Common animal diseases

Prevention and treatment of common animal diseases

I. Chlamydia

Chlamydia is a disease that can be transmitted from birds to humans, also known as bird plague and psittacosis.

Pathogen: The pathogen is Chlamydia psittaci.

Chlamydia is not resistant to high temperature, and it is inactivated at 55℃ for 5 minutes and 37℃ for 48 hours.

The maximum survival time was 6 days in sunlight and 17 days in water.

Chlamydia is not sensitive to acid and alkali, but it is easily inactivated by quaternary ammonium compounds and lipid solvents.

Common disinfectants such as benzyl ammonium chloride tincture solution, 70% spray essence and 3% hydrogen peroxide can destroy its infectivity in a few minutes.

This pathogen is resistant to coal phenolic compounds and lime.

Epidemiology: Chlamydia psittaci is pathogenic to all kinds of birds, especially parrots and pigeons.

Sick birds and carriers are the main sources of infection of the disease.

The disease can infect polluted dust and droplets scattered in the air through respiratory tract or conjunctiva, and can also infect blood-sucking insects such as mites.

Since people will also be infected, we should pay attention to our own protection.

Symptoms: Due to the different virulence of chlamydia, the clinical manifestations of sick birds are also different.

Parrots, pigeons, etc. Could be a dominant infection.

The sick parrot is listless, does not eat, has purulent secretions in the eyes and nose, and has diarrhea, dehydration and emaciation in the later stage.

Parrots often die.

Adult parrots can recover, but the infection takes a long time.

The sick pigeon is insane, with secretions in eyes and nose, anorexia and diarrhea. Most pigeons can recover and become carriers.

Prevention and control: control the source of infection.

To introduce new birds, we must first know whether there is chlamydia in the local area, and serological examination can be done if conditions permit.

After two weeks of isolation observation, you can join the group.

The feces, bedding and feathers of sick birds should be carefully treated, and cages should be strictly disinfected to eliminate blood-sucking insects and prevent the spread of diseases.

Tetracycline (including chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and erythromycin) can be used, but chloramphenicol is toxic and cannot be used.

The therapeutic dose is 2 ~ 4g per kg of feed.

This has little effect on recessive infected people.

Treatment should be carried out under strict isolation conditions, and the elimination of sick birds should be considered when the number is small.

Second, Newcastle disease.

The disease is an acute highly contagious infectious disease caused by virus.

It is characterized by dyspnea, diarrhea, neurological dysfunction, mucosal and serous bleeding.

Pathogen: The disease is caused by paramyxovirus.

This virus has no resistance to disinfectants, sunlight and high temperature.

Disinfectants such as 2% caustic soda, 1%~2% formaldehyde and 1%~2% lysol can kill it within 20 minutes.

In summer, he died in direct sunlight for about half an hour.

Heated to 70℃ and died after 2 minutes.

In the shed, it can survive for 3 weeks 1 month at 30℃~32℃.

Epidemiology: Poultry is susceptible to this disease, as are wild birds and ornamental birds.

The main source of infection of the disease is sick birds, which are infected through digestive tract and respiratory tract.

Feed, drinking water and utensils contaminated by virus are infectious.

In addition to oral infection, toxic droplets and dust can also enter the respiratory tract and be infected.

Viruses can also enter birds through conjunctiva, cloaca and skin.

Symptoms: The incubation period of natural infection is 3~5 days.

According to the clinical manifestations and the duration of the disease, it can be divided into three types: the most acute, acute and chronic.

The most acute type: sudden onset, often without characteristic symptoms, rapid death, more common in young birds in the early stage of epidemic.

Acute type, sick birds have loss of appetite, drooping head and neck, drooping wings, drowsiness, cough, dyspnea, mucus runny nose, frequent head stretching, breathing with the mouth open, abnormal singing, excessive mucus flowing out of the mouth, thin feces, yellow-green or yellow-white.

Some sick birds also have neurological symptoms.

The mortality rate is extremely high.

