Introduce the ancient city of Pompeii, thank you!!

The ancient city of Pompeii

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On the picturesque southwestern coast of Italy, a towering mountain overlooks the rippling Gulf of Naples.

That is the famous Mount Vesuvius. About 260 years ago, a group of Italian farmers were digging a canal under Mount Vesuvius. Suddenly, there was a "clang" sound, and the shovel seemed to hit some metal object, and something shiny and golden was revealed in the turned over soil.

"Gold coins, gold coins." People shouted in surprise.

Soon, the news spread. More people came here to look for gold and silver treasures. People kept digging up more things: pottery, carved marble fragments and so on. Soon, someone dug out a stone with the word "Pompei" engraved on it. Only then did people realize that this was the ancient Roman city of Pompeii, which was buried by the fire slurry after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.

The disaster that destroyed Pompeii occurred in the afternoon of August 24, 79 AD. The residents of Pompeii, who lived in peace and stability, did not expect that Mount Vesuvius, which had been "dormant" since ancient times, suddenly erupted. There was a deafening explosion, accompanied by thick smoke and burning magma spewing straight into the sky from the volcano crater, with stones and dust in the middle. In an instant,

the sky became dark, the earth shook, and the mountains shook. The Gulf of Naples also stirred up rough waves that crashed onto the shore. Then, it rained heavily

The flash flood carried stones, silt and volcanic ash, forming a huge mudslide and rushing towards Pompeii at the foot of the mountain.

Slowly the entire city of Pompeii was engulfed. Most of the city's more than 20,000 residents fled elsewhere, but more than 2,000 people were still killed.

Thousands of years have passed, and people know from ancient books, history and folklore that there is such an ancient city of Pompeii, but what does it

look like and where are the ruins? It's always a mystery. Now that the ruins of Pompeii have been rediscovered, it immediately attracts the attention of the entire country. Soon, the Italian government began to excavate the ruins of the ancient city. After more than 200 years of intermittent excavation

this ancient city that had been sleeping underground for 1900 has initially restored its original appearance. Walking on the spacious and flat streets, people

can appreciate the beauty of the ancient city scenery.

Pompeii covers an area of ??approximately 1.8 square kilometers and is surrounded by a stone wall more than 4,800 meters long. From south to north,

There are two straight and flat streets from east to west, dividing the city into 9 urban areas. Each urban area has many small streets and alleys.

Connected, the roads are paved with gravel. There are sidewalks on both sides of the street. The street is 10 meters wide and paved with large stone slabs. At the crossroads of the street, there is a pool made of carved stones, which contains cool spring water. Spring water is introduced from the mountains outside the city through elevated aqueducts

to water towers in the city, and flows to public pools and fountain pools in the wealthy gardens. On both sides of the street are shops, pubs, fruit shops and grocery stalls. Advertisements for sanitary ware and fine wines were written on the wall of one store; a banner on the wall of another read: "Fruit sellers support Priscu as senior administrator." The most magnificent buildings in the city are concentrated around a rectangular square in the southwest of the city, which is the political, economic and religious center of Pompeii. The remaining exquisitely carved marble door frames, altar

and the bluestone foundation three or four feet above the ground allow one to imagine the majesty of this temple back then. The meeting halls and offices of the Government Building are very spacious and bright. The courthouse is a rectangular, two-story building housing courtrooms and cells. The other half of its building

was given to merchants as a place to conduct transactions and make trade agreements. Oriental spices, gems, Chinese silk

Silk, African ivory, All deals are negotiated here.

The northeast corner of the square was a commodity distribution center. At that time, there were row upon row of shops with a dazzling array of products, and business was very prosperous

. The shelves of a fruit shop are filled with almonds, chestnuts, figs, walnuts, grapes and other fruits; however, they have long since dried up and gone bad. On the counter of a drug store, I also found a box of pills that had been ground into fine powder, with a small round pill stick next to it. Apparently, when the pharmacist was rubbing the pills, disaster suddenly struck, and he abandoned it and ran for his life. Shops at that time were often also workshops. In a bakery oven, a piece of baked bread was left, which not only maintained its original shape, but also had the words " The baker's name is still clearly visible.

There were many residences of wealthy people in Pompeii. The gates of these buildings often have thick marble columns and carved gate towers.

The corridors and gardens are filled with statues of gods and beasts. The main hall, dining room and bedrooms are spacious, bright and magnificent, and are surrounded by exquisite silver-phase bronze products. The walls are painted with frescoes and the floors are decorated with mosaics. In the living room of a wealthy family, a mosaic was discovered: "The battle between King Alexander of Macedonia and Darius III of Persia", the painting is 6.5 meters wide and 3.8 meters high

3 meters, inlaid with 1.5 million colored glass marble pieces, vividly depicts a scene from the Battle of Hippo in 333 BC.

In the southeast corner is a large circular open-air arena, which can accommodate 20,000 spectators, which is nearly the number of residents in the city. There is also this writing on the wall: "Senadus is. Heroes and life seekers. "Felix will fight the bear." There is also a stadium nearby

which is a place for people to compete and practice martial arts.

