How to train ancient veterinarians?

The role of China veterinarians in today's social development is not limited to the limited scope of livestock and animals, but involves the whole society, and plays an important role in food safety, animal health care, human and animal diseases, new diseases, biomedical research, ecosystems and other fields. Studying the history of the development of ancient veterinarians is conducive to showing the brilliant achievements of China's veterinary cause, encouraging the vast number of veterinarians to explore, inherit and develop the veterinary theory and practical experience of the motherland, improving the research and professional technical level of veterinary science in china, and making traditional veterinarians in China better serve the contemporary public health cause and modern animal husbandry and veterinary cause.

Ancient Veterinary Agriculture and Mulberry Masterpiece —— Qi Yao Min Shu

Qi Yao Min Shu contains 48 ancient prescriptions of Chinese veterinary drugs. Among them, there are 30 horses, cattle 10, cattle and horses 1 head, donkeys 1 head and 7 sheep. Covering surgery, infectious diseases, parasitic diseases and common diseases, it is the earliest existing veterinary literature in China. As the content of veterinary education, it is also the earliest in China agricultural books.

Regarding the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, Qi Yaomin's Book mainly introduces that sheep should pay special attention to isolation after suffering from scabies to prevent mutual infection. Because there are a large number of sheep in general, the book mentions the situation of raising 1000 sheep. "Sheep have scabies, don't; No, don't, get dirty, or you will die collectively. " That is, infectious diseases should be isolated in time, and sheep suffering from scabies should be treated when isolated. The book introduces the method of treating sheep scabies.

"Take veratrum root, chew it, soak it in a bottle, put it in your mouth, and keep it warm by the stove for a few days, so it will be useful. Scrape the scab with a brick to make it red. If the scab is hard and thick, you can also wash it with soup, remove the scab, dry it and apply it with medicine juice. The more, the more. If it is too much, don't apply it gradually every day. If you don't leave them everywhere, you will die. "

Of course, some veterinary prescriptions in Qi Yaomin's Book are superstitious and difficult to understand. However, its main aspect is undoubtedly the treasure of ancient veterinary education.

Small Aries

The main methods of veterinary training: official veterinary schools, private families or guidance.

1, an exclusive medical education institution

On the basis of the development of medical education, ancient veterinary education has also been greatly developed. Its important symbol is the establishment of veterinary school, which was established in Taibu Temple in Zhangyuma and Mazheng in Tang Dynasty.

According to "Old Tang Shu Guan San", "Taibu Temple has four doctors of veterinary medicine and 100 students". Veterinarians in Taibu Temple serve as professors and apprentices. Doctors are produced by combining recommendation and election, and prestigious and knowledgeable people are selected from the masses to teach students in Taibu Temple. In addition, the veterinary school in China also accepted foreign students at that time. According to records, Tang Zhenyuan and Japanese veterinarian Ping China came to China to study. Veterinary schools in China are about 1000 years earlier than those in Paris and Vienna.

2. Education and training of folk veterinarians

In ancient times, in addition to formal veterinary education such as lectures and examinations in veterinary schools, other informal veterinary education was developed. In ancient China, the team of traditional Chinese medicine veterinarians was relatively large, and there were administrative animal husbandry and veterinary officials and professional veterinarians from the central to local farms. There are countless folk veterinarians.

Officially, ancient veterinarians not only prevented and treated animal diseases, but also served as technical guidance for animal husbandry. The prevention and treatment of veterinary diseases and the technical guidance of animal husbandry are the education work of animal husbandry and veterinary, especially the folk veterinary plays a greater role in veterinary education. In addition, family-style veterinary education, that is, father-son transmission and mentoring, also played a positive role in the development of veterinary education at that time.

Doctor ma

How to teach? Pay equal attention to theory and practice, and take both internal medicine and surgery.

1, prescription therapy based on experience

In Qi Yao Min Shu, 48 prescriptions and treatments for horses, cattle and sheep were put forward. Because Shu Yao is not a veterinary monograph, the selected prescriptions are simple medicines, which are easy to get in an emergency, basically based on experience, and have not risen to the theoretical level, and some prescriptions are superstitious. At this time, the veterinary monograph represented by Sima An Ji Ji greatly improved the level of veterinary education.

Musian Collection is the oldest extant monograph on traditional Chinese medicine in China. The Book of Changes in the History of Song Dynasty says that the book was written, and the Classic Records of Shaanxi clearly points out that the book was written by Sima Lishi, the imperial clan of Tang Dynasty. According to the records in the book, Xie, an expert in the history of modern animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, thinks that there are many similarities between the book and ancient medicine, and confirms that the book is an ancient work.

According to the contents of this book, An Ji Ji may also be based on the textbook written by the veterinarian of Taibu Temple in Sui and Tang Dynasties, which was later adapted by Sok Li. Because this book collected the works of many people, it was also used as a veterinary teaching material in later dynasties. When Shaanxi reprinted this book in the Ming Dynasty, it was pointed out in the preface that "teachers should teach in practice and children should learn in practice".