Chronic type, the initial symptoms are similar to those of acute type, and gradually relieved after a short time, but at the same time, there are symptoms of nervous system, unstable standing, head and neck twisting to one side, dyskinesia, repeated attacks, and eventually paralysis, with low mortality.

Prevention and control: strict feed management to ensure full-price feed supply.

Newly bought birds must be observed in isolation for 2 weeks.

Cages, utensils, water tanks and food cans used by sick birds should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected.

Sick birds should be treated separately from other healthy birds, and dead birds should be dealt with seriously.

The best preventive method is immunization.

Supplement some antibiotics, vitamin A, etc. To avoid secondary infection with other diseases.

Feeding cage bird premix and "Niaole" No.4 also has certain effect.

Third, bursal disease.

The main features of the disease are diarrhea, chills, extreme weakness, bursa of fabricius and renal lesions.

Pathogen: the virus is infectious bursal disease virus, belonging to reovirus family.

The virus has strong resistance and can't be killed at 60℃ for 90 minutes. It can survive for 3 years at -20℃, and it can only be killed if it is kept above 30℃ 1 hour in a strong alkali environment with pH value of 12.

It is resistant to ultraviolet rays and sunlight, as well as feces, feed, drinking water and so on. It remains infectious for 52 days after being taken out of the sick bird cage.

Nai mites, mosquitoes, small beetles, etc. Will spread toxins.

Formaldehyde is the first disinfectant, followed by chloramine for human use. In addition, Tuojunjing and bromogeramine also have certain effects.

Epidemiology: Young birds are susceptible to infection.

The modes of transmission include direct contact and indirect transmission through feed, drinking water, bedding, feces, dust, cages, personnel clothes, etc.

This virus can spread not only through respiratory tract and digestive tract, but also through bird eggs, and some insects can also carry this virus.

Symptoms: The incubation period is very short. At first, people found some birds pecking at themselves. Then, the sick bird appeared fluffy feathers, decreased food intake, chills, listlessness, shrinking head, closed eyes, unwilling to walk, collapse, white watery feces, blood in some feces, sunken eye sockets, dehydration, and finally died of weakness.

Prevention and treatment: There is no effective treatment for this disease.

Inject the highly immune serum of infectious bursal disease in chickens, and inject 0.4 ml into each muscle, 1 time.

Inject highly immune yolk against infectious bursal disease, 5 ml each.

Strengthen the care of young birds, pay attention to keep warm in cold season, and appropriately increase multivitamins in feed.

4%~5% glucose can be added to drinking water to supplement heat energy and improve physical fitness.

Fourth, Marek's disease.

Marek's disease is also called infectious tumor disease.

Lymphocyte infiltration occurred in peripheral nerves, viscera, gonads, red blood cells, muscles and skin of sick birds, which formed tumor lesions and eventually died due to organ dysfunction.

Pathogen: Marek's disease virus belongs to subgroup B of herpes virus group.

Marek's disease virus has obvious pathogenicity to newly hatched chicks.

The virus has strong low temperature tolerance and can survive for 2 10 days at-16℃.

Its heat resistance is low, and it can be stored for 48 hours at 22℃~25℃, 65,438+08 hours at 37℃ and 65,438+00 minutes at 60℃.

Common disinfectants have a certain effect on it.

Epidemiology: The disease mainly infects birds, but not mammals.

Enveloped complete virus is discharged from the feather sac of sick birds, spreads with dander, dust on feathers and fallen feathers, flies in the air, invades other birds mainly through respiratory tract, and also invades the body through digestive tract with feed and drinking water.

The feces and mouth and nose secretions of sick birds are also contagious.

Symptoms: According to the main parts and symptoms of the lesion, the disease can be divided into three types: nerve type, visceral type, eye type and sometimes mixed type.

Nerve type: it mainly invades peripheral nerves, most commonly invading sciatic nerves, with one side being lighter and the other side being heavier.

