The Event Process of Trinity Movement

The earliest Trinity Movement began in Japan. After the First World War, Korean students studying in Japan saw Poland, Czechoslovakia and other formerly enslaved countries gain independence, and they couldn't help but have a boiling passion and shouted, "It's time! Now is the time! " 1919 65438+10 On 6 October, Korean students gathered in the YMCA Hall and decided to petition the Japanese government and diplomatic envoys in Japan according to the principle of national self-determination, and drafted a declaration of independence, and decided to take action on 8 February. This is the "Declaration of Independence on February 28th", which says: "If Japan does not meet the just demands of our nation, our nation will fight with Japan to the end." 1965438+On February 8, 2009, they sent the petition and declaration to the Japanese Cabinet and embassies in Japan. At 2 pm, they held a general meeting of overseas students in the lecture hall of the Korean YMCA in Tokyo and issued a declaration of independence. However, the Japanese police who arrived soon were forced to disband and arrested several student leaders. Later, students studying in Japan held several gatherings, but they were all destroyed by the Japanese. This is the "February 8th Independence Movement". The independence movement on February 28th was the predecessor of the Sany Movement, which effectively promoted the development of the Korean independence movement.

The independence movement in North Korea also began to brew at the end of 19 18. Young students from Kyoto Prefecture (now Seoul, South Korea) took advantage of the opportunity to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new to gather in churches or suburbs to discuss the international situation and ways to restore sovereignty and strive for independence. Even many students don't go home during the winter vacation. "Stay in a hotel, secretly visit their comrades, knock on the door and forget the New Year's party to welcome it." With the more and more extensive contacts between students in Beijing, students from all schools tend to unite. 1965438+65438 2009+10/0.6, that is, on February 28th, the students studying in Japan gathered to draft the declaration of independence. College students Jin, Pucheng Law and Business School students Kang Jide, and Beijing Medical University students Han He College students met with citizens in the Grand View Garden of China Hotel, such as Park Xidao, president of the YMCA. At this time, religious figures such as Tiandao Taoism also decided to launch an independence movement. From the beginning of 19 19 10, Sun Bingxi, the founder of Tiandao Taoism, his assistant wu shichang, and Cui Lin, the principal of Pucheng Middle School, who was jointly organized by Dongquan Town and Tiandao Taoism, saw the surging wave of young students demanding independence. They could not stand idly by and began to plan and launch an independence movement. But Tiandao doesn't intend to cooperate with students. Sun Bingxi, its founder, said on June 20, 65438/KLOC-0: "Even if students and teenagers engage in sports, they will not succeed, but will disturb social peace. If we have excellent comrades now, we'd better surrender to the government. " Under the guidance of this policy, Sun Bingxi ordered Cui Lin to contact the social elite, the so-called "outstanding comrades", in an attempt to get them to come forward and sign the petition to the Japanese colonial authorities. Cui Lin first won the cooperation of Song Zhenyu, the principal of the Central Middle School, and Xuan Xiangyun, the teacher of the school. Cui Nanshan, an intellectual who did not want to participate in politics, also decided to join the independence movement and draft the Declaration of Independence for him. However, according to Sun Bingxi's idea, they tried to mobilize Jin Yunzhi, Han Guichan, Yin Zhihao, Park Yongxiao and others, including Li Wanyong, the number one traitor in Tian Zi, to participate in the independence movement as a "national representative", but failed.

At this moment, Li Xi, the former emperor of the Korean Empire who ruled for 44 years, died suddenly. The news was announced on June 22, 65438. Japanese officials announced that Li Xi died of a cerebral hemorrhage, but it is widely rumored that Li Xi was poisoned by the Japanese for trying to send representatives to the Paris Peace Conference. The Japanese even announced that they would hold a state funeral for Li Xi on March 3rd. The death of Li Xi greatly stimulated the fragile hearts of the Korean people, and the anti-Japanese sentiment suddenly escalated. In this way, the death of Emperor Li Xi became the catalyst to accelerate the independence movement and the fuse of the Trinity Movement.

