A brief review of the accusation movement

What kind of transformation did the 1.88 million Kuomintang uprising and surrender troops undergo?

After the accusation campaign began, every soldier in the regiment cried heart-breakingly and shockingly. At the accusation meeting, some cried so much that they couldn't bear to die, and some cried so much that they were foaming at the mouth and dying. The 2nd Battalion of the 472nd Regiment held a grievance meeting. In the first meeting, 31 people cried and fainted, and in the second meeting, another 35 people fainted.

After the accusation meeting, some of the rebel soldiers cried so much that they couldn't eat for two or three days, and some even cried to the point of losing their minds for a while. After a soldier named He Siqin complained, he cried so hard that he lost his hearing and stopped eating. He ignored everyone who tried to persuade him. Later people discovered that He Siqin respected Chairman Mao especially after complaining, so when it was time to eat, he wrote a note to him: "Chairman Mao asked you to eat!" When he went to bed at night, if he made a fuss, he would Write him a note: "Chairman Mao told you to go to bed." As long as he saw what Chairman Mao told him, He Siqin was very obedient. Later, when his superiors approved him to join the People's Liberation Army, He Siqin was overjoyed and gradually returned to normal.

From "calculation of accounts" and "sarcasm at the roots" to "returning thoughts to home"

The vigorous campaign of accusations by the uprising officers and soldiers completely opened a "breakthrough" for the transformation of the old army. Then came the "in-depth battle" of ideological transformation.

The first step in the accusation movement is to "pour out the bitterness." The next step is to "calculate detailed accounts". In conjunction with the land reform movement near the station, the "exploitation accounts" are calculated first, and then the "political accounts" are calculated. The third step is to "sarcastic root": Yunnan landlords exploit people, Sichuan landlords exploit people, and Northeast landlords also exploit people. Why? The evil system of exploitation is the "root of suffering" of the working people!

Before launching the accusation campaign, the uprising officers and soldiers often argued endlessly on a series of issues such as "the Kuomintang's passive resistance" and "the Kuomintang reactionaries' inevitable demise". During the debate, some people even threatened to kill the study activists. After the torrential accusations of tears and blood, the previous debate came to an abrupt end. Almost instantly, the vast number of revolting officers and soldiers and the Kuomintang reactionaries refused to fight against each other!

The awakened uprising officers and soldiers only listened to the words of the Communist Party. No one in the insurrectionary troops could drag them away except the Communist Party!

A leader of the uprising once said with emotion: "When it comes to reforming ideas, the Communist Party has too many methods. It has lasted for five thousand years and eighty thousand miles away from home and abroad. No one can compare with them. !”

According to a former rebel officer of the 60th Army of the Kuomintang who was studying at Northeastern Military and Political University: The most intense ideological struggle was the confession movement, which was called the "Ideology Returning Home" movement.

The break with the old self is an extremely painful process in the mental journey. Every uprising student must write an autobiography and explain his or her entire history. In particular, he must confess what he did to the people during the anti-Japanese civil war. Even if he picked a watermelon from the common people, he must not do anything. Write it down. Not only that, but the sins of others must be exposed without mercy.

The policy of the "Returning Ideology to Home" movement is quite clear: in the ideological field, the Communist Party does not engage in "let bygones be bygones". No matter who it is, the crimes in history and the scandals and bad habits of the past must be carried out ideologically. Make a thorough clean-up in terms of understanding. On this basis, no matter how big the historical crime is, as long as you confess it voluntarily, you will no longer be held accountable.

The "Thoughts Returning Home" movement has different names among the uprising troops. When the 184th Division of the Kuomintang in the Haicheng Uprising was transformed, it was called the "Frankness Movement"; when the 60th Army of the Kuomintang in the Changchun Uprising was transformed, it was called "Class Consciousness" Movement"; when the 7th Corps of the Kuomintang uprising in Sichuan was reformed, it was called the "Democratic Movement to Expose and Criticize Old Thoughts"; when the Liu Wenhui, Deng Xihou, and Pan Wenhua Departments who were revolting in Pengxian County, Sichuan were reformed, it was called the "Opposition to Bad Customs Movement" .

The masses are mobilized, and no scandal or evil in the world can be covered up.

