Tibetan, Miao and Dai clothing, festivals, food, hurry, hurry, hurry!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Quick, quick, quick! ! ! ! ! ! There are pictures

Tibetan costumes for both men and women are still intact. Different regions have different costumes. It is characterized by long sleeves, wide waist and wide placket. Women wear long-sleeved robes in winter and sleeveless robes in summer, shirts of various colors and patterns, and a colorful patterned aprons tied in front of their waists. Tibetan compatriots attach great importance to "Hatha" and regard it as the most precious gift. "Hata" is a snow-white fabric, usually about 20 to 30 centimeters wide and one to two meters long. It is woven with yarn or silk. It is made every time there is a happy event, or the arrival of distant guests, or to pay a visit to the elders, or to say goodbye to a long journey. Hada should be offered to show respect. Tibetans are widely spread in Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, Yunnan and other places. Their costumes are colorful, men's clothing is strong and bold; women's clothing is elegant and unrestrained, especially jewelry, gold and jade as accessories, forming a unique style of plateau women. Tibetan robes are the main clothing style of the Tibetan people. There are many types. From the texture of the clothes, they can be divided into brocade, leather, Pulu, plain cloth, etc. The pattern decoration of Tibetan robes is very particular. In the past, monks and officials of different ranks strictly distinguished the decorations. Tibetan robes are longer, usually longer than your height. When wearing them, you need to lift up the lower part, keep the hem 30 to 40 centimeters high from the feet, and tie it with a belt. Tibetan robes can be divided into leather robes in pastoral areas, colored sleeve robes, and Pulu robes in agricultural areas. The styles can be divided into long-sleeved leather robes, workcloth broad-shouldered sleeveless robes, sleeveless women's robes, and Pulu robes with embellished flower collars, which are worn by men and women. There are two types of shirts: wide-breasted and double-breasted. Men's Tibetan shirts have high collars and women's have multiple lapels. The sleeves of the blouse are about 40 cm longer than other sleeves. When dancing, put down your sleeves and let them dance gracefully in the air. Bangdian, that is, apron, is a unique Tibetan attire and a necessary decoration for married women. The color of bangdian can be either bright and strong, or elegant and quiet. There are many styles of Tibetan hats with different textures. There are ten or twenty kinds of hats such as golden flower hats and Pulu hats. Tibetan boots are one of the important features of Tibetan clothing. The most common ones are "Songbala wood" flower boots, with soles made of cotton and leather. Headwear plays an important role in Tibetan clothing, and the waist coat is the most distinctive. The ornaments are mostly related to ancient livelihood production. The most exquisite ones are also inlaid with gold and silver jewelry. The texture of the headdress includes copper, silver, gold carved objects and jade, coral, pearls and other treasures.

1. Tibetan Folk Festivals

1. Tibetan New Year

The determination of the Tibetan New Year is closely related to the use of the Tibetan calendar. Its use began more than 950 years ago, in the Dingmao year of the lunar calendar (AD 1027). Since then, the usage of the Tibetan calendar has been inherited.

The Tibetan New Year is a traditional festival of the Tibetan people. It starts on the first day of the first month of the Tibetan calendar every year and lasts for three to five days. At the beginning of December in the Tibetan calendar, people begin to prepare new year's goods. Every household soaks highland barley seeds in water basins and cultivates young seedlings. In mid-December, every household begins to use ghee and white flour to deep-fry Kasai. There are many types of fried noodles, including ear-shaped "Guguo", elongated "Naxia", and round ones. , "Bru" and so on. As the New Year approaches, every family will prepare a rectangular bamboo Qima grain bucket with colorful pictures. The bucket is filled with tsampa mixed with butter, fried wheat grains, ginseng fruits and other foods, with green ears and cockscombs painted on it. and colored panels made of ghee. And prepare a colorful butter-shaped sheep head. All these have the meaning of celebrating a good harvest and wishing good weather and prosperity for people and animals in the coming year. Two days before New Year's Eve, the inside and outside of the house are cleaned, new card mats are put up, and New Year pictures are put up. 29. Before dinner, sprinkle "Eight Auspicious Signs" with dry flour on the wall in the middle of the kitchen. Use lime powder to draw the symbol "" on the door, symbolizing eternal auspiciousness, which means life will be abundant, food will be abundant, and you will be safe every year. On New Year's Eve, each family places various foods in front of the Buddha statue. In order to have sufficient and abundant food during the festival, the whole family is busy until late at night. For dinner on this day, each family will eat dough tuba (gu tu). In the dough tuba, several doughs are specially made with different fillings such as stones, peppers, charcoal, and wool. Each kind of filling has a saying. Stones indicate a hard heart, charcoal indicates a black heart, peppers indicate a mouth like a knife, and wool It shows a soft heart. Anyone who ate these fillings would spit them out impromptu, causing a roar of laughter in the crowd to cheer up New Year's Eve.

