History question 3 in the second grade of junior high school! !

1. Four changes and adjustments in my country’s rural production relations since the founding of the People’s Republic of China

⑴The first time: land reform

Land reform continued after the founding of New China , the land confiscated from the feudal landlord class was owned by the peasants, which was a task left over from the democratic revolution to continue to be completed. When New China was founded, land reform had not yet been carried out in the newly liberated areas with a population of more than 300 million. The land system of feudal exploitation not only caused the vast number of poor peasants and laborers to suffer brutal feudal exploitation and oppression, but also severely restricted the liberation of rural productive forces. In order to abolish the feudal system of exploitation, liberate rural productive forces, and liberate the vast number of poor peasants and laborers from the rule and oppression of the landlord class, land reform must be carried out. During the People's Liberation War, the Party formulated the "Outline of China's Land Law" and carried out land reform in the old liberated areas such as Northeast China and North China. At that time, land reform was implemented in areas with a population of more than 100 million in our country. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, in June 1950, the Central People's Government promulgated the "Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China" and began to implement land reform in the vast newly liberated areas of East China, Central South, Southwest, and Northwest China starting from the winter of that year. The land owned by the landlord class will be distributed to landless and landless peasants, the feudal land ownership system of the landlord class will be abolished, and the peasant land ownership system will be implemented. By the winter of 1952, except for some minority areas, the nationwide land reform was basically completed. The country's more than 300 million landless or landless farmers have been allocated approximately 46 million hectares of land and a large amount of production means.

The results and great significance of the land reform: the feudal exploitation system of more than two thousand years was completely abolished and the landlord class was eliminated; farmers became the owners of the land and turned over politically and economically. The vast majority of the Chinese people were liberated; the productive forces were liberated, and agricultural production developed rapidly; the victory of the land reform movement destroyed the social foundation of imperialism and the Chiang Kai-shek Kuomintang clique, consolidated the alliance of workers and peasants, and further consolidated the national power of the people's democratic dictatorship , and created favorable conditions for socialist transformation and socialist construction.

⑵Second time: Agricultural cooperatization

Reason: The small-scale peasant economy cannot meet the needs of national economic development. Core content: Change land and other major means of production from private ownership to public ownership and implement collective management.

Agricultural cooperatization is, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, through various forms of mutual assistance and cooperation, the individual agricultural economy based on the private ownership of the means of production is transformed into an economy based on the public ownership of the means of production. The process of agricultural cooperative economy. This process of social change is also known as agricultural collectivization. It is roughly divided into three stages.

The first stage was from October 1949 to 1953, focusing on setting up mutual aid groups, and at the same time piloting primary forms of agricultural cooperatives. In September 1951, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held the first mutual assistance and cooperation meeting, discussed and adopted the "Resolution on Mutual Assistance and Cooperation in Agricultural Production", and sent it as a draft to party committees in various places for trial implementation. Since then, local party committees have strengthened their leadership, which has enabled the agricultural mutual aid and cooperation movement to achieve greater development. By the end of 1952, the number of agricultural mutual aid cooperative organizations nationwide had grown to more than 8.3 million, and the participating farmers accounted for 40% of the country's total farmers. Among them, more than 3,600 agricultural production cooperatives (primary cooperatives) were piloted in various places.

Between the winter of 1952 and the spring of 1953, there was a tendency to be impatient and aggressive in the development of agricultural mutual assistance and cooperation. In order to correct this tendency, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Instructions on Reducing the Five-Year Plan for Increasing Agricultural Production and Mutual Assistance and Cooperation" on March 8, 1953, and on March 26, issued the "Instructions on Spring Plowing Production at All Levels" Party Committee's Instructions" and announced the "Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Mutual Assistance and Cooperation in Agricultural Production." On April 3, the Rural Work Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held the first national rural work conference and elaborated on the policy of "steady progress". On October 15th and November 4th, Mao Zedong spoke twice with the person in charge of the Rural Work Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. He proposed that the mutual aid and cooperation movement is the outline of all work in rural areas and the theme of rural work. He said that "correcting impatience and rash progress" is A gust of wind blew down some agricultural production cooperatives that should not have been blown down. There were many correct opinions in the two talks, but they also showed the eagerness for success and greed for more on the issue of agricultural co-operation. On December 16, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China announced the "Resolution on the Development of Agricultural Production Cooperatives." Since then, agricultural cooperatives have entered a period of development from trial establishment.

The period from 1954 to the first half of 1955 was the second stage of the agricultural cooperative movement. Primary cooperatives were generally established and developed throughout the country. In the spring of 1954, the number of agricultural production cooperatives increased to 95,000, with 1.7 million participating farmers, greatly exceeding the figure proposed by the central government. In April, the Central Rural Work Department held the second rural work conference. The meeting analyzed the situation of the mutual aid and cooperation movement and pointed out that there will be an upsurge of socialist revolution in rural areas. In order to attract more farmers to join cooperatives, the state vigorously supports agricultural production cooperatives in various aspects. By the autumn of the same year, more than 130,000 agricultural production cooperatives had been newly established across the country, plus more than 225,000 existing cooperatives.

