Junior high school learning methods

(1) Read more books: you don't have to read novels by Lu Xun and Mao Dun, which may not be effective. Reading more is based on intensive reading. When reading an article, you must pay attention to its connotation. Throughout high school, "I" read the articles repeatedly, marked the key points, and wrote down my feelings and thoughts.

(2) Practice writing and keep diaries. (3) Pay more attention to observation: You will find that there are many materials in life that can be used as writing materials. (4) Chinese sports training: The more you do, the better. Solving problems means mastering ideas and methods. The process of Chinese learning is a process of accumulating knowledge, which can be summarized as "three steps" (understanding-memory-application). Understanding: Of course, Chinese learning should read more extracurricular books, articles, newspapers and even slogan advertisements. The ancients said that "you can learn everywhere" and there should be more channels. However, some students entered middle school because they had little or no knowledge of what they had learned, and wrote down the ancient poems of "I miss my family more during the festive season", which will be written as "preparation", "quilt", "drizzle on the acropolis" and "light dust" as "morning". I think if the students really understood the meaning of this poem, this would not happen.

Second, memorization: in teaching, students are found to forget what they have learned before and what they started teaching in the middle of the semester. As time went on, they no longer had any impression. The main reason is that they didn't read it carefully and remember it by heart. Besides reciting compliments on the basis of understanding, they also take notes when necessary. It's better to write by heart than by hand, and it's better to read it a thousand times by hand. Teacher Xu Teli has an important reading experience: "Don't read without moving pen and ink", which is a good way to accumulate knowledge. Application: As the saying goes, "apply what you have learned", in a sense, the accumulation of knowledge and the quality of application are reflected in the composition. In recent years, the problems among students are that learning belongs to learning, writing belongs to writing, and learning and writing are completely separated, and they will not imitate the conceptual layout of famous works. They will not use so many beautiful words flexibly in their articles, and the content of the articles is empty and boring. Learning and use complement each other, and common use can achieve the purpose of consolidating knowledge, while learning provides the source of living water for writing. Learning Chinese is difficult because you need to accumulate it persistently. Follow the law of Chinese learning, use the method of "understanding, remembering and using", insist on reading, thinking and writing more, and be a conscientious person in life, and your reading and writing ability will gradually improve.

1. Reading aloud: Generally, read an article 2-3 times, and read it with understanding, not just for reading.

2. Recitation: A good article should be memorized to remember good words and sentences and cultivate a sense of language.

3. Speed reading: read the article at the fastest speed for the first time, improve reading speed and understanding ability, and gradually cultivate the ability to understand English directly without translation.

4. Intensive reading: the article should be read intensively for the second time, so as to accurately understand the article, be familiar with the grammatical structure and deepen the word memory. You can also choose to read some articles quickly and read better articles intensively.

5. Extensive reading: Reading English newspapers for about 1 hour every day will greatly improve your reading ability on the basis of interest. You can skip the incomprehensible words without affecting the understanding of the article, thus improving the reading speed. If you want to remember words, you can look them up in a dictionary. You can remember words by searching them many times. Stick to it for a month or two and it will have obvious effects. )

Second, listen

1, understand every word, sentence, paragraph and article from the most elementary listening. Gradually increase the difficulty. At least half an hour every day.

2. Follow English, on the one hand, strengthen listening, on the other hand, train oral English, and at the same time cultivate language sense. Pay attention to the accuracy of pronunciation.

Third, write

1. Write an English diary or composition every two days.

2. Write or email in English.

3. Pay attention to the application of grammar and vocabulary memory.

Fourth, grammar.

1, from basic to advanced, master every grammar point and take detailed notes. What you write in your notes is what you know until you master all the grammatical details.

2. Review and use unfamiliar grammar knowledge points repeatedly until you master them.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) vocabulary

1. Recite 100~ 150 new words every day and review the old words of the previous day. For unfamiliar old words, you can record them and arrange appropriate time memory.

Remember all the words once, three or four times is not too much. Repetition is the best way to remember words, and it is also the fundamental way to remember many words.

3. It is best to recite words with example sentences. Concentrate on memorizing words. 1. Study regularly (1) and read the textbook. The army does not fight unprepared battles, and so does learning physics. The books for the new semester have been distributed. I hope you can pick up your physics textbook, open a picturesque chapter and follow the table of contents to learn what you will learn this semester. Preview each chapter before each class. You have a lot of doubts, waiting to solve the mystery with the teacher in class. When reviewing, the textbook should be reviewed repeatedly. "Read it a hundred times and you will find something new every time." . (2) Listen carefully. Genius is not born. Whether it's a new class, an experimental class, an exercise class or a review class, every "examination champion" can make full use of class time, concentrate on listening, keep up with the teacher's ideas, think positively, sketch out key points from time to time, mark unclear ones, or record new questions, so that learning will be efficient. Learning is a process. Only by constantly pushing ourselves and strengthening our learning beliefs and perseverance can we reach the realm of "learning" and "learning". (3) self-monitoring. Practice is consolidation, review is system, and examination is testing. Every homework, every exam, completed independently, carefully examined the questions, carefully calculated, refined conclusions, comprehensively thought and standardized answers; Revise it in time, ask if you don't understand, learn to sum up, solve more than one question, draw inferences from one example and ask more than one question. To learn physics well, the key problem is to understand the characteristics of physics as soon as possible, otherwise you will be "flying", confused, at a loss, and lose the initiative to learn.