This is a kind of eating and entertainment activity. No matter who eats something, they must spit it out impromptu, which often causes laughter and adds to the festive and joyful atmosphere of the festival.

On the first day of the Lunar New Year, green crops, oily rice seeds, sheep heads, grain buckets, etc. are placed on the tea table of the Buddhist shrine to wish people a long life and abundant food in the new year. Before dawn on the first day of the Lunar New Year, housewives carry "auspicious water" back from the river, then wake up the whole family, sit down according to their seniority, and the elders bring a bucket of grains, each person grabs a few grains and throws them to the sky to express their gratitude. Sacrifice to the gods, then grab a little bit and put it into your mouth. After that, the elders wish "Tashi Delek" (good luck and good fortune) in order, and the younger generations return the congratulations "Tashi Delek Peng Songtso" (good luck and good merits). After the ceremony, they eat oatmeal Tuba and ginseng fruit boiled in butter, and then serve highland barley wine to each other. On the first day of the new year, it is generally forbidden to sweep the floor, say unlucky words, and not visit each other as guests.

On the second day of the Lunar New Year, relatives and friends visit each other’s homes to congratulate each other on the New Year and give each other khatas. Men, women, old and young all dressed up in costumes from the show and met to say "Tashi Delek" and "Happy Holidays" to each other. This activity lasted for three to five days. During the Tibetan New Year, in squares or open grasslands, everyone dances Guozhuang dance and Xianzi dance in circles. Accompanied by musical instruments such as lyres, cymbals, gongs, etc., they hold hands and step on the ground to celebrate the festival and sing joyfully. and, the children set off firecrackers, and the whole area was immersed in a joyful, festive and peaceful festival atmosphere. Singing Tibetan opera and dancing Guozhuang and Xianzi dances in urban and rural areas. In pastoral areas, herders light bonfires and sing and dance all night long. Folks also engage in wrestling, throwing, tug-of-war, horse racing, archery and other activities.

2. Bathing Festival

The Bathing Festival, called "Gama Riji" (bathing) in Tibetan, is a unique festival of the Tibetan people and has a history of at least seven or eight hundred years in Tibet. . It is held from the 6th to the 12th of July in the Tibetan calendar and lasts for 7 days. According to Buddhist teachings, Tibetan people believe that water from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has eight major advantages: one is sweet, two is cool, three is soft, four is light, five is clear, six is ??not smelly, seven drinks do not hurt the throat, and eight drinks do not hurt the abdomen. Therefore, July is known as the best time for bathing. It was late summer and early autumn, the wind was gentle and the sun was beautiful on the Wanli Plateau, and the sky was high and the clouds were clear. Whether in cities, rural areas or pastoral areas, families of all ages, men, women and children come to the riverside to celebrate the annual bathing festival. At that time, the Tibetan people, carrying tents and butter tea, highland barley wine, tsampa and other food, came to the banks of the Lhasa River, the Yarlung Zangbo River, and the thousands of rivers and lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to compete in the water, play and swim in the water. They set up tents under the shade of trees on the river beach lawn, surrounded the tents and spread out mats. The elderly washed their hair and wiped their bodies by the river, the young people bathed and swam in the river, and the children played in the water and had water fights. At this time, the women also took a bath without any scruples, washing their bodies and the whole family's clothes. Clean and tidy. During the break, the family sat around the tent and tasted the mellow highland barley wine and fragrant butter tea. There were bursts of laughter and laughter from time to time in the tent. During the seven days of the Bathing Festival, people not only come to the river to bathe every day, but also clean all the bedding at home. Therefore, the Bathing Festival is not only a traditional festival loved by the Tibetan people, but also the most thorough and mass annual festival. health activities.

