How did Qianzhuangfei die?

Some people say they were killed, others say they are missing.

Qian Zhuangfei (1895—1935), a native of Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, is one of the "three outstanding figures in Longtan" in China. 19 15 was admitted to Beijing medical college, 19 19 worked in the hospital after graduation; 1926, joined the China * * * production party; 1928 first arrived in Shanghai and worked in Shanghai Radio Management Office; /kloc-at the end of 0/929, he joined the Party Investigation Section of the Organization Department of the Kuomintang Central Committee and served as the confidential secretary of Xu Enzeng; On April 25th, 193 1, the top secret news of Gu mutiny was reported to the Central Committee in time, which made great contributions to the security of the Central Committee in China. Later, he entered the Central Soviet Area and served as the director of the Political Security Bureau of the Central Military Commission. 1934 10 participated in the Long March; After Zunyi Conference, Deputy Secretary-General of the General Political Department of Ren Hongjun, 1935, died in April.

Guizhou Jinsha said

For many years, there have been different opinions about the place and reason of Qian Zhuangfei's sacrifice. Generally speaking, there are the following statements:

First, air strikes were killed; 1940, Zhou Enlai came to Yan 'an with Qian Zhuangfei's family, and his wife Zhang Zhenhua waited in Chongqing for eight years before learning of her husband's death. Qian Zhuangfei's second son Qian recalled: "Now, Deng's mother called me and said,' Your father was attacked by the enemy when he crossed the Wujiang River for the second time, and a fierce battle started. After the Kuomintang plane stopped bombing, the team assembled and walked for a while. I found him not nearby, so I ordered a team to go back and look for ... Your father died ... It was1March 29th, 935, and he was only 40 years old. ""According to local people, during the air raid, I saw a Red Army riding a white horse fall into the Wujiang River Ferry, and the physical characteristics of the Red Army were very similar to those of Qian Zhuangfei.

Second, those who stayed in March were killed by reactionary vigilantes. Those who hold this view are Jinsha and Xifeng. According to the investigation of the Party History Office of Jinsha County, when the Red Army troops crossed the river, a Red Army came to the north bank of Wujiang River alone along the main crossing route. The Red Army is wearing a blue military uniform, carrying a yellow cloth bag and a small leather bag, and carrying a pistol. He once bought something to eat from the local people. When it was dark, he slipped into the home of Li, an accomplice of the local bully landlord, and asked Li to take him across the river. Seeing that he was single and carrying a package, Li showed him the way "enthusiastically". When going to Yankou, Houshan Township, Li took advantage of the Red Army to watch the crossing route and suddenly pushed it into the rock bottom more than 30 meters deep. He went down to the rock, stoned him to death, and took away his gun and clothes. When Li came home, he traded his pistol for two stone meters and a horse. Later, the local people took great risks and buried the remains of the Red Army on the spot. After the founding of New China, they moved it to Zhangjiayakou, Houshan Township, erected a stone tablet and wrote: "Tomb of the Red Army Martyrs." After many investigations and demonstrations, the Party History Department of Jinsha County believed that the murdered Red Army was Qian Zhuangfei.

doubtful point

In 2002, it was finally confirmed by the Party History Department of Guizhou Province that Qian Zhuangfei's place of sacrifice was Yankou Village, Houshan Township, Jinsha County. Although many people still hold different views, there seems to be no doubt that Qian Zhuangfei died in Jinsha and Xifeng Wujiang Ferry, but the truth of his death is still inconclusive and can only be left to future generations for analysis and textual research.

This question:

First, dress characteristics are not enough to prove. The statement stated that he was "wearing a blue military uniform, carrying a yellow cloth bag and a small leather bag and carrying a pistol", but the yellow cloth bag, the pistol and the small leather bag were not enough to prove that this person was Qian Zhuangfei. If you want to talk about characteristics, Qian Zhuangfei's characteristics are obvious, that is, wearing glasses. At that time, wearing glasses should be the biggest feature.