2. Etiology education of diseases

The four "Five Zang-organs Theory" collected in An Ji Ji are classic works of veterinary viscera theory. These four articles are Ma Shihuang's five zang-organs theory, Wang Liangxian's five zang-organs theory, Hu's five zang-organs theory and the five zang-organs theory of breaking gold.

The basic view of the theory of five zang-organs is that the animal body is regarded as a unified whole, and the meridians and other tissues and organs are interrelated, interacted and restricted to form a "small universe". Various physiological functions in domestic animals complement each other to form a metabolic system. The theory of five zang-organs also uses the philosophy of "Yin-Yang and Five Elements" to explain the causes of livestock diseases, that is, the internal contradiction between Yin and Yang constitutes the body of livestock, and the imbalance between Yin and Yang is the main cause of livestock diseases.

Qi's Book Shadow of Yao Min's Book

In addition, we also have a certain understanding of the relationship between animal body and nature and the mutual activities of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney. This relationship and Ma Shihuang's theory of eight evils further show that eight evils, such as wind-cold, wet bones, hunger and fatigue, are the direct causes of livestock diseases, which can lead to imbalance between yin and yang of livestock. This theoretically explains the causes of livestock diseases, which is convenient for people to fundamentally grasp the causes and lay a more reliable foundation for treatment.

3. Symptomatology education

Symptomatology has developed to a brand-new stage in ancient times, and initially formed some methods to understand diseases according to symptoms and symptoms, which can distinguish various subtle symptoms and thus separate some similar diseases.

For example, spitting can distinguish different diseases according to different "salivation". If fluid production is like foaming, it is lung heat; If saliva drops in liquid form; Stomach cold. Seventy-two cases of serious diseases caused by changes of five internal organs in horses and eighty-one difficult classics of Zaofu introduced a lot of knowledge of differentiating diseases by symptoms, which has reference value in the clinical practice of veterinary diseases so far.

4, disease treatment education

Education of disease treatment. Understanding the causes and symptoms of the disease is to better "prescribe the right medicine" and carry out treatment. The methods of veterinary treatment in Anji Ji and Ancient Veterinary Education can be divided into internal medicine and surgical treatment from internal medicine and surgery. As far as acupuncture and medication are concerned, it can be divided into acupuncture and medication.

Acupuncture treatment depends on whether the selected acupoints are accurate. There is a saying that "there is no needle, it is better to have a spark". To choose acupoints, animal anatomy knowledge is very important, which is the basic science of acupuncture and surgical treatment.

acupuncture and moxibustion

The "bone name map" in Musian Collection shows that animal anatomy has been formed. "Bone Name Map" is placed before "Bole Needle Classic", which also shows that the two are closely combined. The Bole Needle Classic introduces 77 acupoint names and 170 acupoints for livestock, which are still in use today. In addition, Anji Ji also puts forward the treatment principle and acupuncture technique of "seeing a doctor shallowly and reinforcing and reducing accordingly". Introduce different acupuncture methods for different diseases.

Anji Ji also introduced many methods of drug treatment to people. Under the impetus of traditional Chinese medicine, the drug treatment of ancient veterinarians has made a qualitative leap and expanded in quantity compared with the past, both in terms of drug types and disease treatment scope. There are more than 40 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions collected and introduced to people in Anji Ji, which are divided into 15 categories according to their therapeutic functions. Some prescriptions use foreign drugs, such as fennel, Hulile, Olibanum, Myrrh, Shaluo and so on. And absorbed the achievements of foreign medicine.

5. Veterinary surgery education

Besides internal medicine education, veterinary surgery education also made remarkable progress at that time. An Ziji introduced the causes, symptoms and treatment measures of 16 kinds of hoof diseases. For example, "welding medicine therapy" and "cold compress therapy" are two important methods to treat hoof disease.

Drug welding therapy is to trim the toenails with a sharp knife, clean up the necrotic tissue on the toenails, and then fill the cavity with ointment and melt it with a red-hot soldering iron, so that the ointment is tightly welded in the toenails, which will not affect the walking of livestock, and the medicine can also give full play to its role, and the curative effect is of course good. Cold compress physiotherapy is to wrap aseptic inflammation with yellow mud; If the iron burns slightly, it is hot compress physiotherapy.

The book also introduces some diseases and treatments of inflammation and swelling, such as five cures, ten poisons and thirty-six yellow. Oral administration can reduce inflammation and swelling, and external acupuncture can prevent blood stasis. For some necrotic tissues, bird sand, arsenic pills and glutinous rice can be buried in the affected part of the carcass to remove rotten meat.

Veterinary Therapy in An Ji Ji

abstract

During the Spring and Autumn Period, although Xu recruited disciples to teach agriculture, it was a private school, and its scale and level were limited to some extent. The Veterinary School established in Taibu Temple in Tang Dynasty was the first official school in the ancient history of China, and its scale and teaching level were unmatched by private schools. For the first time, it stipulated veterinary education in the form of official system. Although this veterinary training system was abolished in Song Dynasty, it marked the regularization of agricultural education at that time and played an important role in popularizing and popularizing veterinary knowledge.