3. Wangguo Festival

The Wangguo Festival has a history of more than 1,500 years and is a traditional festival for Tibetan people longing for a good harvest. "Wangguo" is the Tibetan transliteration. "Wang" in Tibetan means field, land, and "Guo" means turning in circles, which means "circling around the land." The "Wangguo" festival is very popular in the rural areas in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and on both sides of the Lhasa River. It is also held in other places, but the festival names are different. In the Lazi and Dingri areas, it is called "Yaji", which means comfortable summer; Gongbu Bala Snow Mountain is surrounded by a semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral area, called "Bangsang", which is an auspicious grassland. The time is almost the same, and it is held before the crops are ripe and ready to be harvested. Before liberation, Tibetans celebrated the Wangguo Festival before the arrival of the season when the "King of Birds", the wild geese, flew south. The Wangguo Festival is an important cultural phenomenon of the Tibetan people, and its origins, rituals, and local or sexual characteristics are colorful. ?

According to legend, as early as the end of the 5th century AD, King Budgongjian of Tibet sought advice from the leader of the religion in order to ensure a good harvest.

The leader of the religion ordered the farmers to circle around the fields, led by those holding incense burners and flag poles, led by the leader of the religion who held up the wooden stick wrapped around the hada and the right leg of the sheep, and led the villagers holding highland barley ears or wheat ears. After the villagers circled the fields several times, they inserted various ears of grain into granaries and shrines to pray for good weather and abundant harvests.

The "Wangguo" festival lasts from one to three days and is held on an auspicious day before the autumn harvest. On this day every year, the Tibetan people wear festive costumes, some carry colorful flags, some carry harvest towers made of highland barley and wheat ears, with white "hada" tied on the harvest towers, hold slogans, and some knock on the Gongs and drums were played, songs and Tibetan operas were sung, and some carried the statue of Chairman Mao and circled the field. After the circle, people carried tents and highland barley wine, talking about ancient roads and modern times, while reveling and drinking. Some even held traditional horse racing and archery. , yak racing, horseback riding, singing and dancing, and Tibetan opera competitions. The commercial department also organizes material exchanges, supplies special ethnic commodities and daily necessities, and purchases local products. After the Fruit-Wang Festival, the intense autumn harvest sowing begins.

4. Zhuanshan Festival

Tibetan traditional festival, also known as the Mu Buddha Festival and the Mountain God Respecting Festival. Popular in Ganzi and Aba Tibetan areas. Every year on the 8th day of April in the lunar calendar, the birthday is bathed in Kowloon leaf water, so it is also called the Buddha Mu Festival. On this day every year, people from far and near in the Garze Tibetan area, dressed in national costumes, gather on Paoma Mountain and the Zheduo River. People first go to the temple to burn incense and pray and burn paper money. Then they go around the mountain to worship the gods and pray for their blessings. After walking around the mountain, we set up a tent for a picnic and performed Tibetan opera. Sing folk songs, dance Guozhuang dance and Xianzi dance, and the riders also compete in horse racing and archery. During this period, people will also hold material exchange activities and other cultural and sports activities.

5. Flower Picking Festival is a traditional Tibetan festival in Boyu area of ??Nanping County. It is held every year on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month and lasts for two days. Legend has it that Boyu was a remote ravine a long time ago. People lived by gathering and hunting, and used leaves and animal skins to make clothes. One day, a girl named Lianzhi came from afar. She was beautiful, kind, and clever. She taught the local people how to open up wasteland, weave and sew clothes, and she also collected lilies to treat people's illnesses. One year, on the fifth day of May, Lianzhi went up the mountain to pick flowers, but was blown off the cliff by a nickel wind and fell to his death. People were very sad, so they went to the mountains to pick flowers on this day to commemorate her. Over time, the Flower Picking Festival was formed.

6. Huanglong Temple Fair

The Huanglong Temple Fair is a traditional festival for Tibetan, Qiang, Hui, Han and other ethnic groups in Aba Prefecture. It is held every year on the 15th day of the sixth lunar month at Huanglong Temple in Songpan County. Huanglong Temple is located in the mountains at the southern foot of Minshan Mountain in Songpan County, Aba Prefecture. It is backed by Xuebaoxiang, the main peak of Minshan Mountain at an altitude of more than 5,700 meters. Because the clear spring on the top of the mountain brings calcium flying down, it is covered with a milky yellow, The natural wonder like a yellow dragon flying down is inlaid with more than 3,400 large and small colored areas, which are interconnected and colorful. Later generations built temples and used temple fairs to attract worshipers from neighboring provinces, prefectures and counties, gradually forming a folk festival.