2. The experimental process (1) will be watched. For example, the teacher pricks several small holes with different heights beside an empty mineral water bottle and pours the water into the bottle. Keep your eyes wide open, just like watching a movie, for fear of missing something. Do the experiment well. The teacher asked what was observed. The collective answer is "water gushes out". In fact, there is another answer, "the smaller the hole below, the farther the water is sprayed." Two phenomena, two conclusions, and the latter is the focus of research. Physics is a subject that focuses on observation and experiment. There are many physical experiments in junior high school, but the experiments are not fun. (2) I can think. What are the two phenomena in the above example? Looking back on the previous knowledge, the wooden block presses on the sea surface and the sponge presses down, indicating that the wooden block has pressure on the sponge. For example, when water comes out, it means that water has pressure on the side wall of the bottle, and the deeper the water, the greater the pressure. So what happens if you pour other liquids? "There are doubts in the heart, small doubts and small progress, big doubts and great progress." Only by thinking with the brain can we realize the sublimation of thinking. (3) will explore. The above is an introductory course to learn the law of liquid pressure. If you want to study in depth, you need to explore in groups. It is very important to prepare enough experimental equipment, design control variables during the experiment, distinguish several rows and columns when compiling data tables, clarify the division of labor among team members, and communicate and cooperate. 4 can talk. "Say" means "induction". According to the measured data, horizontal and vertical comparison, summarize the experimental conclusion. What data can be quantitatively compared to draw a preliminary conclusion? How to process the data and draw further conclusions? When drawing a preliminary conclusion, the language narrative should be refined, and attention should be paid to the control variables and the integrity of the conclusion. When drawing further conclusions, we should understand that the operations of addition (sum), subtraction (difference), multiplication (product) and division (ratio) are to get new physical concepts, which are essentially different from ordinary mathematical operations. There is no process in learning physics, just like building a building without foundation, which is unstable. Can only recite concepts, but can't use them. After a long time, those physical terms, formulas and principles have become "holy books", but they are not "true classics" if I don't understand them.

3. Thinking method (1) method migration. As a beginner of physics, you will read the enlightenment from the story of a simple pendulum, and at the same time, you will be exposed for the first time to "study the factors that affect the period of a simple pendulum" with the method of controlled variables. Gradually, you have mastered the true meaning of the control variable method from the experiments such as "What factors are related to the tone of sound" and "Comparing the speed of object movement", and this method has been used throughout junior high school physics learning. It can be said that if you master this method, your junior high school physics study will be half successful. Learn the law of light propagation, and the teacher teaches you to draw light to show the path and direction of light propagation. Is there really "light" Of course not, only "light" has no "line", which is physically fictitious for the convenience of research. Knowing this, you will know that the "magnetic induction line", "particle" and "electric field line" in high school are also "building physical models". The story of Cao Chong's elephant calling has spread to this day, and Cao Chong skillfully used the physical thought of "equivalent replacement". The gravity of the stone placed on the boat is equal to the gravity of the elephant, which "breaks the whole into parts" and solves the problem that there is no large scale. Concepts such as "resultant force" and "total resistance" are also used in this way. The "distance-time" image in junior middle school physics is the basis of learning the high school sports mechanics image and other images. Junior high school physics lays the foundation for senior high school physics and college physics, so you should also learn the following research methods: accumulation method, analogy method, comparison method, induction method, image method, list method and so on. (2) Knowledge transfer. Physics curriculum system is divided into five parts: mechanics, heat, optics, acoustics and electricity. Except for the relative independence of optics, other contents are inseparable whole, and matter, motion and energy bind them together firmly. We should grasp the physics textbook as a whole, make clear the position of knowledge in this unit, this textbook and the knowledge system, and pay attention to the connection before and after.

