The general principle of myopia prevention and control is. What is this?

Four principles of myopia prevention and treatment

First, give priority to prevention and comprehensive prevention and control. According to the current medical technology, once myopia is formed, the anatomical structure of the eye has changed. There is no scientific, reasonable and effective treatment except glasses correction. The only way to control myopia is to seek a solution from prevention. The causes of myopia are both genetic factors and environmental factors. Low myopia, which mostly occurs in teenagers, is mostly caused by environmental factors, and acquired myopia caused by environmental factors can be prevented. As long as the acquired environmental factors that lead to myopia are truly eliminated, myopia can be prevented, the development of myopia can be delayed, and the prevalence of myopia can be effectively reduced. Therefore, in order to significantly reduce the incidence of myopia, we must adhere to the policy of giving priority to prevention. In addition, myopia is often the result of many factors (namely "proximity" factors), and many "proximity" factors often exist at the same time or one after another, and they work simultaneously or continuously, such as excessive learning burden, dim light in learning places, poor eye hygiene habits, etc. Therefore, to prevent myopia, we can't just take a single prevention and control measure against a certain factor or a certain link. Comprehensive preventive measures must be taken, that is, reducing the excessive study burden, controlling the time of using eyes at close range, strengthening eye hygiene education, cultivating good eye hygiene habits, improving eye environment conditions, improving diet and nutrition, etc. In order to achieve satisfactory results.

Second, daily measures, often unremitting. Teenagers' myopia is not only the result of a variety of "proximity" factors, but also the result of long-term repeated effects of many factors. If you don't repeat the action for a long time, even if a variety of "proximity" factors play a role at the same time, it is impossible to cause myopia. In addition, at all stages of teenagers' learning (including kindergartens), there will be various "proximity" factors anytime and anywhere, and children and teenagers at all stages may be nearsighted. Therefore, it is impossible to prevent myopia through short-term prevention and control, and it is even more impossible to prevent myopia for life by engaging in exercise-based exercises and taking preventive measures for a period of time. As a regular job, we must make unremitting efforts. From morning till night, from kindergarten to university, we should have the awareness of "preventing proximity", implement all kinds of "preventing proximity" measures at any time and place, and truly put "preventing proximity" measures throughout the whole process of education and teaching. Perseverance and unremitting efforts can produce obvious results.

Third, face the whole people and highlight key points. Under the current situation that the competitive pressure of entering a higher school cannot be effectively alleviated, every young student is faced with the problem of excessive learning burden to varying degrees, and every young student may be nearsighted in the face of various "proximity" factors. Therefore, the prevention of myopia must be geared to all students, and publicity and education on "myopia prevention" should be carried out for each student from kindergarten, and eye hygiene habits should be cultivated and various comprehensive preventive measures should be taken. But each student's situation is different, and different people or different stages will have different "proximity" factors. On the basis of facing all students, we must give classified guidance according to different students' conditions, highlight key stages and take targeted preventive measures for key groups, so as to get twice the result with half the effort. First, we should focus on the senior grades of primary school and junior high school. A survey on the physical health of Chinese students shows that "the age group with the fastest increase in poor eyesight is 13- 16", which is not only the period when teenagers enter junior high school, but also the most vigorous stage of their development. In the future, the focus of prevention and treatment of poor eyesight (especially myopia) should be placed in junior high school. The second is to focus on students with marginal vision or students with genetic factors of family myopia. Students with marginal vision have begun to see their vision decline. If measures are not taken in time, they will soon be nearsighted. Students with family myopia genetic factors are often more likely to suffer from myopia. Therefore, we must take these people as the key prevention targets, intensify our work and strengthen the pertinence of prevention.

Fourth, the division of responsibilities, full participation. All aspects of school education, teaching and family education may produce "proximity" factors, which need the participation of all teachers and parents to eliminate them in time. In addition, the improvement of teaching environment, the arrangement of teaching time and activities, and the regular examination of students' eyesight also need the participation of other relevant departments and personnel. Therefore, pre-myopia must be combined with school and family, and school leaders, heads of relevant departments, class teachers, teachers, school doctors and parents of students attach great importance to it, so as to form a prevention and control mechanism in which schools and families cooperate with each other and all members participate, so as to eliminate various factors leading to myopia anytime and anywhere. In order to ensure the full play of school and family members, it is necessary to clarify the responsibilities of school leaders, department heads, class teachers, teachers, school doctors and parents of students, so that they can perform their duties and do a good job of "preventing approaching". In particular, it is necessary to emphasize the leading role of the class teacher and parents, and incorporate the "anti-approaching" work into the duties of the class teacher as an important indicator for assessing the class teacher; Let parents take pre-myopia as an important measure to promote their children's healthy growth and success, and earnestly undertake the task of "preventing approaching" in the family environment.