Just then, Song, a student studying in Japan, returned to the North Korean capital and brought the Declaration of Independence in 2008, which was secretly distributed to people from all walks of life. Young students and Taoists in Beijing were so excited that they decided to speed up their actions. 1919 65438+1On October 25th, students from Beijing held their second party in the Grand View Garden. Starting from this gathering, the independence movement of young students changed from the gestation stage to formal action. On February 12 and 14, students held a secret meeting in the medical college under the cover of a concert, and decided to entrust Zhu Ling with drafting the declaration of independence, and held demonstrations with students as the main body. On the other hand, Heaven seeks cooperation with Christianity (Jesuits) led by Dr. Xun. After many consultations, the cooperation was finally realized on February 24, and at the same time, the Buddhist forces represented by Han Longyun were absorbed, forming a joint situation of the three religions. From 25th to 28th, 33 representatives of various sects (Tiandao 15, Christianity 16 and Buddhism) jointly organized by Sun Bingxi and Cui Lin signed the declaration of independence drafted by Cui Nanshan in the name of "national representatives". They decided to take advantage of the influx of "bereaved people" from all over the country into Beijing to attend the funeral of Emperor Gaozong on March 19 19, hold a mass rally in Tadong Park in the center of Beijing, issue the Declaration of Independence, and launch demonstrations and petitions. At the same time, due to the great influence of the Central Young Men's Christian Association on young students, and Kim's contact with Park Xi Dao, one of the "national representatives" on February 26th, young students decided to unite with 33 "national representatives" of religious circles, give up the Declaration of Independence drafted by themselves and unify it into the Declaration of Independence. At the same time, they decided to participate in the movement initiated by religious circles on March 5.

But the combination of students and religious circles is indirect and hasty. On February 28th, at the last meeting of religious "national representatives" held at Sun Bingxi's home, Park Hee-dao reported that young students would take part in sports. Sun Bingxi is always afraid of the student movement. He temporarily changed the occasion of their declaration to Taihe Pavilion, a high-class hotel near Tadong Park, on the grounds of possible "accidents". They don't attend mass gatherings. 19 19 March 1 Sunday morning 10, about 3,000 students and people from all directions gathered in Beijing's Tadong Park, waiting for religious "national representatives" to issue a declaration of independence. As the state funeral was being held for Emperor Gaozong at that time, hundreds of thousands of "mourners" poured into the capital, and the crowd was crowded, so the Japanese colonial authorities did not notice the abnormality of the assembly, which was also an excellent opportunity for the assembly during the "arbitrary" period. However, at 2 pm, it was time to hold the declaration ceremony, but the "national representative" came late. After receiving the news, student representatives Kang Jide and Han went to Taihe Pavilion to question these "national representatives" and invited them to Tadong Park, but Sun Bingxi refused their request. Sun Bingxi said: "Young people will not succeed even if they are harassed by violence. We can't have anything to do with you, please pay attention. "

When the "national representative" refused to attend, the young students held the declaration of independence ceremony alone without hesitation. At half past two, Zheng Zairong, a graduate of Dan Xin School, boarded the hexagonal pavilion in Tadong Park and solemnly read out the Declaration of Independence to the masses. Entrusted by religious figures, Cui Nanshan's declaration of independence represents the interests of the upper class of bourgeois nationalism and is full of compromise and pacifism. Although the "Declaration" clearly declares: "We hereby declare that North Korea is an independent country and Koreans are an independent nation, so as to inform all countries in the world and highlight the just cause of human equality; In this way, for future generations to use, there is always a national self-sustaining political force. " He also condemned "all kinds of gold and stone covenants since Shi Bingzi revised the rules (Jianghua Treaty), and Japan lacked faith and responsibility", and "greedy conquerors were eager for quick success and instant benefit, ignoring my long-standing social foundation and excellent national psychology, and Japan lacked benevolence and righteousness". However, it did not put forward a clear slogan of struggle, but talked about abstract humanity and universality of human beings, indicating that there was no time to "blame others" and "punish the past". It is only said that it is a "serious conscience order" and requires "improving and correcting the wrong state and returning the natural and reasonable truth." Li's evaluation of this declaration is: "There is no incitement to retaliate against Japan's cruel colonial rule", "As guaranteed in Chapter III of the Convention attached to the declaration, the Korean people who insist on self-determination will not take any exclusive means, and everyone will always abide by the agreement and safeguard fairness for the dignity and honor of the nation".