Second, the time is wrong. According to the comrades of the Radio Battalion, when crossing the Wujiang River in the south, the first and sixth detachments were with the Radio Battalion of the Military Commission. Each unit has a radio station with seven or eight operators. "The task of the radio team is to ensure the communication between the head of the Corps and the Central Military Commission and its subordinate units. The radio equipment at that time was much heavier than it is now. A receiver and a transmitter alone weigh more than 40 kilograms, six batteries weigh 60 kilograms, a charger weighs about 90 kilograms, and other machine parts boxes and gasoline bottles have to be carried by manpower. " Because Qian Zhuangfei has been engaged in civilian work, and has been working in the Radio Battalion of the Military Commission, and the Radio Battalion carries heavy equipment, so it is unlikely that Qian Zhuangfei will fall behind.

Third, the possibility of being killed is very small. At that time, the radio camp generally received and translated newspapers 24 hours a day. In the process of marching, it is often divided into two teams: one team marches with the vanguard troops, and after the vanguard troops stop marching, they organize the establishment of a newspaper office and inform the other team to start marching. Under normal circumstances, in addition to reporting room, the radio camp has three platoons, namely, transport platoons, guard platoons and management platoons. Qian Zhuangfei and Zhou Enlai walk together and should be in the middle of the line. The area around Houshan, which is close to the river, should belong to the alert range of the Red Army, and it is almost impossible to be blindsided. And the back hill is only three or four miles from the ferry, almost to the river. In those days, this was a red army warning zone, and it was very unlikely that Qian Zhuangfei was killed.

Fourth, the time does not match the event. According to Zhou Enlai's memory, when Qian Zhuangfei's wife Zhang Zhenhua was in Yan 'an, Qian Zhuangfei was separated from the air raid when she crossed the Wujiang River for the second time, and the team assembled for a long journey. I found that he was not around, so I ordered a group of people to go back and look for it, but they didn't find it. Has been identified as missing, and later identified as sacrifice. Avoiding air strikes should be after crossing the Wujiang River, because there was only one air strike when crossing the Wujiang River in the south, that is, 1 935 April1,and the former Red Army crossed the Wujiang River in 12 on March 3. In case of air raid, only after crossing the Wujiang River. According to the records of local chronicles, the general survey of revolutionary cultural relics and the memories of local people, there are only two bombed sites in Xifeng: one is Hongji in Laowozhai, Luwo Township, Xifeng County, and the other is the ancestral view on Zuzu Mountain in Jiuzhuang Town, Xifeng County. Visible Qian Zhuangfei should be sacrificed after crossing the Wujiang River.

Guizhou Xifeng said

However, the Party History Department of Xifeng County believes that Comrade Qian Zhuangfei died in an unscrupulous pit next to Songjiazhai, Liu Chang Township, Xifeng County after crossing the Wujiang River. According to the people in Songjiazhai, there was a Red Army who claimed to be Xia, but lost contact with the big army due to illness and lived in a mountain temple in Songjiazhai. Luo Shaoan, the backbone of the "Qing Xiang Group" who was followed, snatched his luggage. Xia saw it and said, "A hemp seed robbed my luggage. I don't want anything else, but I have to return a seal and some books, otherwise I won't agree after finding the troops. " After the incident, Song Zizhen, a member of the Municipal Party Committee, learned that he and his men conspired to push Xia into an unscrupulous pit more than 40 meters deep and fell to death. Later, according to Song (who was sentenced to life imprisonment after liberation and released in 1980), one of the murderers who participated in the killing of the Red Army at that time, the figure, appearance, age and accent of the Red Army were similar to those of Qian Zhuangfei. Later, I recognized Song's money with a photo. Song said that the person in the photo was Xia pushed into an unscrupulous pit by Song Zizhen, so Xifeng County Party Affairs Office thought that Xia was Qian Zhuangfei.

doubtful point

None of the above is conclusive evidence. If you want to get the truth, you must determine the scope and time, and use scientific reasoning to find it. First of all, there are several things to be sure:

First, Qian Zhuangfei's sacrifice time should be between 1935, March 3 1 and April 1. Second, it can be ruled out that Qian Zhuangfei died before crossing the river, that is, the place of sacrifice could not be behind Jinsha County, but only in Xifeng County. Another witness proved that Qian Zhuangfei had crossed the river. According to the second episode of Xifeng Literature and History (1May 1987 edition), in the summer of198/KLOC-0, Zou Bizhao, the former deputy director of Hunan National Defense Science and Technology Office and an old Red Army, traveled thousands of miles from Hunan to Xifeng to find the whereabouts of his comrade-in-arms Qian Zhuangfei. He said that he crossed the Wujiang River with Qian Zhuangfei, climbed a high mountain (big stone head) and was harassed by enemy planes not far away. When the Red Army sends out the air raid signal, it will disperse and hide. After the air raid was lifted, they separated.