Heavy, not completely paralyzed at first, unsteady gait, completely paralyzed later, unable to walk, squatting on the ground, one leg extending forward and the other leg extending backward, becoming a characteristic gesture; When the brachial plexus is invaded, the wings of the invaded side droop; When the nerves innervating the neck muscles are damaged, sick birds will have drooping heads or head and neck askew.

Visceral type: it often invades young birds and has high mortality. Birds mainly show mental fatigue, no food, short course of disease and frequent sudden death.

Eye type: occurs in one or both eyes, resulting in loss of vision.

Prevention and treatment: there is no specific drug treatment for the disease, and vaccination is the best policy.

Usually, cages should be strictly cleaned and disinfected, and cages with young birds must be far away from adult birds of other ages.

Add some vitamins to feed to prevent other diseases.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) fowlpox

Avian pox is an infectious disease caused by virus, which is usually divided into skin type and mucosal type.

Pathogen: The pathogen of avian pox is avian pox virus, with at least 4 virus types.

Avian pox virus has considerable resistance to the outside world and environment.

Although the virus in epithelial cell fragments is completely dry and exposed to direct sunlight for many weeks, it will not be killed; It takes 3 hours to be killed when heated to 60℃, and it can maintain its vitality for many years in the environment below-15℃.

1% caustic soda, 1% acetic acid or 0. 1% mercuric chloride can kill the virus within 5 minutes.

Epidemiology: Many wild birds are susceptible to infection, and birds such as canaries, sparrows, finches, pigeons and starlings often have acne rashes.

The onset season is mainly in summer and autumn, when most cases are cutaneous.

In winter, the incidence is less, often mucous membrane.

Avian pox virus usually exists in dander, feces and excrement of sick birds who sneeze and cough.

When the above-mentioned dirt reaches the defects of skin and mucosa of healthy birds, it can cause diseases.

In addition, bloodsuckers can spread diseases, and mosquitoes can carry the virus for 10~30 days.

Symptoms: the incubation period of avian pox is 4~8 days, which is usually divided into skin type, mucous membrane type, mixed type and occasionally septic.

Skin type: the skin on the head is frequent, sometimes found in legs, feet, cloaca and the inside of wings, forming a special acne rash.

At first, the chaff-like covering appeared and fell off to form gray-white nodules, which increased rapidly, turned slightly yellow and merged with each other, and finally became a brown-black acne scab, which fell off after 20~30 days.

Generally, there are no systemic symptoms.

Mucosal type: also known as diphtheria type, sick birds initially have nasal mucus and some shed tears. After 2~3 days, small gray-yellow spots appeared on the oral cavity and throat mucosa, which expanded rapidly and formed a false membrane. If you tear them off with tweezers, the ulcer focus will be exposed, the whole body symptoms will be obvious, and eating and breathing will be hindered.

Mixed type: both skin and mucosa are violated.

Septic blood group: rare.

Prevention and treatment: If the affected part of the skin-type bird is damaged, it can be coated with purple liquid medicine.

Diphtheria type, such as throat false film thickness, can be washed with 2% boric acid solution, and then drop one or two drops of 5% chloramphenicol eye drops.

In addition to local treatment, add 2 grams of oxytetracycline per kilogram of feed for 5~7 days to prevent secondary infection.

Newly bought birds should be observed in isolation for 2 weeks, and then live in groups after finding no abnormality.

Chicken pox vaccine can prevent this disease.

Six, swollen eye disease

In summer, especially when the temperature is higher than 30℃, peony parrots are most prone to eye swelling.

Some people don't know the cause, and they just feed anti-inflammatory drugs and ointments. Instead of getting better, they delayed their illness, causing more than 90% birds to die.

Eye swelling is different from bird eye inflammation and traumatic swelling. When this eye disease was first discovered, the bird had been ill for about 10 days. If the bird is dissected, the organs-liver, intestine or other parts have bleeding spots and mildew has occurred.

Look at your eyes, there are tears in your eyes, and your body is obviously thin. At first glance, it is anorexia, and some birds still have diarrhea. The shape of feces is a green belt in the middle, and the periphery is watery.

This disease is caused by avian chlamydia virus.

