Jorges Luis Borges' Thought of Characters

As early as 196 1 year, when Borges won the first international prize in his life-he shared the annual fermentation pool with samuel beckett, there was a brief comment on his works in the domestic world literature (then "Borges"). In the late period of the Cultural Revolution, Borges was mentioned twice by chance in foreign literature, both of which were called "liberal Rightists". It was not until 1979 that the Chinese versions of his works began to be published in China. By the centennial birthday of Borges in 1999, the five-volume Complete Works of Borges had been published, which was the first copyright of the complete works of Latin American writers successfully introduced in accordance with international publishing practice. In the 1990s, when the translation and publication of Latin American literature became cold as a whole, Borges' outstanding performance was quite interesting. For more than twenty years, Borges has not only been "translated" but also "rewritten". As a result, Borges was reconstructed into an out-and-out "cultural hero", exuding the brilliance of "master of post-modern literature" and "anti-totalitarian intellectual". But how did these names come from? Which facts are highlighted and which are hidden? What is the relationship between the choice of writing strategies and the social context at that time?

Borges's so-called "anti-totalitarianism" mainly refers to his resolute opposition to Juandomingo Peron all his life. The relationship between Borges and Peron began in 1945+00, when Peron was just promoted to general in Argentina. Borges was giving a speech in Uruguay, and he made a statement in the local newspaper that Peron would bring fascism and Nazism to Argentina. He emphasized that "Argentine intellectuals oppose and fight against it" and expressed pessimism about the prospects of domestic democracy. After returning home, Borges also signed an anti-Peron declaration circulated in Buenos Aires. Half a year after Peron took office, Borges was informed by the city hall that the government had decided to transfer him from Miguel Carney Library, where he was the third assistant librarian and "promoted" the inspector of poultry and rabbits in the state-owned market in Có rdoba. Although he was "promoted", promoting an important writer to inspector of chickens and rabbits undoubtedly means insult. Borges's explanation in My Life is that because he sided with the Allies in World War II, the Peron government with ties to fascism would attack him. But one of Borges' confidants, the Argentine novelist Estella Canto, said that Peron had nothing to do with it. Borges was appointed by an intellectual in the Peron government. In other words, this matter is more likely to come from the fact that scholars despise each other. In any case, Borges, humiliated by this, decided to resign. He also publicly issued a resignation statement, which said:

"Dictatorship leads to cruelty; The worst thing is that dictatorship leads to stupidity. Badges engraved with slogans, heads of leaders, designated shouts of "Long live" and "Down", walls decorated with names, and unified ceremonies are just discipline rather than sobriety ... It is one of the writers' many responsibilities to fight against this sad sameness. " Since then, Borges and Peron no longer * * *. During the reign of Peron, Borges repeatedly condemned Peron and Eva Perón in the harshest language. When interviewed in the United States, people asked him what he thought of Peron. He said I was not interested in millionaires, and people asked him what he thought of evita Veron. He said, "I'm not interested in bitches either." .

However, the description of Borges' anti-totalitarianism ignores other basic facts. First of all, Borges became a famous anti-Peronist, which was closely related to the complicated political situation in Argentina at that time. At that time, the intelligentsia was divided into two parts by fierce ideological opposition, either anti-Peronistism or Peronistism, with almost no middle ground, and most Argentine writers were anti-Peronist. However, Borges' anti-Peron image is so prominent because he was "chosen" to play this role in a sense. An example is that when Argentine writers held a rally for his resignation, Onidas Valletta, chairman of the Writers Association, highly praised Borges and praised him for "bravely sticking to his beliefs and refusing to bow to the dictator". He said, "I saw the real rebellious spirit from Borges." "Every Argentine intellectual should show this spirit", this sentence of Borges was published in Free Argentina together with Valletta's speech. Therefore, "Borges suddenly became a symbol of Argentina's anti-totalitarianism in the next decade." As Monegal pointed out, this may be an "unexpected role" of Borges, but he "honestly assumed this role". 1950, when peronism was in full swing, the anti-Peron Argentine Writers Association elected Borges as its chairman, because he was the most suitable Argentine writer to play this role at this time.