Then, let's take a detailed look at what happened in Xifeng on March 3 1, April 1, 1, 935.

According to the records of the party history, the details of the three-day war after the Red Army crossed the Wujiang River south are as follows: 1935 March 3 1 morning 1 1 or so, and all the Red Army crossed the Wujiang River. The southern crossing of Wujiang River is mainly from the Yellow River section in the upper reaches of Wujiang River through Datang Ferry, Tiziyan Ferry and Jiangkou Ferry in the area of Houshan on the north bank.

On the evening of March 3 1, the Red Fifth Army Corps arrived in Jiuzhuang Town, Xifeng County and camped here. In order not to disturb the people, the soldiers camped outside people's houses in the town. The Red Third Army Corps arrived in Jiuzhuang Town on April 1 and joined the Red Fifth Army Corps. In Jiuzhuang Town, the Red Army made a splash, and slogans such as "Go to Guiyang and take Chiang Kai-shek alive" were written everywhere. Meanwhile, Mao Zedong and Zhu Deze are in Liu Chang Town, Xifeng County. On April 1 day, Mao Zedong and Zhu De issued the order of "feint Xifeng County, with the main force covered by Sichuan-Guizhou Highway" in Liu Chang.

At this time, Chiang Kai-shek in Guiyang was restless, because Xifeng was only 70 kilometers away from Guiyang, and Guiyang had prepared two slides for Chiang Kai-shek and his wife in case of emergency. On April 1 day, at about 1 1, enemy reconnaissance planes appeared in Laowozhai, Xinyang and Luwo, Xifeng County, Liu Chang, then bypassed Jiuzhuang Town and returned to Guiyang. Around 15, four bombers appeared in Xifeng. The plane explosion occurred in Zushiguan of Jiuzhuang Town and Hongji of Luwo Township. In Jiuzhuang Town, a dozen Red Army officers and men rode out of the town to distract the enemy planes. At the same time, other Red Army soldiers rushed to the high ground and fired machine guns and rifles at planes in the air. In the indiscriminate bombing of Jiuzhuang Town, enemy planes dropped 24 bombs and destroyed 29 houses. More than 65,438+000 Red Army officers and men were killed and dozens injured. Later, according to the county annals and the general survey of revolutionary cultural relics, Hongji in Luwo Township was also bombed, and dozens of Red Army soldiers were killed.

When the Red Third Regiment contained the 59th and 93rd Divisions of the Kuomintang Central Army in Xifeng County, the Zhongge Military Commission and the Red First Regiment had already advanced in the direction of Zazuo. Part of the Red Army of the Red Fifth Corps and the Red Third Corps in Jiuzhuang Town also bypassed Xifeng County from Jiuzhuang Town and joined forces with the Central Military Commission in Zhazuo. This is all the battles and situations of the Red Army in Xifeng from March 3rd to April 2nd.

Judging from the above-mentioned wars, if the possibility that Qian Zhuangfei stayed behind and was killed by reactionary forces is ruled out, then the biggest possibility of his sacrifice is enemy bombing, which is consistent with the description in The Sword in the Tiger's den. Although the biographer's information source can't be used as the basis for textual research, it is possible that Qian Zhuangfei died in the bombing. Of course, this theory should meet the following conditions to be established:

Bombs were dropped on the plane, some Red Army soldiers died and some Red Army soldiers opened fire on the plane. The time should be between March 3 1 and April 2 1935, and there should be two air strikes every four hours.

According to the above analysis, there is a place that meets the above four conditions: Hornji in Laowozhai, Luwo Township, Xifeng County; There is only one place that meets the five conditions, that is, the ancestral view of Jiuzhuang Town, Xifeng County. So one of these two places may be the place where Qian Zhuangfei died.