Starting from the tenth day of the sixth lunar month every year, tourists from all over the country come here on horseback, by car or on foot, bringing cooking utensils and tents. At the rally, people not only enjoyed the scenery of Huanglong Temple, but also held Tibetan opera performances and folk song duets; the young warriors also performed wrestling, archery and other activities. June 15th is the climax of the festival. Huanglong Temple and the surrounding mountainside forests are lined with various local products, forming a grand material exchange meeting. Old people go to the temple to burn incense and pray for a safe life. Young people sang and danced all night long.

7. Herdsmen’s Day

A traditional festival for Tibetan herdsmen in Aba Prefecture. It is held at the beginning of the second month of the lunar calendar every year, and the festival usually lasts for one week. Before the festival, every household cleans the house and dumps the garbage to the west when the sun is about to go down, hoping that the flames of the sun will burn all ominous objects. Then, each family prepares festival foods such as highland barley wine and yogurt. On the morning of the first day of the festival, fathers and daughters from each family compete to carry auspicious water. Then, wash your face and hands with auspicious water mixed with milk, burn cypress incense with your clean hands, and pray for abundant water and grass, and prosperity for cattle and sheep. Then, the whole family sat around and feasted together. Three days before the festival, all villages dance, sing, compete in wrestling and carry out various entertainment activities without leaving the village. Three days later, people began to go from village to house to wish each other a happy holiday. Every night, people gather outside the village, light bonfires, sing and dance.

8. Erxi Festival

It is a traditional Tibetan festival popular in Muli County. The festival falls on the seventh day of the twelfth lunar month every year. Legend has it that the Muli area was very prosperous in ancient times. Eight Tibetan branches from Tibet and Yunnan moved thousands of miles to live there. The day they settled was the seventh day of the twelfth lunar month. People gathered together to sing, dance, and have fun. From then on, commemorative activities will be held on this day every year, and it will be passed down from generation to generation and become a fixed festival. The day before the festival, families are busy preparing sumptuous food. On the festival day, the whole family sits together, toasts and drinks. According to custom, cats and dogs are given a full meal. If they eat meat first and then eat, it means good weather and good harvest in agriculture and animal husbandry in the coming year. night. People gathered around bonfires. Sing folk songs and dance in antiphonal style.

9. Xie Shui Festival

It is popular in Mianning County. It is held every year on the sixth day of the third lunar month. Its main content is to pray for rain and children. On that day, the lama brought frogs, snakes and toads made of tsampa, and one or two people from each family went with him. When they came to the ditch, the lama put the tsampa animals into the water while chanting sutras. When we returned, everyone was wearing rain gear and making noises to indicate that it had started to rain. Then, people went to worship a circular tower. There is a knife and a small gong pot inside the tower, which represent fertility. Women who have been married for a long time and have no children make a wish to the pagoda god and pray for a child. Nong, who gave birth to a child after worshiping the pagoda, wanted to go to the pagoda on that day to fulfill her vow.

10. Shangjiu Festival

It is popular in Baoxing County. It is held every year on the ninth day of the first lunar month. On this day, people gather at the foot of the mountain to hold lantern festivals and perform lion dances, dancing and singing. At night, a unique wrestling match between men and women is held. The result is often that the man loses and the woman wins, which causes roars of laughter and pushes the festival to a climax.

11. Flower Appreciation Festival

Also known as the Flower Appreciation Festival, it is popular in the Malkang area. It is held every year in the sixth month of the lunar calendar and usually lasts for 3-5 days, and in some places it lasts for more than 10 days. People bring food, tents, ride horses, and go out in groups to play in the wild and enjoy mountain flowers. They set up tents, made butter tea, and filled green pear wine. They ate and drank, admired the flowers, and gave blessings. In the evening, a bonfire is lit, singing and dancing. During the festival, wrestling, horse racing and other activities are also held. It is also an opportunity for young men and women to fall in love.

12. Flower Viewing Festival

It is called "Ruo Mu Bird" in Tibetan, which means viewing mountains. It is held every year on the 18th day of the sixth lunar month, usually in various villages. Let's go to the tent and play together. Each activity lasts for at least three or four days and as long as ten days. During the Flower Viewing Festival, people offer khatas to the guests who come to play, and warmly welcome them into the tent and treat them warmly. At night, men, women and children, hand in hand, dance gracefully around the bonfire to the accompaniment of bells played by the leader of the dance team, singing and dancing all night long.

