Safety knowledge ships (how many kinds of ships are there in military common sense)

1. How many kinds of ships are there in military common sense?

Ships are mainly engaged in combat activities or service support in the ocean, and are the main cold-proof equipment of the navy.

According to different combat missions, ships are usually divided into two categories: combat ships and service ships. Combat ships are divided into surface combat ships and submarines.

According to their basic tasks, they are divided into different types of ships. There are aircraft carriers, battleships, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, torpedo boats, missile boats, hunting submarines, cloth ships, anti-mine ships and landing ships.

Submarine includes strategic missile submarine and attack submarine. Service ships, also known as auxiliary ships or military auxiliary ships, are used for maritime combat support, technical support and logistics support, mainly including reconnaissance ships, communication ships, hydrological survey ships, anti-dangerous lifeboats and icebreakers.

2. Ask about the knowledge of the ship

Submarine is a kind of ship that can dive into the water for activities and operations, also known as submarine, and is one of the main types of naval ships.

The main functions of submarines in combat are: to carry out nuclear attacks on strategic targets approaching land and destroy the enemy's military, political and economic centers; Destroy transport ships and destroy enemy maritime communication lines; Attacking large and medium-sized surface ships and submarines; Carry out mine laying, reconnaissance, rescue and repatriation of special personnel to land. Supply ship refers to the ship that provides fuel, ammunition, food supply and personnel supplement for all kinds of ships in the fleet.

Destroyers were mainly used to deal with torpedo boats in the early days, also called torpedo boat destroyers. During World War I, the appearance of submarines gave destroyers a new mission-anti-submarine and escort.

By World War II, the tonnage of destroyers was generally 2,000-2,500 tons, and they became "controlled destroyers". After the evolution of 1 several centuries, the destroyer has changed from a few hundred tons to a large surface ship of 1 10,000 tons.

A generalist who is mainly responsible for anti-submarine, fleet air defense, anti-ship, landing fire support, amphibious fire attack and other tasks. The frigate is a light surface warship, with missiles, naval guns, deep-water bombs and anti-submarine torpedoes as its main weapons.

Its main task is to undertake anti-submarine, escort, patrol, vigilance, reconnaissance and landing support for naval formations. Cruiser is a large surface ship which is second only to battleship in displacement, firepower and armor protection. They can cruise at sea for a long time and have high speed characterized by maneuverability. Cruisers have the ability to deal with multiple combat targets at the same time.

Historically, cruisers originally referred to warships that could act independently, while destroyers needed the help of other ships (such as supply ships). But in modern times, this distinction has disappeared.

The old cruiser refers to a large warship equipped with large and medium caliber guns, with a certain strength of armor and strong cruising ability; It is one of the main naval vessels. It can perform tasks such as attack and defense at sea, breaking off diplomatic relations, escorting, covering landing, shelling on the other side, air defense, anti-submarine, vigilance and patrol.

Battleship (or battleship, warship) is a kind of large-tonnage naval warship, and its main appeal is the attack power of large-caliber artillery and the protection power of heavy armor. This kind of warship began to develop in the1860s and gradually declined in the middle and late World War II. It has been one of the main types of warships in major sea power countries, so it was once called the capital ship. However, because the strategic position of battleship has been replaced by aircraft carrier and ballistic missile nuclear submarine in modern times, it is no longer the main force in the fleet, so this title has lost its meaning relatively.

Aircraft carrier, referred to as "aircraft carrier" and "empty carrier" for short, was called "aircraft carrier cruiser" by the former Soviet Union, which is a kind of warship that can provide take-off and landing for military aircraft. China's word "aircraft carrier" comes from Japanese characters.

Aircraft carrier is a large surface ship with carrier-based aircraft as its main combat weapon. Modern aircraft carriers and carrier-based aircraft have become high-tech intensive military systems engineering.

The aircraft carrier is always the core ship in the aircraft carrier fleet, and sometimes it is the flagship of the aircraft carrier fleet. Other ships in the fleet provide protection and supplies for it.

Aircraft carrier is a large surface ship with carrier-based aircraft as its main combat weapon. Relying on aircraft carriers, a country can exert military pressure and fight far away from its territory without relying on local airports.

The main task of an aircraft carrier is to seize the air and sea control rights in the naval battle area with its carrier-based aircraft formation. Modern aircraft carriers and carrier-based aircraft have become high-tech intensive military systems engineering.

The carrier is always the core ship in the carrier fleet, and sometimes it is also the flagship destroyer of the carrier fleet. It is a medium-sized warship, with missiles, torpedoes and naval guns as the main weapons, and has various combat capabilities. It is one of the ships with strong assault power in the naval fleet, which is used to attack submarines and surface ships, fleet air defense, escort, reconnaissance patrol alert, mine laying, and attack shore targets.