Some people may ask, why are so many Red Army troops bombed to the radio team instead of being bombed? I think the situation should be like this: in April 1935, 1, four enemy planes bombed Jiuzhuang Town and Luwo Township between 15 and 16. On April 1 day 1 1, a reconnaissance plane once reconnoitered over Luwo Township and Jiuzhuang Town on the south bank of Wujiang River.

According to Zhou Enlai's memory, Qian Zhuangfei disappeared in the air raid. Obviously, there were no casualties in this air raid, otherwise Zhou Enlai would definitely depend on whether there was Qian Zhuangfei among the victims. From this point of view, the enemy plane didn't drop bombs in this air raid, just reconnaissance.

According to 1935 Air Force History of the Republic of China and other materials, most of the Kuomintang planes at that time were old-fashioned reconnaissance planes during World War I, and the reconnaissance planes had airborne radio stations, so it was easy to find radio signals, so the radio stations were always the focus of bombing. Hoonji in Luwo Township is just a small temple, located in a forest on a hill. When I went to the countryside, I used to be a substitute teacher here and also led students to sweep graves for Red Army martyrs here. So it should be possible for Qian Zhuangfei to sacrifice here.

However, if further analysis is made, there should be some illogicalities in this situation: First, it should be correct for Zhou Enlai to say that he was separated while fleeing air raids. The plane encountered at that time should not have lost its bomb, which means that it should have encountered a reconnaissance plane at that time, which is about 1 1 in April. After walking for a while, Zhou Enlai asked people to go back and look for it, but they couldn't find it. If we should find Hu Enji who died in Ruwo Township; If you are with the radio team, there is no loss. If you die, someone should know. But the comrades of the radio team didn't know the whereabouts of Qian Zhuangfei, so they kept a record of his disappearance, which was later determined as a sacrifice. Logically speaking, it is impossible for Luwo Township to offer sacrifices to Hu Enji.

According to the analysis of the war situation on April 1 day, except for Hu Enji in Luwo Township, only one place in Jiuzhuang Town was bombed by plane, and Qian Zhuangfei may be killed in Jiuzhuang Town. However, Jiuzhuang Town is the only way for Wu Gong Corps and Hongsanbing Corps. Is it possible for him to go here?

According to Zhou Enlai's account, Qian Zhuangfei disappeared while fleeing an air raid. On this day, there are two possibilities to avoid enemy air strikes. One time was when the plane was reconnaissance, that is, around April 1 0,0935 1 0/,and the other time was around April1day 15. According to intelligence, Zhou Enlai didn't mention any casualties in the air raid. So it must be the first reconnaissance plane to avoid air strikes. Zou Bizhao, an old Red Army, recalled that after crossing the Wujiang River with Qian Zhuangfei, he was harassed by enemy planes when he crossed a mountain (big stone head) not far away, which further confirmed this point.

Therefore, according to the analysis of air raid disappearance, we can know that the time when the plane appeared in Jiuzhuang Town was around 1 1 in the morning of April. Then, because the distance between Luwo Township and Jiuzhuang Town is 10 km, it can be concluded that the time between the two places is no more than a few minutes, which means that the time when the Red Army was attacked by air is about April 6 1 1. The location can be delineated in Duimenzhai between Xinyang and Luwo. This place is just a section of road over the big weir head, and this place is exactly where the Red Fifth Army Corps and the Red Third Army Corps are separated from the Central Military Commission and the Red First Army Corps. Why are you sure it's here? Because there is a high mountain between Liu Chang Township and Jiuzhuang Town-Xiwangshan, the Red Army avoids Xiwangshan in a herringbone shape. That is to say, the Zhongge Military Commission and the Red Army Corps arrive in Zhazuo from the left side of Xiwangshan, and the Gongwu Army and the Red Army Corps pass through the caves in Jiuzhuang Town and bypass Xifeng from the cat farm. Therefore, Duimenzhai between Xinyang and Luwo is the place where the Central Military Commission and the Red Army Corps are separated from the Red Fifth Army Corps and the Red Third Army Corps.