In the army of Hu Zongnan, a direct descendant of Chiang Kai-shek:

Ma ××, an officer of the 473rd Regiment, confessed: When the unit retreated from Baoji in 1949, Hu Zongnan ordered to ask the Baoji County Government for 100 A big car.

After the county magistrate was ordered to do so, he sent police officers to the streets and intersections to catch people's cars when they saw them, and then handed them over to Ma. In order to get their big cars back, some car owners invited their horses to restaurants, play mahjong, take baths, and play prostitutes. As a result, a lot of money was spent, and not only did not a single cart come back, but all the cart drivers were incorporated into the army as privates.

Fu ××, the intelligence staff officer of the 27th Division, confessed: He directly or indirectly shot, chopped, and buried alive 101 Chinese underground staff, People's Liberation Army soldiers, and civilians while fighting in Shandong. , and also killed four peasant association cadres.

At the beginning of the movement, some officers and soldiers were indifferent. When a certain veteran Youzi talked about molesting and raping women and visiting prostitutes, he was very interested. The soldiers participating in the discussion burst into laughter.

The way to suppress this tendency is to complain: How did your family, including your mother and sisters, suffer in the old society? In the old army, how did you yourself bring disaster to the people? What is this but forgetting one’s roots? Can we blame all the bad things we did on the old society and the old army? Don’t you have any responsibility at all? Are the prostitutes in Huajie and Liuxiang really "voluntary"? No, they are a group of class sisters who are destroyed by money and power!

Sure enough, after complaining and commenting, no one laughed anymore. Some insurrectionary officers and soldiers even cried bitterly while reflecting on themselves, biting their fingers on the spot and writing letters in blood, saying that they would change their past mistakes and start a new life.

The huge energy of soul fission

Scientists bombard the uranium nucleus with neutrons, which can split it into two, cause a chain reaction, and release huge energy. The "cry and blood accusation" experienced by the uprising officers and soldiers was the fission of the souls of millions of uprising officers and soldiers in a historical moment.

The specific forms of transforming the uprising troops are diverse. The 2nd Working Group of the Southwest Military Region of the Chinese People's Liberation Army organized the uprising officers and soldiers of the 7th Corps of the Kuomintang to carry out the prosecution campaign in the later stage, and also initiated a vigorous "Public Sacrifice Oath" activity to commemorate the parents, brothers and sisters of all the insurgent officers and soldiers who died tragically under the system of class oppression. Waiting for relatives, vowing to carry out the revolution to the end.

The "Public Sacrifice Oath" meeting has been carefully and fully prepared in advance: setting up a mourning hall, placing wreaths, making blood debt charts, writing memorial texts, elegiac couplets, oaths, posting slogans, preparing filial piety flowers worn by all officers and soldiers, etc. . The content and form of the public sacrifice were submitted to the soldiers and the masses for discussion, and the soldiers and the masses were allowed to participate in the decoration of the mourning hall. Some soldiers made memorial tablets and wreaths specifically for their deceased parents.

After the solemn "Public Sacrifice Oath", the uprising soldiers reflected: "This 'Public Sacrifice Oath' event has taught us too much. In the past, in the old society, who would care about the death of poor people? Even the Vice-President We can’t even put the coffin boards on it! Now, the Communist Party has come and organized such a grand memorial ceremony for our dead parents, brothers and sisters. This is something we would never have dreamed of!”

“ After the "Public Sacrifice Oath" event, the majority of the insurrectionary officers and soldiers asked to join the People's Liberation Army and "make meritorious service and atone for their sins." Of the 10,239 soldiers in the Corps, 9,519 submitted applications to join the People's Liberation Army as soon as possible. Among them, 752 had their applications written in their own blood, and 4,546 had their blood fingerprints or fingerprints on the applications. Signed in blood.

To destroy something old is to establish something new. Renovate and build at the same time. After the Accusation Movement and the Ideological Return Movement, the uprising troops conducted unity education among officers and soldiers to resolve conflicts, channeled the class hatred inspired by the Accusation Movement into the people's liberation struggle to overthrow the three mountains, and also developed the concept of war. Education, policy and discipline education, etc. The uprising troops established a new democratic system-the soldier committee system. On the basis of improving their ideological consciousness, the uprising troops established party organizations at all levels from top to bottom. The team of party members rapidly developed and expanded. Various political work of the army was also carried out in full swing, which greatly improved the combat effectiveness of the troops.