At present, the displacement of large destroyers reaches more than 6,000 tons to 8,000 tons, which is equivalent to a light cruiser. Some destroyers are also equipped with anti-submarine helicopters.

Frigate is a medium or light warship with artillery, missiles and underwater weapons (torpedoes, mines and depth bombs) as its main weapons. It is mainly used for anti-submarine and air defense escort, as well as reconnaissance, alert patrol, mine laying, land support and protection of the army's flank. In modern naval formations, frigates are surface warships with tonnage and firepower second only to destroyers.

At present, the displacement of frigates is generally 1500-4000 tons, and a few of them are more than 5000 tons. Simply put, destroyers are used to expel enemy ships; The frigate is used to cover the main battle ship.

At the same time, they can also be an important part of the aircraft carrier battle group, and they all shoulder the heavy responsibility of protecting the aircraft carrier. Destroyers are used to attack land and also have certain air defense tasks. Frigates are used for anti-submarine. Of course, both can be competent for air defense and anti-submarine.

However, the division of these two types of ships is not so detailed now, and the division of labor is becoming more and more blurred.

3. Common sense of ships

Outfitting phonetic notation: x: Zhu ā ng word meaning: (1) [Ship equipment]: the general term for equipment and devices such as ship anchors, masts, ladders, pipelines and circuits. (2) [(of a ship) outfitting]: The main structure of the hull is built by installing equipment and devices such as anchors, masts and circuits.

External outfitting: including rudder equipment, anchor equipment, mooring equipment, life-saving equipment, closing equipment, towing equipment, ladders, railings and masts. Indoor outfitting: the separation of the cabin and the installation of heat insulation materials, the manufacture and installation of marine furniture and sanitary facilities, the composition and installation of kitchen cold storage and air conditioning system, and the installation of marine doors and windows.

I want to know the basic knowledge of submarines. Have you given me some advice?

The principle of submarine is the same as that of fish.

The material of submarines is mostly steel, which is heavier than water and will definitely sink in water. People will increase its surface area, and a certain amount of water will be discharged after the surface area is increased, so the increase of surface area is actually to increase its volume and make it discharge more water without changing its quality. In order to obtain greater buoyancy, just like our 10,000-ton ship.

Under the above theory, Chinese scientists make submarines into entities with the same quality as boiling water. At this time, when the submarine is put into the water, it will neither sink nor float. Because it is as heavy as water. Then, as we all know, the quality of water will not change. At this time, as long as the weight of the submarine rises slightly, it will be heavier than water and will naturally sink. On the contrary, if the weight of the submarine drops slightly, it will be lighter than water and will naturally float. According to the above, we can write a formula: three conditions that affect the ups and downs of submarines, namely, water quality, submarine quality and submarine volume. Under the condition that the water quality and the total mass of the submarine remain unchanged, we can change the sinking and floating of the submarine only by slightly changing the volume of the submarine.

On this basis, scientists designed two ballast tanks on the submarine. This ballast tank is used for discharging water. When the two ballast tanks empty all the water, it is like two big buoys. Under the action of these two big buoys, the submarine that was originally as heavy as water will surface. When the two ballast tanks are filled with water, they will pull the submarine to the bottom because the ballast tanks themselves are heavier than water.

You can do an interesting experiment to simulate the principle of submarine floating and sinking. Find an empty bottle, hang an iron block outside, put it in the water, and it will float on the water like a submarine. When you fill the bottle with water and put it into the water, it will sink to the bottom of the water, just like a submarine sinks. If you put neither too much nor too little water in the bottle, the bottle will stay in the water, neither floating nor sinking. At this time, the total mass of the bottle and iron is equal to the mass of water.

Nowadays, in order to ensure safety, ordinary civilian and scientific submarines are designed to be lighter than water when the ballast tanks are full of water. When they dive, they will hang some heavy objects on the submarine to make it heavy enough. In order to dive, when the water pound in the submarine ballast tank fails, the submarine will naturally surface as long as these heavy objects are thrown away. However, military submarines don't have such counterweights, because once they float, they will definitely become prisoners of the enemy. This is unacceptable in war. But there are also some improvements, such as Russia's typhoon-class strategic nuclear submarine. It is the largest nuclear submarine in the world. In order to maximize the chances of survival in wartime, this class submarine is designed with three ballast tanks. As long as two of them can work normally, it can fight normally. This is mainly to prevent being attacked by the enemy in the war. As long as it is not directly hit by the enemy's torpedo, it can continue fighting or escape smoothly.