13. Jockey Club

Popular in Hongyuan County and other places. It is held every year on the first day of the seventh lunar month and is a one-day festival. Horse racing is a very favorite activity for the Tibetan people. It is not only a place for people to gather and exchange experience in agricultural and animal husbandry production in their spare time, but also a display of the spirit of the Tibetan people. Horse racing activities are almost indispensable in all Tibetan festivals that have been passed down among the people. Horse racing not only appears as a motif in the festival, but more importantly, the Tibetan people, based on their strong belief in horses, have formed such a national traditional "Horse Racing Festival", and this event has a long history. . At that time, Tibetan people in the county and nearby places dressed in traditional national costumes will engage in various forms of horse racing activities from all directions to the racecourse. There were group speed races, relay races in separate teams, horse racing and archery performances, and horse racing skills. It was very lively. After the horse racing, people exchange souvenirs with each other.

14. Placing rooftop flags

Putting rooftop flags is a Tibetan festival custom. Every New Year, each family will place a red, yellow and white cloth flag engraved with Tibetan scriptures on the roof. Pray for blessings. The cloth flags vary in height and size, and their colors vary from place to place. Some are white cloth with red edges, and some are red and yellow with black stripes. The flag surface is mostly rectangular, but also square and triangular. Some tied the flag to the flagpole, while others tied it to a tree pole. Some put one flag, some put several flags.

15. Baima Song Festival

It is a festival custom of Baima Tibetan people. Popular in Pingwu County, it is held every year around Qingming Festival. The Baima Tibetans are good at singing and dancing, and traditional cultural activities are held during the Spring Festival in the Han area. With the development of economy and the introduction of new culture, they had the desire to create their own festival. Relevant departments took advantage of the situation and held the first Shanzhai Song Festival in 1982. Since then it has been agreed to be held every year.

16. Linka Festival

It is called "Zimulin Jisang" in Tibetan, which means "World Happy Day". Some people also call it "suburban banquet". It is a traditional entertainment day for Tibetan people in Lhasa, Shigatse, Qamdo and other regions of the Tibet Autonomous Region. It is held around May 1st of the Tibetan calendar every year. The festival period is variable and can last for more than ten days in some places. At that time, Tibetan people, old and young, bring food, highland barley wine, butter tea, card mats, tents, and various entertainment equipment and musical instruments to the elegant and tranquil Linka (Tibetan transliteration means garden, garden, There are many willow trees planted among them, so people call visiting Linka "playing in the willow forest"). Set up a white tent on the lawn or under an old tree, surround it with a few sheets or plastic sheets, and lay out card mats. While playing the six-stringed qin, you drink butter tea or highland barley wine and have a picnic. Some played poker, some played chess, kronor or chatted and laughed, and some sang and danced happily on the green grass. In addition, during the festival, some religious ceremonies and cultural and sports activities such as horse racing and archery will be held.

The Miao people are a nation rich in ancient civilization and emphasizing etiquette. Their festivals are unique and distinctive every year. The traditional festivals of the Miao people are divided into functional meanings: ⒈ festivals for agricultural activities; ⒉ festivals for material exchanges; ⒊ festivals for men and women to socialize, fall in love, and choose spouses; ⒋ sacrificial festivals; ⒌ commemorative and celebratory festivals. In chronological order, one year is divided into twelve months, and each month has more than one festival. The 1st to 15th day of the moving month (rat or child month) (the first child day to the second Yin day) is the Wan Nian Festival, of which the first child day is the Tiansui Festival, and the Miao people do not go out (far away); The first Chou Day is the Di Sui Festival. During the period from the first Chou Day to the second Chou Day (2-14), people visit relatives and friends one after another, congratulate each other on the New Year, sing duets between men and women, play with dragon lanterns, lions, etc.; The 2nd Yin day (the 15th) is the tail year (burning dragon lanterns). The first ugly day of the partial month (Ox month or Chou month) is the She Day, also known as the Dragon Head Festival. The Miao people offer sacrifices to the earth god, Jielong and Anlong (Miao language Ranrong). The first Yin day of January (Tiger month or Yin month) is a festival for material exchange and socializing between men and women (called March 3 Street Festival in Chinese). The first day of February (the Rabbit month or the Mao month) is the Ox King Festival (called April 8 in Chinese), the Cherry Blossom Party for men and women, and the Buddha's birthday. The first Chen day and the second Yin day of March (Dragon Moon or Chen Yue) are the Little Dragon Boat Festival and the Big Dragon Boat Festival respectively. The Little Dragon Boat Festival later commemorated the patriotic poet Qu Yuan (surnamed Mi), also known as Qu Yuan Festival. , Singer's Day. The first Si day of April (Snake month or Si month) is the Dragon Subduing Festival (known as June 6th and June Festival in Chinese) and the New Eating Festival (barley ripening). The first sub-day of May (horse month or noon month) is the Xiaonian Festival (called Seven Sisters in Miao language, namely the Big Dipper). The second Yin day of June (the sheep month or the last month) is the Duck Festival, and the second Chen day is the Autumn Festival. The first Shen day of July (Monkey month or Shen month) is the Wine Festival (glutinous rice is harvested to brew sweet wine and rice wine). August (rooster month or unitary month) is the Festival of Sacrifice (mainly activities such as bone-backed cattle, pig-eating, incense dancing, repaying Nuo wishes, and making dragons available to worship ancestors and souls). During the Hunting Festival in September (Dog Month or Xu Month), a day is chosen to worship the three gods of Meishan and start hunting. October (Pig month or Hai month) Mao day and noon day are the Pig Soup Festival (killing the New Year pig), Stove God Festival (sacrifice to the Kitchen God), and New Year's Eve (New Year's Eve, called the Miao people's October New Year in Chinese).