Comprehensive prevention and control countermeasures of myopia

First, efforts to reduce the burden on students' eyes

Efforts should be made to reduce students' heavy academic burden. Overworked schoolwork is an important reason why students spend too much time using their eyes at close range, which leads to myopia. We must take reducing students' heavy academic burden as the primary task to prevent myopia among teenagers at present. Schools should strive to improve teachers' teaching level, constantly improve teaching methods and improve classroom teaching efficiency; Strictly control the study time of students at school and the evening self-study time of boarding students, and resolutely stop the phenomenon of arranging students to make up lessons on holidays. The administrative department of education should stipulate the number of examinations, the number of examinations and the amount of homework in each subject, strictly control the number of examinations, the number of examinations and the total amount of homework, appropriately increase the subjects of open-book examinations, and reduce the content of rote learning. It is necessary to carefully select operations, avoid repetitive and mechanical operations, and effectively reduce the workload. The administrative department of education should strictly follow the requirements of the Regulations, strengthen supervision and inspection, implement the relevant regulations, and truly reduce the excessive academic burden of students.

We should strictly control the time when we use computers, watch TV and play video games. Due to the gradual popularization of TV, computers and various electronic game machines, the time for teenagers to watch TV, use computers and play electronic game machines has greatly increased, especially the electronic radiation generated by using computers at close range for a long time (especially surfing the Internet), which has become another important factor leading to myopia of teenagers. Therefore, school teachers and parents, especially parents, must strictly control, especially the time spent watching TV, using computers and playing video games at one time. In the absence of relevant regulations at present, we can refer to the time of a class in primary and secondary schools, limit the time for children to use computers, watch TV and play video games for no more than 40 minutes at a time, and strictly control the time for using computers.

Two, efforts to improve the eye hygiene environment and conditions for students.

Improving the hygienic environment and conditions for students' eyes plays a very important role in reducing students' eye burden and forming correct eye hygiene habits. While striving for more government funds, schools should arrange necessary funds to improve teaching and health conditions to meet national standards. The school logistics management department should be specifically responsible for the improvement of school teaching hygiene conditions, be familiar with the national standards and requirements of teaching hygiene equipment, regularly check the lighting, lights, blackboards, desks and chairs in school classrooms, and timely supplement or replace corresponding facilities and equipment according to the situation to ensure that classroom lighting, desks and chairs meet the basic hygiene standards. Adjustable tables and chairs can be used where conditions permit, but they must be adjusted in time according to the height of students. The blackboard should be kept intact and not dazzling. Paint the classroom regularly to make the walls and ceilings of the classroom white or light. Windows should be made of colorless transparent glass, and the ratio of classroom glass to the ground should not be less than 1: 6. The class teacher should adjust the students' seats regularly, and adjust the students' seats from front to back, left and right, so as to adjust the students' eye distance and improve the students' eye environment. It is necessary to strictly control the class capacity and keep the front edge of the desk in the front row of the classroom at a distance of more than 2 m from the blackboard.

Three, vigorously carry out publicity and education on popular science knowledge of myopia prevention.

It is necessary to strengthen publicity and education for all students to protect their eyesight and prevent myopia, and cultivate students' good eye hygiene habits. At the beginning of each semester, students should be educated on eye hygiene. Before the holiday, we should put forward specific requirements for students on how to protect their eyesight during the holiday, just like assigning holiday homework. Every year on June 6th, "Eye Love Day", we should use various forms to focus on publicity and education to prevent myopia. It is necessary to publicize and educate students through health education classes, blackboard newspapers, wall newspapers, publicity columns, class meetings and other forms, so that every student can understand the basic knowledge of preventing myopia and master scientific eye use methods. The head teacher should pay attention to cultivating students' good eye hygiene habits, all teachers should pay attention to students' eye hygiene status, pay close attention to students' reading and writing posture in class, and correct them in time if they find anything wrong; It is also necessary to consciously control the time for students to use their eyes at close range, so that students can look at each other alternately in the teaching process and shorten the time for using their eyes at close range.

Fourth, adhere to the system of eye exercises twice a day.

Through acupoint massage, eye exercises have the functions of dredging meridians, nourishing qi and blood, eliminating eye fatigue, relaxing eye muscles, improving eyesight and preventing myopia. Schools should establish a system of eye exercises twice a day in accordance with the requirements of Document No.7 of the Central Committee. The educational administration department of the school should fix the time of doing eye exercises in the teaching plan and curriculum, and play the accompaniment music of eye exercises in a unified way during the time of doing eye exercises; The class teacher should seriously organize and urge the students to do eye exercises. In order to ensure that students can accurately, properly and vigorously massage acupoints, it is necessary to train and guide students, especially junior students, so that every student can master the methods and essentials of doing eye exercises. In the whole process of doing eye exercises, students should be urged to do eye exercises seriously as required to truly protect their eyesight and prevent myopia. In order to ensure that all classes do eye exercises seriously, student cadres or young pioneers can organize cross-examination between classes and evaluate eye exercises.