Many years later, many officers and soldiers of the uprising recalled that the instructors, instructors, and political commissars of that year were not only approachable, but also left an impression on them that they were well-read, knowledgeable, and thoughtful.

In fact, most of these political cadres are not highly educated, but they propagate the enlightenment principles of equality between officers and soldiers and unity between the army and the people, giving those insurgent officers and soldiers with deep-rooted enslavement consciousness a refreshing and unforgettable enlightenment on human rights, thereby numbing their souls. A complete awakening.

The experience of using accusation campaigns to transform the old army was widely promoted in the later stages of the Liberation War. After the Battle of Crossing the River, Chairman Mao Zedong personally drafted a telegram to instruct the Central China Bureau of the Communist Party of China on the transformation of the uprising troops: "Reform them according to the methods of transforming Zeng Zesheng and Wu Hua's Ministry of Culture."

In particular, it is important to mention What I noticed was that among the millions of Kuomintang uprising troops, the only field army that had been reorganized into an organic system and retained for a long time was the 50th Army of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. During the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, the army was among the first to go abroad and participated in the first, second, third, and fourth battles, sea crossings and island attacks, as well as the defense of the west coast of northern Korea. Among them, in the third battle, the 149th Division to which he belonged created a war miracle in which two infantry battalions used blasting tubes, explosive packs, and grenades to completely annihilate a tank battalion of the 29th Brigade of the British Army. The 1st Battalion of the 442nd Regiment to which he belonged took the lead. Seoul was captured; in the subsequent fourth battle, the army held on for 50 days and nights on both sides of the Han River with extremely rudimentary weapons and equipment, and under extremely difficult ammunition supply and other harsh conditions, and successfully completed the cover for the main force of our army to assemble and implement on the center line. The counterattack mission won praise from Chairman Mao Zedong and Commander Peng Dehuai. President Peng once said: "With me, Peng Dehuai, not only will the 50th Army not be disbanded, but it will also give priority to new equipment!" During the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, only the "Baiyun Mountain Regiment" was approved and awarded the title by the Volunteer Army Headquarters for units above our corps. That is, the 447th Regiment of the 149th Division of the 50th Army of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army.

The fission of the souls of millions of soldiers who defected in a historical moment is not only an unprecedented war spectacle and historical spectacle in the history of 5,000 years of war, but also an unparalleled humanistic spectacle rooted in the land of China!

Among the uprising officers and soldiers interviewed by the author:

——Major and Battalion Commander Yang Xiezhong of the Changchun Uprising. At the beginning of the uprising, the portrait of Chairman Mao Zeng became more and more unpleasant to his eyes. After being reborn, he became unforgettable. Education, on May 28, 1953, he joined the Communist Party of China on the battlefield to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea. In his later years, while serving as the executive vice president and secretary-general of the Huangpu Alumni Association of Yunnan Province, when he heard a "Huangpu classmate" who had taught in a middle school in Kunming declare that "China's best period was the early days of the Anti-Japanese War," he immediately and confidently declared Criticism: "Good or bad depends on the people of the whole country, not on a few people. In the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, you were a landlord family, so of course you lived a good life, but the poor peasants and laborers were living a difficult life, but you don't understand, and your position has not yet transferred to the position of the broad masses!... I suggest you strengthen your studies, reform your thinking, and be with the people.”

——When Zhao Linzhi, the second lieutenant of the Haicheng Uprising, was dying of cancer, he recounted his life in the "Message to Comrades" he distributed. The ideal paradise that I pursue: "Where I go, the scenery is beautiful, the birds are singing and the flowers are fragrant; where I go, there is no class, let alone oppression; where I go, there are no rich or poor, and all people are equal; where I go , hold a democratic life meeting every week to carry out criticism and self-criticism..."

It was also in this spiritual home built after soul fission that the majority of the uprising officers and soldiers achieved spiritual conversion to reestablish their life goals. .