist-binding and waist-binding. Women's clothing in the mountainous area between Weishan County and Midu County is brightly colored, with many embroidered patterns and tapestries wrapped around their backs. Other areas are more concise and elegant. Its headdress is either wearing a cloth hat or a green handkerchief, which is decorated with colorful tassels, beads and other decorations. There is quite a gorgeous legacy of Nanzhao royal family. In the past, men wore right-handed robes, wide-leg pants, green handkerchiefs on their heads, and cloth belts or leather bellies around their waists, but now they are more fashionable. The costumes of the Yi people in Honghe are mainly popular in the Honghe area in southern Yunnan, with Jianshui, Shiping and Yuanyang as the most typical counties. Women's clothes are colorful, from long skirts with big skirts to long skirts and short dresses. They usually wear trousers, vests and aprons. The headdress is dazzling, mostly decorated with silver bubbles or wool; Clothing color is extremely strong, the matching contrast color is consistent, bright and decorative; Natural patterns are the most geometric patterns, followed by geometric patterns. Men's wear is not much different from other places. Yi costumes in central and southeastern Yunnan are mainly popular in Kunming, Wenshan and parts of Honghe Prefecture adjacent to these two areas. The main styles of women's wear are right-breasted or double-breasted tops, trousers and skirts in some places. With white, blue and black as the background, decorated with animal and plant patterns and geometric patterns. Its headdress varies from place to place. Some young Yi women in Kunming wear "cockscomb hats", which are shaped like cockscomb and embroidered with various silver bubbles, and are of fine workmanship. Older women usually wear a bun. Hairband, the headdress of unmarried women in Guishan area, decorated a pair of triangular embroidered cloth ornaments at the ears and hung a string of beads from the back of the head to the chest. Yi women in some areas south of Maitreya and Lu 'an wrapped their heads in black double braids, leaving a bunch of hair hanging behind their heads, decorated with beads, silver chains, shells and wool. In Wenshan, Xichou, Maguan, Funing and other places, women wear black scarves or top-flowered handkerchiefs with simple headdresses, while in Qiubei, Kaiyuan, Luxi and other places, women's headdresses are very rich, with accessories such as silver bubbles, wool balls, flowers and shells. Yi men and women wear blankets such as "Chaerwa". The Yi name of "Chaerwa" is "Wala", which looks like a cloak. Woven with coarse wool, usually 13, each seven or eight centimeters wide, and most of them are dyed dark blue. St. Chahar is the most gorgeous area, with red and yellow edges and cyan interlining, and a 30-cm-long rope spike hanging below. Felt is made of about two kilograms of wool. It is as thin as a copper coin and folded into 6 cm wide folds. Generally, it is 30-90 fold, and the top is closed with wool rope. Mostly primary colors or blue. Chaerwa and felt are necessary clothes for Yi people, men, women and children. They are clothes during the day and quilts at night, which can protect them from rain and snow. Edit the color characteristics of this paragraph. Generally, young men and women wear bright colors, and they like to use the contrasting colors of Yi costumes such as red, yellow, green, orange and pink, and there are many patterns. Middle-aged people have fewer clothing patterns than young people, and the colors used are sky blue, green, purple, blue and white, which are solemn and simple. Old people often use blue cloth, generally do not make flowers, only decorated with blue-edged Tsing Yi or blue-edged. The patterns and lace of clothing have strong national and local colors and life flavor. There are astronomical phenomena such as the sun, moon, stars, clouds, Tianhe and rainbow, natural maps such as mountains and rivers, animal maps such as cockscomb, bull's eye, horns and roe deer, and maps of plants and things such as leaves, flowers, sickles, braids and geometric figures. The decorations are beautiful, solemn and brightly colored. There are many kinds of patterns, mostly made of whole, silver, copper, jade, stone and bone. The casting, stamping, pressing, inlaying and carving parts are made by local craftsmen. In the past, most Yi men and women in Liangshan were barefoot in winter or when they left home. They wear sandals woven with hemp or straw rope, felt socks similar to boots woven with wool, or cotton trousers to protect their feet and keep out the cold. Edit this piece of embroidered clothes of Yi people. Most Yi women in Yunnan are good at embroidery. In the areas where the Yi people live, Yi women all wear exquisite flowered clothes. Yi women's clothes are mostly left back clothes with wide sides and big sleeves. Red, gold, purple and green silk threads are used to embroider various patterns on the chest, back shoulders, cuffs or the whole dress, and silver bubbles are embedded in the collar. In addition, Yi women also like to embroider colorful and meaningful patterns on headscarves, skirts, waists, belts, trouser legs and skirts as ingenious decorations. Embroidered flowers are a major feature of Yi costumes. Almost all Yi women are good at embroidery and flower picking. They learned the skills of embroidery, picking and mending flowers under the guidance of their mother, and also learned Ping Xiu, crepe embroidery, bag embroidery and tapestry embroidery. The wedding dress of Yi girls is a symbol for Yi elders and boys to measure girls' talents. If Yi girls can't embroider or can't embroider well, even if they are beautiful, it's hard to find Mr Right. Yi women's costumes are embroidered from head to toe, and each flower is a beautiful handicraft, which deserves to be studied and preserved as a national embroidery specimen.