When Zheng Zairong finished reading the text of the Declaration of Independence and began to read the Three Chapters of the Constitution, a person in the audience raised his arm and the crowd shouted: "Long live the independence of South Korea!" The mood of the masses was immediately mobilized and the struggle was unprecedentedly high. After watching it, the students and the masses walked out of the park and held demonstrations in three teams. Citizens along the way participated in it, and finally the number of demonstrators reached 300 thousand. Students and the masses marched to the streets where foreign consulates were concentrated. A team goes to Deshou Palace; A team went to the Japanese headquarters in North Korea. The parade waved the Taidi flag, which had been hidden for nine years, and shouted "Long live the independence of South Korea!" "Japanese troops roll!" Slogans and other slogans, and distributed publicity materials such as the Declaration of Independence all the way. They saluted in front of the coffin of Emperor Gaozong of Deshou Palace, and long live the mountain call; In front of the Japanese military headquarters in North Korea and the US consulate, a young man holding a Taiji flag wrote the words "North Korea independence" with his own blood on the spot. In addition, some young people gave street speeches calling for more people to participate in the independence movement, while many women brought tea to express their condolences to the demonstrators. On this day, the tram conductor and driver of Beijing Electric Company went on strike, and workers of many companies and factories also went on strike to support the demonstrations of students and the masses. Traffic in the whole capital was interrupted and the city government was paralyzed. Jin Yunzhi recorded the day's situation: "At three o'clock in the afternoon, there was a noise, shouting to move the ground. Let's explore together. Students and apprentices from various schools will shout long live North Korea's independence in the middle of the road, or gather in Tatung Park or give speeches on the avenue. Phase rate to Dahanmen (the main entrance of Deshou Palace) and attack Hu Song; One group went to Changde Palace to summon the Song Dynasty, passed through the American and French consulates, and went out of Nanmenyi for ten miles. It was just a patrol and demonstration by soldiers, and it was not prohibited. Thousands of copies of the Declaration of Independence will be handed down from family to family. First, Sun Bingxi, the founder of Tiandao, took the lead, and Buddhists and Jesuits also participated, with independence as the main interest; One, the language is extremely miserable, and finally it is a shame to resign and get revenge. This is just a book of the League of Nations, not a name. It is dangerous to shout all day. Onlookers are numb, and women and children in rural areas also applaud enthusiastically. "

However, just as Beijing was gradually submerged by the flood of "Long live independence", 29 "national representatives" headed by Sun Bingxi (four "national representatives" Ji Shanzhou, Jin Bingzuo, Liu Ruda and Zheng were in other places or on their way to Beijing) held a separate declaration ceremony in Taihe Pavilion. They read the Declaration of Independence, Han Longyun stood up, said a few words as an independent speech, and then sang three songs, long live. After the ceremony, 29 ethnic representatives had dinner together, during which Cui Lin asked An Chunhuan, the owner of Taihe Pavilion, to call the North Korean Governor's Office and inform them of the time and place of the meeting to show their "sincerity" in petitioning for peace. Soon after, the Japanese police came and arrested all 29 representatives of ethnic minorities who were dining. Their activities in the Trinity Movement thus ended.

On March 1 day, the citizens' demonstrations in Beijing were always peaceful and orderly, and there was no violence. However, after learning the news, the Japanese Governor's Office immediately dispatched military police to take repressive actions. In addition to all the police and gendarmerie, three infantry squadrons and 1 cavalry squadrons stationed in Longshan were dispatched into the city to disperse the demonstrators and arrested more than 130 demonstrators. At dusk, the demonstrations in Beijing spread from the city center to the suburbs until midnight 1 1.