Avian chlamydia virus can also cause birds to gasp heavily, have wet rales in the lungs, be impatient, peck feathers, and kill birds when crouching.

In this case, the sick birds should be isolated immediately and the sick birds and other birds should be disinfected.

Ordinary drugs have no therapeutic effect on this disease, such as eye drops and eye ointment. Not only can they not be cured, but they are counterproductive, making the condition worse and the eyes further swollen and closed.

After storage, severe cases are blind, and mild cases have sarcoma or white and yellow secretions on the eyelids.

The cause of this disease was known before, but little was known about the treatment. After several years' research, Beijing Wildlife Conservation Center has developed Capsule No.6 and Capsule No.7, which have remarkable therapeutic effects on the disease.

Anyone who finds swollen eyes should be disinfected indoors and in cages to prevent infection.

Seven. Infectious respiratory diseases

Infectious respiratory diseases of birds mainly include infectious laryngotracheitis, infectious bronchitis, infectious rhinitis, infectious septicemia and aspergillosis.

(1) infectious laryngotracheitis

This disease is an acute respiratory infection caused by virus.

It is characterized by dyspnea and coughing up bloody exudates.

Pathogen: Infectious laryngotracheitis virus is a member of herpesviridae.

The resistance of this virus is weak. It can only survive for 10~ 15 minutes at 55℃, for 22~24 hours at 37℃, for 10 days at/kloc-3 ~ 23℃, and for 10 years in the refrigerator after freeze-drying.

This virus is sensitive to common disinfectants, such as 3% Lysol or 1% caustic soda solution 1 min.

Epidemiology: The disease mainly affects poultry, but wild birds such as pheasants and peacocks can also be infected.

Bedding, drinking water, feed, utensils, cages, etc. contaminated by viruses can all become media.

Too many birds in the house, poor ventilation, vitamin deficiency and parasitic infection can induce and promote the occurrence of this disease.

Symptoms: The sick bird is characterized by listlessness, loss of appetite, drooping head or lateral bending, a small amount of secretions in eyes and nostrils, breathing with the mouth open, panting, and occasionally spitting bloody mucus or coagulated blood.

Birds often suffocate because of excessive exudate and blood accumulation in the throat and trachea.

Prevention and treatment: There is no effective treatment drug at present, but once immunity is generated, sick birds can recover quickly.

Try intramuscular injection of camphor water to relieve dyspnea.

Strengthen the care of sick birds, pay attention to warmth and ventilation, properly add some multivitamins to feed, and use oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol as appropriate to control secondary infection.

You can also get vaccinated.

(2) Infectious bronchitis

The main features are cough, sneezing and tracheal rales.

Pathogen: Infectious bronchitis virus belongs to the representative species of coronavirus.

Most viruses died at 56℃ 15 minutes, at 20~30℃ in February, and at 4℃ 142 days.

With 1% carbolic acid, 1% lysol, 0. 1% potassium permanganate and 70% alcohol, the virus in trachea can be killed within 3 minutes.

Epidemiology: The main mode of transmission of the disease is that sick birds excrete virus from respiratory tract and transmit it to susceptible birds through air droplets. In addition, it can also be transmitted through the digestive tract through contaminated feed, drinking water and cages.

Overheating, freezing, crowding, poor ventilation and insufficient supply of vitamins and minerals will all lead to this disease.

Symptoms: Often manifested as neck stretching, mouth breathing, sneezing, and making special noises when breathing, especially at night.

With the development of the disease, the sick birds become weak, listless, lose appetite, loose feathers, lethargy, drooping wings, swollen sinuses, sticky nose, more tears and gradually lose weight.

Diarrhea generally does not occur.

Prevention and treatment: various drugs have no direct effect on this disease, but chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and compound tylosin are used for 3~5 days to prevent secondary infection.

Strengthen the care of sick birds, mainly do a good job of heat preservation and hygiene, keep the air fresh, and appropriately increase vitamins in the feed.

Immunization can be performed.