Therefore, according to speculation and analysis, Qian Zhuangfei probably fell down (or broke his glasses) while avoiding the air raid, because he didn't keep up with the team, and its position was the place where Wu Gong Corps and Hongsanbing Corps were separated from Zhongge Military Commission and Gongyi Corps. At that time, Qian Zhuangfei had been appointed Deputy Secretary-General of the Central Military Commission. At that time, there was no more urgent enemy situation, or at that time, he happened to meet the radio team of Wu Gong Corps or Hongsanbing Corps. Because Qian Zhuangfei was a teacher of the radio team when he was in Jiangxi, many soldiers of the radio team were his students. Therefore, Qian Zhuangfei was probably carried on a stretcher by soldiers of the radio team, or marched with comrades of Wu Gong Corps and Hongsanbing Corps. He may plan to introduce himself to Zhou Enlai by radio after he arrives in Jiuzhuang Town. However, on the same day 15 arrived in Jiuzhuang Town and was attacked by air. In other words, he should have gone to Liu Chang with the Central Military Commission and the Red Army Corps, but now he has gone to Jiuzhuang Town with the comrades of the Red Fifth Army Corps or the Red Third Army Corps. So it is very likely that one of the Red Army died in Jiuzhuang Town.

There are three tombs of Red Army martyrs in Jiuzhuang Town: one is located on the back of the peak of the ancestor; One is located on the mountainside, about 100 meters away from the right side of the ancestral temple; One is located about 200 meters above the ancestral hall. Every time I visit the grave, I ask the old Red Army to tell me about the revolutionary history. According to the old Red Army, the plane flew from Xifeng. Four planes flew over Jiuzhuang Town, passing through Yu Qiu Slope, Coffin Mountain and Yandengpo, and dropped bombs in Zushiguan area. In order to attract the enemy's fire, the Red Army opened fire on enemy planes from the vicinity of Zushiguan.

Because the Red Army who died at that time was buried in three places, in order to facilitate the memorial service, the local government decided to move the remains of the Red Army martyrs to the top of the ancestral mountain. On page 127 of "Pursuing the Footprints of the Red Army-Walking through Colorful Guizhou" published in June 5438+February 2006 to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the victory of the Red Army's Long March, it was recorded that "except for one general, the Red Army sacrificed its officers and soldiers to be buried alone, and the rest were buried on the Nanzushi Mountain in Jiuzhuang Town."

1968 or so, the remains of martyrs were moved. There are more than ten cypress trees growing there. At that time, in addition to the body, a briefcase and a pair of glasses were dug up, and a lens was broken. The glasses legs have been broken and put in an iron glasses case. Because of its age, the iron glasses case was rusted when it was unearthed, and it was broken when it was touched lightly. There is also a pen and some purses. At that time, we all thought it must be a document. Recently, I saw a photo of Qian Zhuangfei in Chongqing Evening News, and I felt that the glasses Qian wore were familiar, much like those unearthed in the tomb of the Red Army.

Of course, we are not sure that this pair of glasses is Qian Zhuangfei's, but these circumstances at least provide us with some room for imagination.

The three Red Army soldiers who were injured and stayed in Jiuzhuang Town only knew that there was a "general" among the Red Army martyrs who died in Jiuzhuang Town, but no one knew him or his position. Most of the important leaders of the Red Fifth Army Corps and the Red Third Army Corps have their records and whereabouts. If it is a general of Gongwu Corps or Gongsan Corps, it should be recorded. Is it because few people know Qian Zhuangfei, and most people don't know who he is? Of course, Dong Zhentang, the head of the Red Fifth Army Corps, will know about him, but because Dong Zhentang died when the marked army entered Gao Tai, Gansu, Qian Zhuangfei's sacrifice became a mystery.

According to these details, we will record some details of the past and the articles published now, as well as the author's experience. Can we make such an inference:

On March 3 1, 1935, Radio 1 of the Central Military Commission was marching with Mao Zedong and Zhu De on the way to Liu Chang, so the interception task naturally fell to Radio 1, and Qian Zhuangfei and Zhou Enlai had to stay in Radio 1 to continue listening to the enemy in Huenji, Luwo Township.