At noon that day, citizens of Pyongyang, North Korea, gathered in the playground of Chongde School to declare North Korea's independence and launch a large-scale demonstration. Demonstrations also broke out in Yizhou, Yuanshan and Nanpu. In this way, the March 1 movement ignited a raging fire in Beijing and Pyongyang, and gradually expanded into an anti-Japanese uprising for the whole nation. Although the Japanese colonial authorities suppressed the citizens' demonstrations in Beijing on March 1, the young students and the masses in Beijing were not intimidated. They held a second demonstration on March 5 as planned. The scale of this demonstration is bigger than the first one, and the conflict has escalated. On the morning of March 4th, student leaders held a meeting in Beijing Peicai School to plan the March 5th demonstration, and elected Kang Jide and Jin as the parade commanders. After organizing the March 1 demonstration, students from Pyongyang took the train to Beijing to participate in the March 5 demonstration. According to historical records, "Pyongyang students who came to Beijing accused Beijing students of being too slow, and threatened to organize death squads from all over the world to spur Beijing students, which greatly promoted the movement to achieve its original goal." In this way, on March 5, tens of thousands of young students from Beijing and Pyongyang flocked to the South Gate (Chonglimen) and began to demonstrate in Beijing at 8 am, shouting the slogan "Long live independence" and demanding North Korea's independence. Kang Jide and Jin sat on a rickshaw and held high the banner of "Long live independence" to direct the parade. Along the way, the students distributed leaflets to the masses, such as New Korea News, National Assembly, 20 Million Compatriots of Police, Declaration of Independence and so on. However, Japan's repression is more severe. The Japanese colonial authorities once again mobilized the military police and constitutional forces to suppress the demonstrations bloody, arrested student leaders such as Kang Kidd and Jin, and arrested 63 students who were gathering that night. According to Park Hyun-chih's records, during the demonstration that day, a female student held high the Taiji flag and shouted long live independence. A Japanese soldier cut off her right hand with a sword, and her left hand raised a flag and shouted long live. Japanese soldiers actually cut off her left hand, which fully shows the determination of the Korean people to pursue independence and the cruelty of Japanese colonists.

At this time, anti-Japanese demonstrations in various parts of North Korea showed an expanding trend and gradually escalated into violent conflicts and people's uprisings. Although the initial demonstrations in various places were conducted in a peaceful way, Japan's repression intensified the anti-Japanese sentiment of North Koreans. 1 In March, the Japanese garrison and police brutally suppressed the local demonstrations in Xuanchuan, North Pyongan Province, resulting in a tragedy of 12 casualties. The Korean people gradually began to turn from demonstrations to riots. On March 2nd, more than 1000 people attacked the police station in Nanpu, South Pyongan Province. On the same day, a riot broke out in Zhonghe, South Pyongan Province, seizing a machine gun and a pistol of the Japanese army who came to suppress it, attacking and occupying the police station, and taking the policemen below the Commissioner alive. On March 4, riots broke out in Jiangxi County, South Pyongan Province. More than 1000 insurgents attacked and occupied the Japanese gendarmerie station, killing all four gendarmes. After the demonstration in Beijing, many students returned to their hometowns to organize local demonstrations, and the scope of the movement continued to expand, spreading to all parts of North Korea in late March and early April. Violent conflicts have also intensified. On March 28th, a peasant uprising broke out in Gyeonggi Province. Thousands of peasants attacked police stations, police stations and post offices in nearby counties, cut wires and telephone poles, and killed Japanese inspector Nagano, who came to suppress them, which shocked the Japanese colonial authorities. The report of the police department of the North Korean Governor's Office is as follows: "(North Koreans) attacked government agencies and schools such as the gendarmerie, police stations, county halls and post offices with sticks and other deadly weapons, or destroyed stones, burned official documents, burned the houses of mainlanders (Japanese), broke into the houses of auxiliary patrols and auxiliary gendarmerie, and even attacked the gendarmerie station, shot criminals and comforted police officers inhumanely.