(3) Infectious rhinitis

Acute respiratory diseases of birds caused by Haemophilus mainly show nasal cavity and paranasal sinusitis, runny nose, facial swelling and sneezing.

Pathogen: The pathogen of this disease is Haemophilus, a Gram-positive micrococcus.

Bacillus has weak resistance to the outside world. They can only survive for 4 days at 22℃ and die for 6 minutes at 45℃.

Ordinary disinfectants, sunlight and dry environment can kill it quickly.

Epidemiology: sick birds and recessive infected birds are the sources of infection, and their transmission route is mainly through droplets and dust through respiratory tract, but also through contaminated feed and drinking water in digestive tract, and sparrows can also become the media.

Stuffy, cold and humid, vitamin A deficiency, parasitic invasion, etc. will also promote the onset.

This disease often occurs in winter and autumn.

Symptoms: the incubation period of natural infection is generally 1~3 days, and some of them are as long as 2 weeks.

Typical symptoms are: the nasal mucus is thin at the beginning, and gradually thickens. After drying, it turns into a yellowish nasal scab, which adheres to the inside and outside of nostrils, making it difficult to breathe. Sick birds often shake their heads or scratch their noses with their claws, and the conjunctiva is inflamed and tears. The characteristic symptoms of this disease appear on the second face, that is, the eyelids and the surrounding face are swollen.

Sick birds are depressed, lose appetite, lose weight, and some have diarrhea symptoms.

Prevention and treatment: streptomycin, sulfonamides, oxytetracycline and compound tylosin can be used for treatment according to specific conditions.

Streptomycin should be the first choice, 654.38+0 million units per kilogram of drinking water.

Young birds should use it with caution.

Sulfonamides are usually sulfathiazole or compound sulfamethoxazole, and 5g sulfathiazole or 1 g compound sulfamethoxazole is added to each kilogram of feed for 5 days.

Oxytetracycline has a moderate effect on this disease and chronic respiratory diseases. Add 2 grams per kilogram of feed for 5~7 days.

Compound tylosin has good curative effect and is superior to this disease in preventing and treating chronic respiratory diseases. It is safe. Add 2 grams per kilogram of drinking water for 5 days.

In addition, drugs such as doxycycline and erythromycin can also be selected.

After the course of treatment 1 month, the drug was given every 7~ 10 days/2 days to prevent recurrence.

(4) Infectious septicemia mycosis

This disease is also called chronic respiratory disease.

Pathogen: Pathogenic Mycoplasma gallisepticum has weak resistance to the external environment and soon loses its vitality after being isolated. Common disinfectants can kill this mycoplasma quickly.

But resistant to neomycin, polymyxin and sulfonamides, sensitive to streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and compound tylosin.

Epidemiology: The disease can be spread by contact, dust and droplets.

In addition, the transmission through eggs is the main reason for the transmission of this disease from generation to generation.

Parasitic diseases, long-distance transportation, poor sanitary conditions, poor ventilation and feed deterioration can all induce this disease.

This disease is the most serious in winter.

Symptoms: incubation period 10~2 1 day, and the course of disease is very long.

The disease is mainly chronic, and the typical symptoms mainly occur in young birds. If there are no complications, the first is inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, followed by serous and mucinous nasal discharge, manifested as paranasal conjunctivitis and tracheitis.

With the development of the disease course, symptoms such as dyspnea and cough appear.

When inflammation spreads to the lower respiratory tract, the symptoms are more obvious, and rales appear when breathing, loss of appetite and growth stagnation.

Prevention and treatment: Streptomycin and tetracycline antibiotics are effective.

However, streptomycin is toxic to young birds, so we should pay strict attention to the dosage, adding 800 thousand units per kilogram of drinking water for 5~7 days in a row.

Compound tylosin, 2g per kg of drinking water for 5 days.

Spiramycin is also quite effective.

In order to prevent the secondary infection of Enterobacter, furazolidone can be mixed into feed or dissolved in water for 7 days.

When using antibiotics, rotation or combined use should be considered to prevent drug resistance.

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