The Miao people in most areas have rice as their staple food for three meals a day. Fried food is the most common fried food. If you add some fresh meat and sauerkraut as filling, the taste will be more delicious. Meat mostly comes from livestock and poultry breeding. The Miao people in Sichuan, Yunnan and other places like to eat dog meat. There is a saying that "the dogs of the Miao people are the wine of the Yi people." In addition to animal oil, the edible oils of the Miao family are mostly camellia oil and vegetable oil. Chili is used as the main condiment, and in some areas there is even a saying that "no dish is complete without spicy food". The Miao people have a wide variety of dishes. Common vegetables include beans, melons, green vegetables, and radishes. Most of the Miao people are good at making soy products. The Miao people in various places generally like to eat sour dishes, and sour soup is a must-have for every household.

Sour soup is made from rice soup or tofu water. After fermentation in an earthen pot for 3-5 days, it can be used to cook meat, fish, and vegetables. The Miao people generally use the pickling method to preserve their food. Vegetables, chickens, ducks, fish, and meat all like to be pickled to make them sour. Almost every household of the Miao people has a jar for pickling food, collectively called a sour jar. The Miao people have a long history of brewing wine and have a complete set of techniques from making koji, fermentation, distillation, blending and cellaring. Camellia oleifera is the most common daily beverage. The Miao people in western Hunan also make a special kind of Wanhua tea. Sour soup is also a common drink. Typical foods mainly include: blood soup, chili bone, Miaoxiang turtle and phoenix soup, cotton cake, insect tea, Wanhua tea, pounded fish, fish in sour soup, etc.

There are no less than 200 kinds of Miao costumes in southeastern Guizhou. It is the area with the largest variety and best preservation of Miao costumes in my country and the world. It is called the "Miao Costume Museum". Generally speaking, Miao costumes maintain the traditional Chinese folk craft techniques of weaving, embroidery, picking, and dyeing. They often use one main craft technique while interspersing other craft techniques, either with embroidery or with embroidery. Dyeing with embroidery, or combining weaving and embroidery, makes these clothing patterns colorful and colorful, showing distinctive national artistic characteristics. From the content point of view, most of the clothing patterns are based on various living objects in daily life, which play an important role in expressing meaning and identifying ethnic groups, branches and languages. These image records are called "epics worn on the body" by experts and scholars. From the modeling point of view, the traditional Chinese line drawing or almost line drawing modeling technique is adopted, with a single line as the outline of the pattern. From the perspective of production techniques, the five forms in the history of clothing development, namely the braided type, the weaving type, the sewing type, the patchwork type and the tailoring type, all have examples in the Miao costumes in southeastern Guizhou. The historical hierarchical relationship is clear, and it can be called clothing production. History Exhibition Hall. From the perspective of color, they are good at choosing a variety of strong contrasting colors, striving to pursue the richness and richness of colors, generally red, black, white, yellow and blue. From the composition point of view, it does not emphasize highlighting the theme, but only focuses on adapting to the overall sense of the clothing. From a formal point of view, it is divided into dressy and casual wear. Full costumes are the costumes worn during festivals and weddings. They are complicated and gorgeous, embodying the artistic level of Miao costumes. Casual clothing is quieter and more concise than dress-up styles, uses less materials and requires less work, and is suitable for daily wear. In addition to the distinction between costumes and casual clothes, Miao costumes also vary by age and region. This is also the reason why Miao costumes are an encyclopedia of clothing worn on the body. Girls from the Miao family love to wear pleated skirts. There are more than 500 pleats on a skirt, and there are many layers, some as many as thirty or forty layers. These skirts, from weaving to bleaching, dyeing and sewing, to the final drawing and embroidery, are all done by the girls themselves. Together with the hand-embroidered flower belts and flower breast pockets, they are really colorful and beautiful. Speaking of "service", we have to think of "decoration". Headwear includes silver horns, silver fans, silver hats, silver handkerchiefs, silver headbands, silver hairpins, silver pins, silver crown flowers, silver mesh chains, silver flower combs, silver earrings, and silver children's hats. If the Miao girls in costumes gather together, it will definitely become a beautiful silver world. It is the nature of Miao girls to wear silver ornaments. They put their hair in a bun on the top of their heads and wear exquisite silver corollas about 20 centimeters high. There are 6 uneven silver wings in the front of the corolla, most of which are decorated with silver ornaments. Two dragons playing with beads, butterflies exploring flowers, red phoenix facing the sun, hundreds of birds facing the phoenix, and swimming fish playing in the water Miao silver ornaments