At the same time, the strike movement of the working class has mushroomed and become an important feature of the March 1 Movement. On March 2, Beijing workers took part in the demonstration in the middle road, followed by more than 200 workers from Poole Iron Works on March 3 and more than 500 workers from Beijing East Asia Tobacco Factory on March 7. On the 9th, the staff of the Railway Bureau went on strike, and the tram drivers and ticket sellers also announced a strike. By mid-March, the number of workers working was less than 10%. At this time, the handcart of the railway authorities who tried to organize demonstrations was fired today. On March 22nd, in a restaurant near the intersection of Wan Li Cave Railway, the handyman who came to have breakfast was mobilized and held a long live demonstration with seven or eight hundred people, including tram conductors, factory workers, free workers and ordinary citizens nearby, until he reached Independence Gate. On the 27th, Che Jinfeng organized a demonstration by North Korean workers of Beijing Administration Bureau of Manchuria Railway, shouting "North Korean Labor Congress" and "North Korean independence" in front of Beijing station, and thousands of workers responded to the strike. In some areas, workers' strikes turned into riots. The city's grocers, grain merchants and restaurant owners also withdrew from the market. On March 9, Beijing businessmen also drafted the Beijing Merchant Convention and actively participated in the struggle to withdraw from the market. Various anti-Japanese struggles have also taken place in rural areas. The village is not only associated with slogans and leaflets, but also with bonfires and mountain calls that were often used in the past, and a demonstration organizer named "Long live Han" appeared. The March 1 Movement also spread to the northeast of China, the Russian Far East and the United States, and there were also demonstrations demanding independence. According to statistics, from March to the end of April of 19 19, there were 12 14 demonstrations in 2 18 prefectures and counties in North Korea, and the number of participants was 12 14. The Japanese side did not have a strong sense of prevention before the outbreak of the March 1 Movement. 19 19 After the signs of the independence movement gradually appeared at the beginning of the year, the Japanese government was only worried about whether the Koreans would assassinate the Japanese delegates sent to the Paris Peace Conference. After the outbreak of the March 1 Movement, the Japanese colonial authorities also disputed whether to suppress it. Hasegawa Yoshimichi, the governor of Japan, strongly advocated the suppression of demonstrators by force, while Utsunomiya Taro, the commander of the Japanese army in Korea, thought that North Korea had a long history of 5,000 years and its national spirit could never be conquered by force, so he opposed sending troops. However, Hasegawa insisted on his own way and asked the Japanese government to suppress unarmed demonstrators. With the permission of the Japanese government, Hasegawa issued martial law on March 1 to suppress demonstrations. Despite this, the Japanese government still did not pay attention. According to the diary records of Japanese Prime Minister Yuan Gui at that time, the Japanese government initially thought that this was the incitement of "unruly people", and only a few leaders needed to be arrested, which "could not be a big deal". However, as demonstrations in various parts of North Korea gradually escalated into riots, the Japanese government began to agree that Hasegawa Yoshimichi instructed commanders stationed in North Korea to shoot at the demonstrators and increased the pressure on the town. So a massacre began, which also escalated violent conflicts across South Korea.

1965438+In early April 2009, fearing that the two divisions stationed in North Korea could not control the situation, Japan dispatched six infantry brigades, gendarmerie and more than 4,000 auxiliary gendarmes from China to North Korea to suppress the people's uprising. The Japanese army committed heinous crimes in Korea, the most famous of which was the "Diyanli Incident" on April 15, 2005. Japan drove more than 20 local villagers into a church, executed them collectively, and set the church on fire, killing 29 men, women and children. The Japanese colonial authorities tried to conceal this incident, but it was exposed by foreign missionaries, which shocked international public opinion and made Japan widely condemned all over the world. In fact, the atrocities of the Japanese army are far more than the Di Yanli incident, and there are mass killings. For example, on March 10, the captain of the Japanese 77th United Front shot at the demonstrators in Mengshan, South Pyongan Province, killing 54 people and injuring 13 people. The Japanese army slaughtered 1 12 demonstrators in Daegu. Even Sanichiro, the political director of the Governor's Office, admitted after inspecting Daegu that "the gendarmerie has taken excessive repressive measures". Japan even erected a cross in the capital, tied patriots to it, nailed their limbs and tortured them to death. By June 19 19, demonstrations and riots in various parts of North Korea had basically subsided under the bloody suppression of Japan. From March 1 to May 3 1, * * 7,509 Koreans were killed, 1596 1 injured, and 46,948 people were arrested, of which 85 1 1 was sentenced, including farmers (. One of the most famous martyrs was Liu Kuanshun, a female student who was tortured to death in prison. She even became a symbolic figure of the Trinity Movement in a sense, thus becoming a household name in contemporary Korea. The Sany Movement ended in failure.