The most attractive thing in the ancient city is the victims It turns out that when the volcano erupted, many people who did not escape were hiding in the relatively empty courtyard. Although they were not crushed to death by the collapsed buildings, they were killed by the eruption. The volcanic ash encapsulated and suffocated the body. After a long time, the human body dried up and disappeared, leaving only some empty shells. Archaeologists used these empty spaces. The shell was used as a mold, and plaster slurry was poured into it to make many plaster statues with the same shape as real people, which reproduced the desperate and painful expressions of the victims at that time: a little girl hugging her mother tightly knees, covering her face and crying; a beggar holding

a bag of coins stood blankly at the street entrance; some people were digging holes at the foot of the wall, looking for a way to escape; a group of people were chained

The gladiators struggled painfully, trying to get rid of the chains. Many of them covered their faces with their hands or bent their arms to hold their heads; some also held bags in their hands. Gold coins, silver coins and valuable jewelry. However, in the face of disaster, the treasures did not bring them good luck.

These rich people also perished together with the slaves... The ancient city of Pompeii gradually opened its doors. The mysterious veil completely

shows the true appearance of the Roman Empire city in the 1st century AD

Pompeii

Legend has it that Rome was founded in 753 BC. Founded by the twin brothers Romulus and Remus, it gradually developed as a colonial city connecting Greece in the south and Edararia in the north. From the first half of the 5th century BC, the territory expanded in Italy. The central part gradually expanded. In the 3rd century BC, they adopted a strategy to conquer the Greek colonial cities in southern Italy and brought back many Greek artistic masterpieces as trophies in Syracuse, Sicily. The Romans were completely fascinated by these elegant and beautiful works. Artworks, and soon became lovers of Greek art. By the 2nd century AD, Rome had established its power in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the strong and simple Roman character merged with the Greek spirit of the 1st century BC. Around the same time, Roman art gradually developed its own characteristics.

Further enhanced decoration is the Theater of Marcus (1st century BC, Rome). Marble previously used for construction is now also used for sculpture. Imperial classical attention developed greatly. Later, due to the conquest of Athens in 86 BC, many artists moved to Rome, bringing neoclassicism with them.

It can be divided into the following four categories according to time:

The first category: appeared in the 2nd-3rd century BC. Using mortar and painting utensils, a marble-like mural is created, with a concave and convex surface.

The second category: appeared around 90 BC, which was the heyday of Roman murals. Different from the first type of relief murals, this is a pure painting, using shadows and ancient far and near techniques to express deep space. His representative works include the large-scale wet-painted murals with courtyard trees (Villa of Octavian, Rome, Galleria Trume) and the murals of the Mystic Villa in Pompeii (around 150 BC).

The third category: the style of the Augustus era, which reduced the level of expression and used more gorgeous decorative themes. Most of them have elements of landscape paintings, and there are also many paintings with myths and legends as their themes.

The fourth category: refers to the painting style that appeared between around 50 AD and 79 AD when Pompeii was buried. Compared with the second type of spatial hierarchical expression techniques, it adds fantasy visual effects and decoration. Representative works include the murals of Emperor Nero's "Golden Palace" and the murals of "Viti House" in Pompeii.

The Golden Palace of Emperor Nero occupies an important position in the history of Roman architecture. It is said that the dome-shaped roof, which was only used in public bathhouses in the past, is very creative. In addition, in the temple, the Temple of Aetorus used Greek architectural grades and decorative techniques to establish a Roman-style temple. Later, the Greek hierarchical style as an element of decoration was further strengthened and a large amphitheater was built.

Pompei Ancient City

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The eruption of Mount Vesuvius 1900 years ago In an instant, Pompeii was buried underground. The lead pipes used to carry water on the road, the ruts, and road signs are all what they looked like at that time. In the tavern with the counter, there are jars containing bees and wine, and there are holes on the sides that are just big enough to put change. Despite the passage of 2,000 years, the life it shows appears to be exactly the same as it is today.

There is a lot to visit in the entire ancient city, including the Museum of Unearthed Cultural Relics, the Temple of Venus, the Temple of Apollo, the Temple of Cupid overlooking Mount Vesuvius, the House of the Tragic Poets, and the House of the Faun. , Stabbiane Baths, Coliseum and Concert Hall, etc.

The ancient city of Pompeii in Italy was buried in the magma of the volcano during the eruption of Vesuvius on August 24, 79 AD and has since disappeared. It was not discovered until 260 years ago, and it has left many unsolved mysteries to people since then. Among them, what is the reason why today, more than 2,000 years later, the red color of the walls of Pompeii can still remain brilliant. This is a question that scientists have had for a long time.

Today, when we see it again, the shining red in the mural is still deeply moving. Some of them are still intact on the walls, leaving us like a splendid mystery.

A recent study found the reason for Pompeii's "eternal youth", said Daniela Daniel, a researcher at the Staatliche Museum in Berlin: "Although Pompeii's red pigment only used cinnabar as a raw material, But it is obviously better than ordinary cinnabar. "Bernard Marchese of the University of Naples said that cinnabar as a pigment does require careful processing. "The medium of the pigment is lime, so it must be in liquid form before it can be used as the raw material for murals. After the mural is completed, it will also go through a waxing and polishing process to make the mural more durable."

Daniel said: "The finer the particles of the pigment, the brighter and the stronger the coverage. But Pompeii's pigments are not just that. After observing with a microscope, I found that 10-15 microns were added to the matrix of the pigment particles. The crystals act as glittering particles."

Usually, ancient Romans added 2-3 micron particles to ground cinnabar powder, which can make the surface of the painting sparkle while maintaining the saturated and bright red color of the pigment itself. .

Daniel’s analysis shows that the murals in Pompeii are indeed different from ordinary ancient Roman murals because they contain crystals of 10-25 microns. Crystals of this size appear more transparent and make the The colors are softer and deeper, and it makes the reds in the Pompeii murals closer to red ocher. He said: "The red color of Pompeii shows the superb pigment production technology of ancient Rome."