5. What is ship-to-ship safety technology?

Marine supply equipment refers to the logistics support equipment that supplies materials to ships at sea, and it is an important part of marine logistics support equipment.

According to different replenishment methods at sea, offshore replenishment equipment is usually divided into horizontal replenishment device, vertical replenishment device, parallel replenishment device and vertical replenishment device. Since the birth of marine replenishment technology at the end of 19, foreign navies have made many major improvements from single replenishment to comprehensive replenishment.

At the end of 1944, the U.S navy invented the cross cable method of lateral refueling, which increased the replenishment distance between the two ships to 18m ~ 55m, and improved the replenishment speed of the two ships. 1953, the balance weight tension compensation device was successfully developed, so that the distance between two ships reached 9 1 m, which can be used in the case of class 5 sea conditions and strong winds; 1957, a high-speed automatic transmission device was successfully developed; 1959, helicopter vertical replenishment was born; In the mid-1970s, the US Navy improved the high-speed automatic conveying device into a standard lateral replenishment device, and successfully developed hydraulic tension overhead cable, light coiled hose and semi-automatic refueling probe. At present, foreign navies basically use standard lateral replenishment devices for sea replenishment.

Looking at the future development of overseas naval replenishment equipment, there are four main trends: first, the concept of integrated internal replenishment is put forward, emphasizing the rapid transmission of materials in the cabin. Improving the automation degree of replenishment device and realizing the rapid transmission of materials in the ship can improve the replenishment speed, shorten the replenishment time and enhance the safety and reliability of maritime replenishment.

The newly-built foreign supply ship is equipped with rapid supply system and mechanized loading and unloading equipment, such as forklifts, belt conveyors and elevators walking on the track. In terms of internal layout and cargo hold design, materials can be quickly extracted and moved in the ship, and automatic warehouse technology is adopted. The transmission device and materials are controlled and managed by computer, and box missiles can be directly provided from the storage cabin of the supply ship to the receiving cabin of the receiving ship. The second is to make full use of automation and information technology and integrate it into the development of marine replenishment equipment.

Foreign navies make full use of automation technology and information technology in the development and improvement of marine replenishment system. For example, in the new automatic connection system, under various sea conditions, supply equipment can be automatically docked through overhead cables, thus saving a lot of manpower; The new efficient replenishment device has the function of automatically transporting dry and liquid goods, which can stably transport dry and liquid goods under 6-7 sea conditions. It is very convenient to change from dry goods transportation to liquid goods transportation, and all control operations can be completed only by 1 person.

The third is to design and develop a new generation of marine replenishment system. The US and British navies have begun to develop a new generation of marine replenishment systems. By improving the operation method of supply cable, reducing supply rigging and increasing load transmission capacity, several types of offshore supply equipment are designed and tested.

For example, the U.S. Navy's heavy-duty marine replenishment system can safely transport containers weighing 10 to 15 tons and special containers of the Marine Corps with 50% reduction in replenishment time and 40% reduction in personnel on the existing voyage. The hourly replenishment has increased from the current 35 tons/hour/station to 65,438+050 tons/station, and the number of operators is now 30 tons/hour/station. The fourth is to study new navigation and material transmission technologies.

A new navigation and material transmission technology studied by the US Navy mainly refers to the navigation and material transmission of ships in an open marine environment. Its main research contents include: wave compensation crane, new anti-collision materials, ship-to-ship safety technology, communication and replenishment position assistance.

6. How does the anti-torpedo defense system in the common sense of the aircraft carrier deal with the incoming torpedo?

The research and development of anti-fish fire research institute and its response to the core forces have become a great loss, and it has gradually developed into passive sound prevention, so that ships can reduce energy and absorb income, which will affect the defensive measures of sonar workers or improve the shipborne lightning protection to counter the detection effect of torpedoes. Active defense tactical defense is mainly to avoid the detection of direct torpedo and homing torpedo by changing the course and speed of the ship, so as to avoid being attacked by the enemy.

Anti-torpedo defense system refers to the shipboard equipment developed and applied by navies of various countries, which provides sufficient anti-torpedo attack capability for their surface ships and submarines. As a special member of the surface ship, the aircraft carrier is one of the core forces in the future naval battle.

However, with the continuous development of torpedo technology, the threat of torpedo to surface ships is increasing, which has become one of the factors restricting the development of surface ships. In World War II, torpedo was one of the main weapons that caused great losses to aircraft carriers.