4. Knowledge applied physics comes from life and will inevitably return to life. We should learn to use physical knowledge to solve practical problems in study, life and production. (1) brought back to life. Will you still be as scared as when you were a child when there was a sudden power outage at home? Maybe the fuse is blown. Go and have a look. /kloc-in the 0/00 meter race, why did you ask the timekeeper to start timing when you saw the gun smoking, instead of hearing the gunshot? You already know that the speed of light is much greater than the speed of sound. Just do the math. Why do cars have to travel a long distance after braking? How to reduce traffic accidents when roads are slippery in rainy and snowy weather? This is related to inertia and friction. How to judge whether a ring is pure gold? Measure the mass and volume, calculate the density, and check the density table for comparison! With the deepening of physics study, you will suddenly understand that life is full of physical puzzles, waiting for you to solve them. (2) Extracurricular research. The material world is real and rich. Guess what kind of world there would be without sound? The fantasy article "Silent World" was immediately released. With the modernization of the city, the buildings with glass walls are getting higher and higher, and the night is getting brighter and brighter. The dazzling lights have brought a lot of inconvenience to residents' lives. Then think about how to reduce light pollution. "If there is no friction", "Physics on Bicycle" ... investigation report, extracurricular production and extracurricular exploration can extend physics from one class to another, bringing you joy and surprise in research. (3) interdisciplinary. The allusions of "carving a boat for a sword" and "stealing a clock" contain profound physical principles: reference objects, relativity of motion and static, generation and spread of sound. China's ancient poems, idioms and proverbs describe many physical phenomena. We can learn relevant physics knowledge from Chinese people and appreciate the excellent quality of physicists from history. When you have tasted the pleasure of using physical knowledge to solve practical problems, you will happily and actively devote yourself to the study of physical knowledge. First of all, thoroughly understand the textbook.

Each chemistry chapter should be read twice, and the first time can be read roughly. The purpose of this kind of reading is to understand the general content of basic knowledge, master the outline and general idea of the whole chapter, section or subtitle, and understand what the experimental content is, so that teachers can have a good idea when doing demonstration experiments in class. The second reading should be intensive reading. The purpose of this kind of reading is: you can understand the key points of the textbook, find the problems you don't understand, and you will notice them when you listen to the class. Read, understand and memorize the key contents and definitions carefully, and link these contents with related old knowledge. Intensive reading is mainly used for after-class review, deepening the understanding and consolidation of knowledge and systematizing knowledge. In intensive reading, on the basis of understanding the concept definition or the full text of the law, we should analyze the key words and strengthen our understanding of the key words. For more profound materials and important paragraphs, read word for word. Think carefully, analyze and sort out, and form the habit of taking notes. You can write down important contents and keywords in your notebook, or you can write down your own thoughts and understanding of a certain problem, or you can write down questions you don't understand for future reference. Reading some extracurricular materials properly in the process of learning is conducive to broadening our horizons and deepening our understanding of knowledge. When reading, we should also pay attention to the main content, but we can't ignore the fine print, some charts and selected content, because these contents will help deepen our understanding of the main content and broaden our knowledge. Second, understanding knowledge.

Zhang Jun, a famous senior high school chemistry teacher, used three memory methods to strengthen students' memory of knowledge in the explanation of Concentration. 1. "Contrast and connection, knowledge networking" The memory teacher makes the concepts and principles in chemistry similar or opposite; The structure, properties and preparation methods of the materials are similar or related; What is easily confused in learning should be explained by comparison, connection and induction. For example, the preparation of elements and atoms, compounds and mixtures, hydrogen and carbon dioxide, etc. In this way, students form a knowledge network, which is not only firm in memory, not easy to forget, but also quick and flexible to use. 2. Understanding the rules is special, which makes the memory simple. The knowledge of rules is easy to remember as long as it is understood, and more problems can be solved in application. Therefore, we should pay attention to finding rules when studying. But the law is not omnipotent, and it is also limited by conditions. Only by mastering the rules and understanding the special cases can we form a complete and accurate knowledge system and make no mistakes when solving problems. That is to say, "knowing the law is special." 3. Make the memory vivid by thinking in images. Memories in chemistry learning are always associated with experimental phenomena and even experimental devices. When learning the material structure, the plane figure is transformed into a spatial image through the three-dimensional animation effect. For some confusing knowledge and complicated data, Mr. Zhang uses rhymes and "abbreviations" to help him remember. For example, the formula of valence and solubility in junior high school summarizes the "one stick, two lows and three dilutions" in filtration experiment operation and the "hydrogen lamp hydrogen" in hydrogen reduction in copper oxide operation. Third, experimental ability.

Learning methods of chemical experiments The learning methods of chemical experiments attach importance to basic experimental skills. It is necessary to keep in mind the specific uses of various instruments, matters needing attention in use, the sequence of basic operations, and especially the understanding of relevant principles. We should avoid rote learning and improve our experimental skills through hands-on experiments. It is not enough to do experiments in class, but also to use "VCM simulation experiment"-a software that contains all experimental demonstrations and operations in chemistry textbooks and is exactly the same as the actual operation scene. Using the inquiry experimental environment provided by VCM simulation experiment, I repeatedly operate the experiment, observe each experimental phenomenon in detail, analyze the necessary conditions, deal with the phenomena and get the results. Cultivate the ability of scientific inquiry through the accumulation of knowledge and skills, processes and methods. 1. Preview, listen and review.

