What are the concepts of civilization and culture?

In scientific works and everyday language, the concept of civilization has many meanings. The word "civilization" first appeared in Ganyi Classical Chinese and Shangshu Shundian in China's ancient literature, meaning brilliant literary talent and literary virtue. /kloc-in the middle and late 7th century, Li Yu, a drama theorist in Qing Dynasty, said in "Random Thoughts": "Civilization originates from barbarism." The "civilization" here is to oppose it with "barbarism" and show the degree of social progress. After entering the capitalist society, some western countries and regions used the concept of "civilization" more often, not earlier than18th century. This concept is mainly aimed at the backward mode of production, material culture and spiritual culture in colonial and semi-colonial countries. Its standard, boundary and starting point are to regard the colonial and semi-colonial people as "barbarism". Morgan, an American anthropologist, divided the development of human history into three periods: ignorance, barbarism and civilization in ancient society. Civilization includes three historical stages: slave society, feudal society and capitalist society. Marxism has made a scientific exposition of civilization. Marx and Engels talked a lot about civilization in their works. One main view is that civilization is the result of human practical activities to transform the world, which includes both material and spiritual aspects. The "achievement" here is not an end, but an organism and a process of generating interest. The past development has achieved achievements through this process, and the future development has begun. To fully and accurately understand the meaning of "civilization", we must also grasp the following relations:

The first is the relationship between culture and civilization.

Culture is the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings in the process of social development, and sometimes it also refers to social ideology and its corresponding institutions and organizations. Culture is a social phenomenon, which is based on matter. Every society has its own culture, which develops with the development of social material production, changes with the changes of the new social system, has its own objective laws, and is independent of human will. Cultural development has historical continuity and is based on the development of social material production. The emergence of new culture is inseparable from the old culture. As an ideological culture, it is a reflection of certain social politics and economy, which in turn has a great effect and influence on certain social politics and economy. In a class society, culture has a class nature. With the emergence and development of the nation, culture has its own national characteristics and language. National character, national tradition and lifestyle are the formation of national culture, and all ethnic groups have their own uniqueness. The words "culture" and "civilization" can sometimes be used in general situations. For example, material culture and spiritual culture can also be called material civilization and spiritual civilization.

Civilization first refers to the progressive state of human society, including material civilization and spiritual civilization. It is produced on the basis of a certain social mode of production and develops continuously with the progress of society. In the history of human civilization, slave society, feudal society and capitalist society all produced corresponding civilizations. In socialist society, the means of production are under public ownership, and the people are masters of their own affairs, so it can create the highest type of civilization in history. Second, it refers to civilized behavior, such as observing public order, observing disciplines, being polite, paying attention to hygiene, etc., which is the performance of spiritual civilization. This book focuses on civilized behavior.

In short, "culture" and "civilization" are two concepts with different connotations and different extensions. The meaning of "civilization" is much broader than "culture". On the one hand, "civilization" and "culture" have the same connotation, that is, they refer to spirit or ideology. On the other hand, more importantly, the extension of "civilization" is different from that of "culture" and greater than that of "culture".

Secondly, the relationship between material civilization and spiritual civilization.

Material civilization is the material achievement of human beings transforming nature. It is manifested in the progress of people's material production and the improvement of material life, which is the material basis of spiritual civilization and plays a decisive role in spiritual civilization, especially cultural construction. The nature of material civilization is determined by the mode of production. The concept of "socialist material civilization" is only said in the sense that the fruits of material civilization are enjoyed by the people, serve the people and serve socialism under the socialist system, which does not mean that the content of material civilization itself is different from capitalism or socialism. Socialist material civilization should inherit and absorb all valuable material achievements of human civilization on the basis of socialist relations of production, and create and develop them.

Spiritual civilization is the result of people's subjective world transformation, social spiritual production and spiritual life development, which is manifested in the development of education, science and cultural knowledge and the improvement of people's ideological, political and moral level, including knowledge, culture and ideological and moral aspects, as well as personal and social fields. From personal cultural literacy, scientific literacy, political literacy, moral literacy, aesthetic literacy and spiritual realm to social spiritual production, spiritual life and customs, they all belong to the field of spiritual civilization.

According to the basic principle of Marxist historical materialism, material civilization is the foundation of the development of spiritual civilization, which plays an important role in promoting the development of material civilization.

