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Crystal is a substance formed by the regular periodic arrangement of particles (molecules, atoms and ions) in three-dimensional space. Macroscopically, crystals have their own unique symmetrical shapes, for example, salt is a cube; Ice is a hexagonal prism; Alum is octahedral. Crystals have different physical properties in different directions, such as mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion and electrical conductivity, which is called anisotropy. Crystals have a fixed melting temperature-melting point (or freezing point). Crystals are widely distributed, and most of the solid substances in nature are crystals. Gases, liquids and amorphous substances can also be transformed into crystals under some suitable conditions.
Chinese name: Crystal
Mbth: crystal.
Crystal:
1: Solid substances are divided into crystalline and amorphous. The amorphous shape is irregular and its physical properties are isotropic. The amorphous crystals gradually change from hard to soft and melt with the increase of temperature. Amorphous crystals have no fixed melting point.
2. Crystal and amorphous have different physical properties, mainly because of their different microstructures. The particles-atoms that make up the crystal are symmetrically arranged, forming a very regular lattice of geometric space. When the space lattice is arranged in different shapes, it presents different unique geometric shapes of crystals in macro view. The atoms that make up the lattice interact with each other, and the main function is electrostatic force. For each atom, the total action of other atoms on it makes them in the lowest potential energy state, so they are very stable, and their shapes are fixed macroscopically and not easy to change. The regular arrangement of atoms in crystals leads to different physical properties of crystals. For example, the regular arrangement of atoms can make several crystal faces appear inside the crystal, and cubic salt has three groups of planes parallel to its side. If an external force acts in the direction parallel to the crystal plane, the crystal is easy to slide (deform), and this deformation is not easy to recover, which is called crystal elasticity. It can be seen that its elastic limit is very small along the crystal plane direction, and it will exceed its elastic limit as long as a little force is applied, and it cannot be recovered; In other directions, it has a great elastic limit, can withstand greater pressure and tension, and still satisfies Hooke's law. When the crystal absorbs heat, because the density and spacing of atoms in different directions are different, the heat absorbed is also different, so it shows different heat transfer coefficients and expansion coefficients.
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