In October 1954, the Central Rural Work Department held the Fourth National Mutual Aid and Cooperation Conference and decided to develop 600,000 agricultural production cooperatives before spring plowing in 1955. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved the report of the Central Rural Work Department on this meeting. By April 1955, the number of cooperatives had grown to 670,000. Due to the excessive speed of development, forced orders and violations of the principle of voluntariness and mutual benefit have appeared in many places. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China discovered the above problems in early 1955, issued a series of notices and took measures to correct the deviations. On January 10, the central government issued the "Notice on Rectifying and Consolidating Agricultural Cooperatives," requiring all localities to stop development, concentrate on consolidation, and shrink in a few areas. In early March, Mao Zedong proposed the three-character policy of "stop, shrink, and develop", that is, stop development, implement shrinkage, and develop appropriately according to the conditions of different regions. In order to implement the three-character policy, the Ministry of Rural Work held the third national rural work conference in late April to summarize experience, arrange work, and put forward requirements. By July 1955, there were originally 670,000 cooperatives in the country. After reorganization, 650,000 were consolidated.

On May 17, 1955, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a meeting of party secretaries of 15 provinces and municipalities in East China, Central South China, Hebei, Tianjin, and Beijing. According to Mao Zedong's original proposal, the meeting proposed the idea of ??developing to 1 million communities by 1956. In mid-June, the Central Committee held a Politburo meeting and approved a plan to expand the number of cooperatives to 1 million by 1956. Soon, Mao Zedong returned from an inspection trip to the south and advocated revising the plan and accelerating development. Deng Zihui, who served as Minister of Rural Work, did not agree with changing the plan and believed that the cooperative movement should be consistent with the speed of industrialization and should not develop too fast. Mao Zedong believed that Deng Zihui and the Central Rural Work Department were right-leaning.

The second half of 1955 to the end of 1956 was the third stage of the socialist transformation of agriculture and also a period of rapid development of the agricultural cooperative movement. On July 31, 1955, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a meeting of provincial, municipal and autonomous region party committee secretaries. Mao Zedong made a report "On the Issues of Agricultural Cooperativeization" at the meeting, systematically expounded the party's theory and policy on agricultural cooperativization, and put forward new requirements for the speed of cooperativization. The report also severely criticized Deng Zihui and others for their "right deviation". From October 4 to 11, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held the Sixth Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Beijing and passed the "Resolution on Agricultural Cooperation", requiring that primary agricultural production cooperation should be basically universalized in most places across the country by the spring of 1958. , to achieve semi-socialist cooperation. After the meeting, the agricultural cooperative movement developed rapidly, and in only about three months, agricultural cooperation was basically realized across the country. By the end of 1956, the number of farmers participating in primary cooperatives accounted for 96.3% of the total number of farmers, and those participating in advanced cooperatives accounted for 87.8% of the total number of farmers. Complete socialist transformation was basically achieved.

Results: The transformation from individual farmer ownership to socialist collective ownership was completed, agricultural productivity was further improved, and important conditions were created for initially laying the foundation for national industrialization.

⑶The third time: people's communes

Reason: Some leaders subjectively believe that the larger the scale of agricultural cooperation and the higher the degree of public ownership, the more it can promote economic development. Core content: Improve the degree of public ownership and expand the scale of public ownership.

Result: During the rural people's commune movement, a "communist" trend swept across the country. In many aspects, the boundaries between ownership by the whole people and collective ownership, socialism and communism are confused. The communes arbitrarily used the labor, capital, land and property of their members and production teams, canceled farmers' private land, and expropriated farmers. The principle of distribution according to work was destroyed, serious egalitarianism occurred, and the enthusiasm of farmers for production was dampened.

In the winter of 1960, the central government began to correct "Left" errors in rural work and gradually solved some of the major problems recognized at that time since the rural people's commune movement.

⑷The fourth time: Household responsibility system

Reason: The Party Central Committee correctly summarized the experience and lessons of cooperatization and people's communes, and made the decision to implement economic system reform . Core content: On the premise of adhering to public ownership of land, change the management method, implement household management, be responsible for profits and losses, etc.

Results: The enthusiasm of farmers has been greatly mobilized and the development of agricultural production has been promoted.

2. Agriculture has been affected by natural disasters, and its output has declined. The imbalance in the proportion of light and heavy industry is caused by the central policy's emphasis on the development of heavy industry.

3. There are many reasons why China’s reform and opening up have been successful. I think the following reasons cannot be ignored.

1. First of all, China's reform and opening up has always been guided by a very strong leadership. China has adopted a gradual approach, starting with pilot projects and then fully rolling out, and gradually developing. Starting with economic reforms, China has improved its incentive mechanism and improved collective and individual welfare.

2. Secondly, China’s reform has always adhered to the principle of seeking truth from facts. “Emancipate the mind and seek truth from facts” is the essence of Deng Xiaoping Theory. Based on the new problems and situations encountered in the reform and opening up, China has constantly summed up its experience and formed a development model suitable for China's national conditions. At the same time, China has also actively helped other developing countries get rid of poverty and contributed to the common prosperity of the world. made a positive contribution.

3. The slogan "Science is the primary productive force" put forward by Deng Xiaoping encouraged and promoted the development and progress of my country's science and technology.

4. The hard work of the working people is also an indispensable factor.

5. We attach great importance to the cultivation of talents and increase investment in education, such as the implementation of nine-year compulsory education, thus improving the quality and skills of workers.

6. Opening up to the outside world has introduced advanced technology; international cooperation has been strengthened.

7 Correct guidelines and leadership

8 Relatively safe international environment.

9 my country’s rich resources