In human history, material civilization and spiritual civilization have always occurred in interaction. Material civilization provides material living conditions for people's spiritual production and necessary material means for the development of spiritual civilization. With the continuous development of material civilization, people are gradually liberated from heavy manual labor and have more time to engage in spiritual production and enjoy the fruits of spiritual civilization. The development of material civilization also puts forward tasks and requirements for the development of spiritual civilization and promotes the development of spiritual civilization. Spiritual civilization has a great reaction to material civilization. Spiritual civilization determines the direction of material civilization construction, provides theoretical guidance for material civilization construction, and is the ideological motive force of material civilization construction. Scientific and cultural education in spiritual civilization can be directly transformed into productive forces through certain channels. The development of spiritual civilization can recognize, adjust and solve various contradictions in social life and promote the development of social production.

As a social process, China's socialist modernization is not only the development of material civilization, but also provides spiritual power and intellectual support for this development with socialist spiritual civilization, and ensures the socialist direction of this development. Socialist spiritual civilization provides spiritual power for the construction of material civilization, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects: scientific and cultural knowledge is a potential productivity, which can be transformed into direct practical productivity and become an integral part of material civilization by innovating production tools, expanding labor objects and improving workers' production technology level; Revolutionary ideals and beliefs can stimulate people's enthusiasm for labor and production, which can be transformed into great material strength; Socialist morality can adjust the relationship between people and society, form and consolidate a stable and United social environment, and promote the development of material civilization construction. The construction of socialist spiritual civilization provides intellectual support for the construction of material civilization, which is mainly manifested in the following aspects: education shoulders the task of improving the scientific and cultural knowledge level and labor skills of workers. People have improved their quality in this field. As the most active factor in productivity, it will directly promote the development of social productivity. Science and technology is a revolutionary force to promote social and historical progress and economic development. When people improve their scientific and technological level, they will play a greater role in the modernization drive. Cultural literacy is an important ability factor for workers. By strengthening cultural construction and improving people's cultural literacy, artistic appreciation and aesthetic ability, good spiritual products will be produced or learned from these spiritual products and transformed into material strength.

Socialist spiritual civilization is the guarantee for the development of material civilization along the socialist direction, which is mainly reflected in the guidance of Marxism on the construction of material civilization.

As the ideology of the working class, Marxism is the dominant ideology of socialist society, which inevitably requires that modernization must adhere to the socialist road and proceed from the interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. The socialist society is moving towards the goal of the advanced stage of socialism in the future. In this process, we should not only rely on the continuous growth of material wealth, but also rely on the continuous improvement of people's ideological consciousness and the continuous development of revolutionary spirit. If we ignore the guiding role of Marxism, people will lose their revolutionary ideals and goals, and will only be confined to the pursuit of material interests and lose their revolutionary will. Then, modernization will deviate from the socialist direction. Only by constantly strengthening Marxist ideological education and helping people consciously resist the influence of bourgeois ideas and other exploiting class ideas can we ensure the healthy development of China's modernization drive along the socialist direction.

In a word, socialist modernization must follow this objective law. On the one hand, we should vigorously develop the socialist economy, speed up the pace of "four modernizations" and lay a material foundation for building a high-level socialist spiritual civilization; On the other hand, we must attach importance to the suggestions of socialist spiritual civilization construction, promote and promote the rapid development of socialist economy, and ensure the correct direction of socialist modernization. When dealing with the relationship between material civilization and spiritual civilization, we must persist in grasping the two civilizations together in order to prevent them from being neglected.

The third is the relationship between ideological civilization and behavioral civilization.

All human actions are dominated by their thoughts. Civilized thought is the basis of civilized behavior, and civilized behavior is the external expression of civilized thought. If you want to have civilized behavior, you must first have civilized thoughts. In the construction of spiritual civilization, we must give priority to ideological education and strive to improve people's ideological civilization and promote behavioral civilization.

The fourth is the relationship between civilization declaration and civilization practice.

Simply put, it is the relationship between saying and doing. Declaration of civilization refers to document requirements, telephone conference, slogan hanging and law promulgation. The construction of spiritual civilization must have standards that people follow, as well as corresponding norms, conventions and codes. It is necessary to clarify what can and cannot be done to people. However, our work cannot stop at the formulation and announcement of standards. We must put these standards into practice and turn them into the conscious actions of the broad masses of the people. It is useless to write the standard on the wall and publish it in the newspaper.