Patterns. In some areas, in addition to silver pieces, silver horns about 1 meter high are also inserted on the silver crowns, with colorful fluttering on the tips, making it even more noble and gorgeous. On the lower edge of the silver crown, a silver flower belt hangs, and a row of small silver flower pendants hangs down. There are several layers of silver necklaces worn around the neck, mostly made of silver flowers and small silver rings. He wears a silver lock and a silver collar on his chest, a silver cloak on his chest and back, and many small silver bells hanging down. Earrings and bracelets are all made of silver. Only two sleeves show embroidery with fiery red as the main tone, but the cuffs are also inlaid with a wider circle of silver ornaments. The costumes worn by Miao girls often weigh several kilograms, some of which have been accumulated and inherited by generations. They are known as "fairies in colorful clothes and silver costumes". The craftsmanship of the Miao silver jewelry is gorgeous, sophisticated and ingenious, fully demonstrating the wisdom and talent of the Miao people. In Maliang, which is less than 10 kilometers away from Qianhu Miao Village in Xijiang, Konbai and Wugao.

It is a well-known hometown of silver jewelry for the Miao people, among which linen materials are the most specialized. 85% of its workers are silversmiths. Legend has it that the Li family in its village was the royal silversmith of the "Nanshao Kingdom", a Miao country during the Tang Dynasty. After the Qi Bureau

The major festivals of the Dai people are the Dai New Year - the Water Splashing Festival, the Summer Peace Festival (Closing Door Festival), and the Summer Peace Festival (Open Door Festival).

Water Splashing Festival

The "Water Splashing Festival" is a traditional festival for the Dai people to see off the old and welcome the new. It takes place in mid-April in the Gregorian calendar. The main activities during the festival include offering sacrifices, worshiping ancestors, piling sand, splashing water, throwing sandbags, dragon boat racing, setting off fireworks, singing and dancing carnival and other programs. The Water Splashing Festival, held in June of the Dai calendar every year, is the grandest festival. This festival is called "Sangkanbimai" in Dai language. At that time, Buddha will be worshiped and a big feast will be held for monks, relatives and friends, and congratulations will be given to each other by splashing water. Nowadays, the water-splashing activity is the main part of the Dai New Year celebrations, and this activity is deeply loved by people of all ethnic groups. The Water Splashing Festival is the New Year in the Dai calendar. The festival takes place in June or July in the Dai calendar, which is equivalent to April in the Gregorian calendar.

Close Door Festival

The "Close Door Festival" is called "Jinwa" in Dai language, which means the Buddha enters the temple. The traditional religious festival of the Dai people in Yunnan starts on September 15th of the Dai calendar (mid-July of the lunar calendar) every year and lasts for three months. According to legend, every year in September of the Dai calendar, the Buddha went to the West to preach to his mother, and it took him three months to return to the world. Once, when the Buddha was in the West to preach, thousands of Buddhists went to the countryside to preach, destroying the people's crops and delaying their production. The people complained and were very dissatisfied with the Buddha. When Buddha learned about this, he felt uneasy. From then on, whenever the Buddha came to the West to preach, he gathered all the Buddhists together and stipulated that they were not allowed to go anywhere during these three months, and could only repent to atone for their previous sins. Therefore, people call it "Closing Door Festival".