The enemy situation on this day should be: Chiang Kai-shek urgently ordered the 59th and 93rd divisions of the Central Army to go from Guiyang to Xifeng to stop the Red Army from attacking Guiyang. That night, Mao Zedong and Zhu De adopted the tactics of attacking and defending according to the situation. On April 1 day, the Red Third Regiment was ordered to feint Xifeng County to attract the 59th and 93rd divisions of the Kuomintang Central Army. On April 1 day, Qian Zhuangfei and Radio 1, who had listened to the enemy station all night, set foot on the marching road again. At about 1 1, an enemy reconnaissance plane was encountered in Duimenzhai, Luwo Township. As a result, everyone was busy avoiding the air raid in the Woods. Here, Qian Zhuangfei accidentally fell and his glasses fell under the rock. By the time the guard helped him find his glasses at the foot of the mountain, the team had already gone away.

Due to the delay, Qian Zhuangfei and the guard are likely to fall behind. When they chased the troops and reached the fork in the road between Liu Chang and Jiuzhuang Town, they must have a choice. They will definitely ask the people on the roadside or the left-behind Red Army if the radio team is passing by. However, according to the history of the Party, both Wu Gong Corps and Hongsanbing Corps had broadcasting teams. At that time, Wu Gong Corps had three broadcasting stations. So there is a great possibility of going the wrong way. Because of the heavy burden of the radio team, it is not a problem for Qian Zhuangfei to catch up with the comrades of the radio team of the Wu Gong Corps or the Red Third Corps.

Although the road is wrong, the comrades of Wu Gong Corps or Red Third Corps Radio Team should persuade Qian Zhuangfei to go from Jiuzhuang Town with them. Because after the separation, there is a Wang Xi hundreds of miles high in front, and you can only walk from the foothills of Wang Xi to Liu Chang and Jiuzhuang Town. Either return to Liu Chang from the wrong place, or advance from Jiuzhuang Town to Zhazuo with Wu Gong Corps or Hongsanbing Corps to meet with Zhongge Military Commission. It is impossible to return from the middle. Because it takes only one day to meet Zhongge Military Commission in Zazuo, the radio team of Qian Zhuangfei and Wu Gong Corps or Red Sanjuntuan came to Jiuzhuang Town. From about 1 1, follow the road to Luwo Township, and reach Jiuzhuang Town about 15. As usual, the radio team should choose a higher place to set up radio antennas everywhere. Judging from the topography of Jiuzhuang Town, Zushi Mountain is the absolute commanding height of Jiuzhuang Town, and the Zushi view halfway up the mountain should be the best location for the newspaper office. The top of Zushi Mountain is the best listening place. When the comrades of the Red Fifth Army Corps or the Red Third Army Corps Radio Team were installing a radio station, four planes flew in and dropped bombs on Jiuzhuang Town. The west gate of Jiuzhuang Town is in flames. In order to protect the radio station and the headquarters, more than a dozen Red Army officers and men rode in the direction of their ancestors. However, in order to distract the enemy plane, the security company in the ancestor's vision rushed out of the ancestor's vision. The Red Army fired machine guns and rifles at planes in the air from three directions at the same time in order to distract enemy planes and prevent radio stations and headquarters from being bombed. During the air raid, Qian Zhuangfei should have rushed out of the ancestral temple with the comrades of the radio team, shot in the air nearby, and then died. Not many people know about Qian Zhuangfei, so there is no record of Qian Zhuangfei's sacrifice in Jiuzhuang Town (the Red Army has sacrificed its name). But I think the Red Army's sacrifice and attrition are generally recorded, and this record should be in the Red Fifth Army or the Red Third Army. However, because almost all the Red Fifth Army died after crossing the Yellow River to form the marked army, no information was left. Another reason may be that Qian Zhuangfei temporarily followed Wu Gong Corps, or not many people knew him, so he didn't record it. After the Red Third Army's Long March arrived in northern Shaanxi, the main force was still there. If Qian Zhuangfei died with the Red Sanjuntuan, it should be recorded. According to the above analysis, the Tomb of the Unknown Head of the Red Army on Zushan, Jiuzhuang Town, Xifeng County is probably the burial place of Qian Zhuangfei.