With the development of torpedoes from self-control torpedoes, acoustic homing torpedoes and wire-guided torpedo to advanced wake homing torpedoes, the anti-torpedo technology developed by navies of various countries is also developing constantly, and a relatively perfect anti-torpedo defense system has been formed at present. In order to resist the torpedo attack, the anti-torpedo technology developed by countries all over the world can be divided into two categories: one is passive defense; The second is active attack.

Passive defense mainly reduces the noise of the ship by coating, gluing and spreading rubber on the ship, thus making the ship invisible, reducing the probability of being discovered by enemy sonar and reducing the homing distance of the acoustic homing torpedo, thus achieving the purpose of reducing the hit of the acoustic homing torpedo. For example, the sound-absorbing material "Cluster Guard" on the surface of Soviet submarines can absorb 65,438+0/3 of the incident waves, and the sound-absorbing layer makes the incident sound waves diffuse, which is similar to the echo of the wake layer, thus affecting the sonar work, which shortens the working distance between sonar detection and torpedo homing device by about 65,438+0/3.

At the same time, passive defense measures can also use anti-torpedo nets towed on both sides or tail of the ship to stop torpedoes and protect the ship from damage; Or improve the armor of warships and adopt high-strength alloy materials such as titanium; Or the hull of a warship is made into a punching-resistant interlayer (also called shipborne lightning protection structure) or a lightning protection cabin (generally used on submarines to keep the distance between the solid shell and the hull) to counter the armor penetration and lethality of torpedo warheads. Some ships have also been degaussed, which reduces the detection effect of magnetic detectors and leads to the failure of electromagnetic fuze torpedoes.

7. Who will popularize the knowledge of warships?

The US nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser Long Beach was equipped with SPS-32 and SPS-33 phased array radars, and the Cambridge was raised to increase the detection range, which led to the high center of gravity of this warship. Only one nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser named "Long Beach" was built, which was started by Bethlehem Steel Company in June 1957 15438+0.

This ship is the first nuclear-powered surface ship in the world. The standard displacement of the ship is 1.

5.54 million tons, full load displacement is 1. 75.25 million tons; The length of the ship is 2 19.

9 meters, 22 meters wide. 3 meters, draft 9 meters.

1 m; Power: 2 C 1W PWR, 2 gas turbines, 80,000 HP; The speed is 30 knots; The establishment of 825 people and 68 flagship commanders can be arranged. The background of Long Beach is the great increase of American strength after World War II. In order to realize the ambition of dominating the world, the United States pursues the policy of "strategic deterrence" and "controlling the ocean".

In order for warships to cruise the world's oceans frequently, a new type of power source without refueling is needed, so nuclear power is favored. 195565438+1October 17 After the world's first nuclear-powered ship "Nautilus" was launched for trial, the US Navy decided to build a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier after several arguments and planned to build a nuclear-powered cruiser with escort and alert tasks.

So, "Long Beach" began to be built. This ship has strong self-sustaining.

1964, Long Beach sailed around the world with the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Enterprise for 65 days without any logistical supplies. The ship changed its nuclear fuel for the first time in 1965, and it sailed for 16 years.

570 thousand nautical miles. The ship was refitted from 1980 to 1985 on a large scale. The outdated Brass Knight ship-to-air missile system was dismantled, and the Beagle ship-to-air missile was replaced by the advanced "standard" long-range ship-to-air missile.

1979, Long Beach was equipped with two four-piece Harpoon ship-to-ship missile launchers. During the overhaul of 1985, the ship was equipped with two additional long-range cruise missiles and four sets of tomahawks, which made the ship truly capable of long-range attack.

The ship was originally planned to be equipped with the Aegis weapon system, but it was not realized for other reasons. On the upper platform at the rear, the ship is newly equipped with two 20 mm Vulcan near-defense guns, which greatly improves the short-range defense capability.

The ship also added two 127 mm guns. This kind of gun is suitable for attacking coastal targets and can fight on the surface.

The ship is also equipped with 1 eight-pack "Aslock" anti-submarine missile launcher and two MK32 triple anti-submarine torpedo tubes. The modified "Long Beach" is far superior to the prototype in weapons and equipment, and truly has the comprehensive combat capability against ships, air, submarines and the other side.

This ship has advanced electronic equipment. The original SPS-32 and SPS-33 phased array radars were dismantled together with the Brass Knight ship-to-air missile system.

At the same time, SPS-48C three-coordinate radar and SPS-49CV sea-air search radar also replaced the old horizontal directional radar. The ship has advanced operational command center and flagship command facilities.

The ship's back deck has been modified and a helicopter platform has been opened for helicopter replenishment at sea. The ship's inorganic library is usually not equipped with anti-submarine helicopters. The ship was retired in 1994.