Secondly, the formation and influence of Peronism is actually very complicated and there are different opinions. However, in Borges' eyes, Peronism is fascism. He thinks that the support of Argentine workers for Peron is a manifestation of the mob. He never thought about what the three principles of "political sovereignty, economic independence and social justice" put forward by Peron when he was in power for the first time would bring to Argentina, nor did he understand what it meant when Peron announced that Argentina chose the "third position" in the cold war pattern. Moneygal, who holds a left-wing position, once argued with Borges. Moneygal thinks that "Peron is not a mediocre tyrant. In the eyes of workers and the poor, he represents something completely different. He proposed new and necessary social laws and regulations and tried to liberate Argentina from power. " He tried to tell Borges that "the sinister Buenos Aires in his story and nightmare does not exist in reality", which was just Borges' own "nightmare". But on this issue, Borges will not talk to anyone calmly. In his cognition, "anti-Peron" was the only Argentine truth at that time. Therefore, he was very excited about any military coup that overthrew the Peron regime and regarded it as a "revolution". It wasn't long before General Ronaldinho, the first to oust Peron, became president, and Borges's friends won the position of director of the National Library for him. 1955 10, he personally went to the presidential palace to accept the appointment of Ronaldi. A month later, the latter was replaced by another general, pedro eugenio aramburu cilveti. Aramburu implemented a new military dictatorship in the name of "non-Peronism" and thoroughly cleaned Peronism. Many people were arrested and killed. However, Borges accepted the national literature prize awarded by the Aramburu regime-the new government also wants to liquidate Peronism in the cultural field, and Borges is "the best carrier of new propaganda". 1976 In March, when Peron's second wife, Isabel Perón, was overthrown, Borges publicly expressed his support for the military coup general Jorge Rafaél Videla and was invited to have lunch with him. However, after Wei Dila came to power, he systematically persecuted and massacred democratic progressives. According to the estimation of international human rights organizations, at least 30,000 people have been killed and disappeared-this is a dark period of "dirty war" in Argentine history.

Therefore, in Latin America, Borges is a controversial figure. In an interview with 1972, in order to express his indignation at Peron's possible return to power, he blurted out that "it was a wise move for Argentine ancestors to use the remaining slaves as cannon fodder, and it was a historic achievement to clear up the Indian aborigines in China, but unfortunately only the seeds of ignorance were left for Peronism to grow", which aroused the indignation and public protest of Latin American intellectuals. 1at the end of 976, Borges personally went to Chile and received the Bernardo o' Ekins Grand Cross from Pinochet, the great dictator who overthrew Allende's democratically elected government by force and killed thousands of Chileans. Borges was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature for more than ten years in a row, but he didn't win the prize once, which is probably the reason. After receiving Pinochet's medal, Arthur Lundekwest, an academician of the Faculty of Arts of the Swedish Academy (and a good friend of the Chilean poet pablo neruda), publicly declared that this great cross made Borges lose the chance to win the Nobel Prize in Literature forever. Reading is an overwhelming activity in Borges' life and is of great significance to his writing. He once said, "I am a writer, but I am a good reader." His first and main source of knowledge may be his father's library. When he started his real career as a writer, he was already a knowledgeable young scholar. People imagine sitting in a quiet, dark and dusty library with a book city, reading thousands of books and writing with a god. This may be a misunderstanding. At least when he was appointed as the director of the National Library, he was almost completely blind, so he wrote a poem to pay tribute to God: "He gave me books and blindness with such wonderful irony ..."

About the significance of reading to the writer Borges, there are at least two points that must be emphasized: First, reading makes him never limit his vision to the reality of Argentina, but regard the whole western civilization as his natural tradition and spiritual source, and pretend to be its authentic successor (his British descent reinforces this tendency). Second, because reading occupies a large proportion in life, unlike most writers, it is books, not life, that become Borges' writing material. Taking novels as an example, Borges is called "a writer among writers" because his writing comes from books and goes to books. His works have the characteristics of original novels, which are universal in metaphysical artistic thinking mode and easy to imitate, so there are many followers in later generations. Borges is a watershed between modernist literature and postmodern literature in the 20th century. From him, great changes have taken place in traditional literary concepts, such as the breaking of literary category boundaries, the cancellation of objective time, the combination of humor and absurdity, the unity of portrait and magic and so on.