Five, the establishment of students' vision examination system

Regular examination of students' eyesight is the basic work to find out the change or decline of students' eyesight in time, give classified guidance and management to students with different eyesight, and take targeted measures to improve the comprehensive prevention and control effect. Schools should establish a system of regular examination of students' eyesight, make specific arrangements for regular examination of students' eyesight, and arrange school doctors or health care teachers to monitor all students' eyesight twice every semester to keep abreast of students' eyesight changes and declining trends. Students' eyesight files should be established on the basis of regular eyesight examination to guide and manage students with different eyesight. Parents should be informed of the results of vision examination in time so that parents can understand the changes of students' vision and cooperate with corresponding preventive measures. For students with "critical vision", decreased vision and genetic factors of family myopia, it is necessary to appropriately increase the number of vision examinations and strengthen targeted guidance. For students with poor eyesight, parents should be informed in time, and parents should be urged to take their children to the hospital for examination and take corresponding corrective measures. Each class classroom can be equipped with and posted with a paper visual acuity chart, so that the class teacher can organize students to conduct visual acuity test or self-examination.

Six, scientifically and reasonably arrange students' work and rest and sports activities.

Document No.7 of the Central Committee emphasizes that it is necessary to "formulate and implement a scientific and standardized student work and rest system to ensure that students sleep for 9 hours every day" and "ensure that students exercise 1 hour every day". Therefore, the educational administration department of the school should strictly implement the national regulations on the total weekly class hours of primary and secondary schools, and arrange teaching time within the total weekly class hours, that is, don't arbitrarily break through the total class hours in the overall teaching arrangement, extend students' study time or extend students' school time; In the teaching arrangement of each subject, it is necessary to arrange the teaching time of each subject according to the national requirements, not to arbitrarily compress the class hours of non-examination subjects, and to increase the class hours of examination subjects to ensure the implementation of the class hours in physical education class. Sports activities, especially outdoor sports activities, are good for eyes to see far, relax eye muscles and play an important role in preventing myopia. Students must be guaranteed physical activity every day 1 hour. On days without physical education class, students should be organized to do 1 h group physical exercise after class in the afternoon; Every morning, we will arrange 25-30 minutes of sports activities between classes, organize students to do radio exercises and carry out group sports activities. Boarding schools should, in particular, scientifically arrange work and rest schedules, cultivate students' good habits of living and rest, and take necessary measures to urge students to go to bed and get up on time to ensure their necessary sleep time.

Seven, reasonable arrangement and improvement of students' nutrition

Many scholars at home and abroad believe that "malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency are the causes of myopia", "children who eat less food develop myopia rapidly, especially those who eat less animal protein", "too much sweets can promote the occurrence and development of myopia" and "juvenile myopia patients have low zinc content". Therefore, in order to protect students' eyesight and prevent teenagers' myopia, we must pay attention to nutrition improvement and comprehensively improve teenagers' physique. First of all, it is necessary to strengthen nutrition education for young students, teach them nutrition science knowledge through various forms, cultivate their scientific nutrition concepts and good eating habits, and ensure that they are not picky eaters, partial eclipse, balanced diet, and ensure the intake of various nutrients. At the same time, school canteens and parents should, according to the nutritional needs of students, provide students of different ages with a balanced diet of various foods as much as possible, ensure the intake of protein and various nutrients, and meet the nutritional needs of teenagers. In addition, in the high and junior high schools with high myopia incidence, we should consciously provide and guide teenagers to eat more foods rich in vitamin A and properly control the intake of sweets. By comprehensively improving nutrition and focusing on supplementing the above special nutrients, the comprehensive effect of protecting eyesight and preventing myopia can be enhanced.

Eight, give full play to the important role of parents

The time for young students to go home from school is almost equal to that at school, and they stay at home all day on weekends and holidays. If parents don't pay attention to their children's vision protection, it is likely to produce many factors that lead to myopia. Therefore, we should attach great importance to the role of parents in preventing juvenile myopia. The head teacher should strengthen communication with parents, report the changes of children's eyesight and the specific requirements for preventing myopia in time, publicize the relevant knowledge of preventing myopia to parents, and let parents cooperate in preventing myopia, so as to truly form a joint force between schools and parents. Parents should improve the lighting conditions of their families and equip their children with tables and chairs suitable for their height; Timely correct children's bad eye hygiene habits and help children develop correct reading and writing posture and eye hygiene habits; After reading and writing 1 h, children should be urged to have a rest, do eye exercises or go outdoors for a while, look at the distance or the sky and relax their eye muscles. It is necessary to control the time for children to watch TV, use computers and play video games; Don't arbitrarily increase children's learning burden and arrange children to attend too many cram schools; Encourage and urge children to participate in outdoor activities and lead them to participate in outdoor sports activities; It is necessary to standardize and reasonably arrange children's work and rest time to ensure that children have enough sleep time; It is necessary to provide children with a balanced diet to ensure their growth and development needs.