Although it is a cliche, it is really important to do these three steps well. Careful preview before class can give students a simple understanding of the historical events and people to be talked about. In addition, students can find out what they don't understand, so as to get answers or ask questions to teachers during lectures. Listening carefully in class is the key to understanding and mastering knowledge. In class, Qin Ying is good at thinking, following the teacher's ideas, actively thinking and answering the teacher's questions. At the beginning, many students also had their own ideas about the questions raised by the teacher, but they were afraid to raise their hands because of shyness or timidity. Over time, they get used to thinking and answering. When listening to lectures, we should also develop the good habit of taking notes. In addition to the teacher's blackboard writing, we should also cultivate the ability to record some key content, such as the teacher's repeated content, the answers to some thinking questions in the textbook and so on. "Reviewing the past and learning the new" embodies the law that the learning process cannot be completed at one time, and the cognitive process is bound to be cyclical and spiral. Therefore, we must review in time after class and persevere.

2. Interest in learning.

Yang Zhenning once said: "The real secret of success is interest, which is the forerunner of self-study, the driving force for people to explore the world and the best teacher. I have a strong interest in learning, and I can persevere in overcoming setbacks. " The new history learning content satisfies children's interest pursuit, increases the content that children are interested in, and is close to life and reality. The teaching content has become vivid, rich and colorful, which is deeply loved by children. Only when students are interested in history will they have a proactive learning attitude.

3. Memorize historical events, historical figures, historical processes and historical concepts.

Without a firm memory of historical knowledge, it is impossible to understand and use it. The memory mentioned here is not mechanical rote memorization. When studying history and memorizing the knowledge in textbooks, it will get twice the result with half the effort to understand the meaning first and then recite the memory. When remembering complicated time, place, people and events, we can try to teach students some memory methods. History is a discipline with strong memory, but it is not enough to memorize historical facts by rote. We should further understand and use it on the basis of memory. It is very important to help students sort out a clue, find out the relationship between historical events and find out the cause and effect of each historical fact, which is very important for studying history in the future.

4. Exercise properly.

Homework is a process in which students verify the accuracy of knowledge, deepen their understanding of knowledge and use historical knowledge to analyze and solve problems after they have a basic understanding of knowledge. Homework exercises must be carried out after trying to recall and read textbooks. Homework should be done independently. Don't copy books when you do your homework. Try to write the answer according to your own memory. If you can't write, read again. In order to urge students to strengthen their mastery of knowledge, they should be tested in time after learning one or two units. There can be a variety of questions in the exam, but we must highlight the key knowledge and not have some difficult strange questions. When handing out examination papers, we should first correct the mistakes, and help students find out the reasons for the mistakes, and strive to reduce the mistakes that appear in these questions in the future. Finally, in order to broaden students' knowledge, students are encouraged to make full use of extracurricular books, especially extracurricular books related to texts, which will further deepen students' understanding and mastery of what they have learned. You can also arrange some extracurricular exercises to further cultivate and exercise students' ability. 1. Listen carefully.

Although it is a cliche, it is really important to do these three steps well. Careful preview before class can give students a simple understanding of the historical events and people to be talked about. In addition, students can find out what they don't understand, so as to get answers or ask questions to teachers during lectures. Listening carefully in class is the key to understanding and mastering knowledge. In class, Qin Ying is good at thinking, following the teacher's ideas, actively thinking and answering the teacher's questions. At the beginning, many students also had their own ideas about the questions raised by the teacher, but they were afraid to raise their hands because of shyness or timidity. Over time, they get used to thinking and answering. When listening to lectures, we should also develop the good habit of taking notes. In addition to the teacher's blackboard writing, we should also cultivate the ability to record some key content, such as the teacher's repeated content, the answers to some thinking questions in the textbook and so on. "Reviewing the past and learning the new" embodies the law that the learning process cannot be completed at one time, and the cognitive process is bound to be cyclical and spiral. Therefore, we must review in time after class and persevere.

2. Interest in learning.

Yang Zhenning once said: "The real secret of success is interest, which is the forerunner of self-study, the driving force for people to explore the world and the best teacher. I have a strong interest in learning, and I can persevere in overcoming setbacks. " The new learning content satisfies children's interest pursuit, increases the content that children are interested in, and is close to life and reality. The teaching content has become vivid, rich and colorful, which is deeply loved by children. Only when students are interested in geopolitics and biology will they have a proactive learning attitude.

Note: Learning any subject should be done in the order of preview, listening, homework and review, so as to achieve the best results.