Open Door Festival

"Open Door Festival", also known as "Chuwa", is "Haowasa" in Dai language. Some traditional festivals of the Wa people. Popular in Yunnan, it originates from the ancient Buddhist habit of living in peace during the rainy season, which is similar to the restoration of Buddhism in the Central Plains. The time is on the 15th day of the twelfth month of the Dai calendar (about the middle of the ninth month of the lunar calendar). The Open-Door Festival symbolizes the end of the three-month rainy season and the lifting of the taboo on marriage between men and women since the Close-Door Festival. From now on, young men and women can start free love or hold weddings. On the festival day, young men and women dressed in costumes go to Buddhist temples to worship Buddha and offer food, flowers, wax strips and coins as offerings. After the sacrifice is completed, a grand cultural gathering is held to celebrate the end of the fast since the Close-Door Festival. The main contents include setting off sparks and soaring, lighting Kongming lanterns, singing and dancing. The young people will also dance around the village with lanterns in the shapes of various birds, animals, fish, insects, etc. At this time, the rice harvest is completed, so it is also a festival to celebrate the harvest.

Edit this section of ethnic taboos

It is taboo for outsiders to ride horses, drive cattle, carry burdens, and enter the village with disheveled hair; when entering a Dai bamboo house, you must take off your shoes outside the door, and Walk lightly in the house; you cannot sit on or across the firepit, enter the master's inner room, or sit on the threshold; you cannot move the tripod on the firepit, and you cannot step on the fire with your feet; it is taboo to whistle or cut nails at home; It is allowed to use clothes as pillows or sitting pillows; when drying clothes, the tops should be dried at a high place, and the pants and skirts should be dried at a low place; shoes should be taken off when entering a Buddhist temple, and it is taboo to touch the heads of young monks, Buddha statues, spears, flags, flags, etc. A collection of Buddhist sacred objects. Don't make any loud noises.

Most Dai people have the habit of eating two meals a day, with rice and glutinous rice as their staple food. The Dai people in Dehong eat Japonica rice as their staple food, while the Dai people in Xishuangbanna eat glutinous rice as their staple food. Usually freshly pounded [chōng] is eaten freshly. Folks believe that only if japonica rice and glutinous rice are eaten freshly pounded can they retain their original color and fragrance. Therefore, they do not eat overnight rice or rarely eat overnight rice, and they are used to kneading the rice with their hands. Migrant workers often eat outdoors. They use banana leaves or rice to hold a ball of glutinous rice, along with salt, spicy pepper, sour meat, roast chicken, Nanmi (meaning sauce in Dai language), and moss pine. All side dishes and snacks are mainly sour, such as sour bamboo shoots, sour pea powder, sour meat and wild sour fruits. I like to eat dried sauerkraut. The method of making it is to dry the green vegetables, boil them in water, add papaya juice, and make them taste delicious. The taste becomes sour, then dried and stored. When eating, add a little to boiled vegetables or put it in soup.

The Dai people who have a place for this pickled cabbage eat it almost every day. It is said that the reason why the Dai people often eat sour dishes is because they often eat glutinous rice food that is not easy to digest, and sour food helps digestion. Using moss as a dish is a unique flavor of the Dai people. The moss that the Dai people eat is the moss on the rocks in the river in spring. Dark green is the best. After it is picked, it is torn into thin slices, dried in the sun, and tied with bamboo strips for later use. When cooking, fry the thick ones in oil, roast the thin ones over fire, make them crispy and then mash them into a bowl. Pour boiling oil on them, then add salt and mix them. Use glutinous rice balls or bacon as a dip to enjoy the delicious taste. Cooked fish is mostly made into sour fish or grilled into lemongrass grass carp. In addition, fish is also made into minced fish grits (that is, grilled fish, pounded into puree, and mixed with coriander and other seasonings), fish jelly, grilled fish, and eel in white sauce. wait. When eating crabs, the crabs with their shells and meat are usually chopped into crab sauce and eaten with rice. The Dai people call this crab sauce "Crab Nanmibu". Bitter melon is the most produced and consumed daily vegetable. In addition to bitter melon, Xishuangbanna also has a kind of bitter bamboo shoots, so the Dai flavor also has a bitter flavor. The most representative bitter dish is the beef skin cold dish platter cooked with ox bile and other ingredients.