Feeding Management

1. Standard Terms

1 Organizational measures for enclosure management

1.1 Determine the scope of enclosure management

1.1.1 In In the wasteland management plan, when determining the area and location of artificial forests and grasses, the areas and locations of mountain closures for afforestation and slope closures for grass cultivation should be determined respectively according to the conditions specified in 14.2 and 14.3.

1.1.2 The enclosure system should be clearly stated and appropriate measures should be taken to publicize it; the enclosure management scope should be clearly marked and can effectively prevent people and animals from entering at will (such as setting up lead wire fences, biological fences , setting up boundary stakes, making signs, etc.).

1.2 Set up a management and protection organization

1.2.1 Full-time or part-time forest and grass protection personnel should be selected from the village or elected by the masses. They are required to act fairly, have a strong sense of responsibility, be healthy, and be able to Competent for the job.

1.2.2 The area managed and protected by forest rangers should be determined based on local socioeconomic and natural conditions: generally 100 to 300hm2 per person.

1.2.3 For closed areas with difficult management and protection, checkpoints can be set up at mountain passes, ditch mouths and traffic fortresses to strengthen the management and protection of the closed areas.

1.3 Develop rural rules and regulations for forest and grass protection

1.3.1 Township rules and regulations should be formulated in accordance with relevant laws and regulations of the national and local governments. The main contents include: closure The system (time, method), opening conditions (rotating sealing and releasing), responsibilities, rights and benefits of management and protection personnel and villagers, rewards and punishment methods, etc., should be clearly stated. Illegal activities such as deforestation, grass destruction, and reclamation of wasteland on steep slopes are strictly prohibited.

1.3.2 The formulation of township rules and regulations should rely on the masses, mobilize the masses, fully listen to the opinions of the masses, and at the same time strengthen publicity and education, so that they are well-known to every household, understood by everyone, and voluntarily abide by them.

1.3.3 After the township rules and regulations are formulated, they should be strictly implemented and included in the scope of administrative responsibilities of the township and village to maintain the authority of the township rules and regulations and ensure that they truly play the role of protecting forests and grass.

1.3.4 We should actively develop and utilize clean energy such as biogas and solar energy, vigorously promote firewood-saving stoves, help the masses solve fuel problems through multiple channels, and promote the smooth implementation of township regulations and civil agreements.

2 Technical measures for mountain closure and afforestation

2.1 Closure method

2.1.1 Year-round closure. Remote mountainous areas, upper reaches of rivers, reservoir catchment areas, areas with severe soil erosion, and areas where it is difficult to restore vegetation are subject to year-round closures, and entry of humans and animals is strictly prohibited to facilitate vegetation recovery.

2.1.2 Season ban. Seasonal closures are implemented in areas with better local water and heat conditions, less damage to original trees, and faster vegetation recovery. It is generally closed during the growing seasons of spring, summer and autumn, but can be opened in late autumn and winter, allowing villagers to go to the forest to cut grass and prune branches.

2.1.3 Wheel seal and wheel release. In areas where the closed area is large, there are many preserved forests, vegetation recovers quickly, and local fuel and feed are scarce, the closed area will be divided into several areas and rotational sealing and release will be implemented. After each area is closed for 3 to 5 years, it can be opened for one year. Reasonably arrange the closed and open areas so as to be beneficial to the growth of forest trees and to meet the needs of the people.

2.2 Cultivation and management

2.2.1 Combined with the closure, replant and replant in residual forests and sparse forests, replant stubble, rejuvenate roots, pruning and thinning, and select the best. Cultivation, promote tree growth and accelerate vegetation recovery.

2.2.2 In accordance with the principles of putting prevention first, preventing hazards and comprehensive management, implement comprehensive prevention and control measures for fire, disease, insect, rodent and other disasters to avoid environmental pollution and protect biological diversity.

2.2.3 On the premise of not affecting the growth of forest trees and soil and water conservation, forest clearings can be used for planting and breeding, planting forage grass and medicinal materials, cultivating edible fungi, breeding economic animals, and developing a commodity economy.

2.2.4 Establish technical files for mountain closure and afforestation. In addition to recording relevant basic information, it also focuses on recording the effects of enclosures, vegetation succession, forest growth, and changes in wild animal reproduction.

2.2.5 Organize timely investigation and assessment of the effectiveness of enclosures.

3 Technical measures for closing slopes for grass cultivation

3.1 Division of closed grass areas

3.1.1 Closed grass cutting areas. The site conditions are good, the grass grows quickly, and the area is close to the village. As a closed grass-cutting area, only regular mowing is allowed, and livestock grazing is not allowed.

3.1.2 Wheel seal and wheel release area. Places with poor site conditions, slow grass growth, and places far away from the village are used as rotation sealing and rotation areas. According to the enclosed area, the number of livestock, the regeneration ability and recovery status of the grass, the enclosed and rotated area is divided into several plots. Areas with strong grass regeneration ability can be closed for half a year and grazing for half a year, or closed for one year for one year. Areas with poor grass regeneration ability should be closed for one year every 2 to 3 years, and the grazing intensity should be specified so as not to damage the grass. Regeneration ability is the principle to correct the phenomenon of overgrazing and overgrazing.

3.2 Natural grassland improvement

For natural grasslands that are severely degraded, have low grass yield and poor quality, on the basis of closure, the following improvement measures will be taken:

3.2.1 For a large area of ??natural grassland with a gentle slope of about 5°, use a tractor with a notched disc harrow to rake the grassland once, spread nutritious and palatable grass seeds, and renew the grass seeds. If conditions permit, water can be diverted for irrigation to promote growth. Around the pasture, densely plant shrubs to protect the grazing forest to prevent damage.

3.2.2 For steep slopes above 15°, divide them into strips along the contour lines with a width of about 10m; use livestock rakes to rake the ground loosely across the strips, and sow new grass seeds. Each update should be done in separate strips, and the entire slope should not be harrowed at the same time to avoid exacerbating soil erosion. At the same time, livestock plows were used to make horizontal furrows in the lower part of each belt to store water and protect soil. When the first batch of grass strips grows 10 to 20cm and can cover the ground, the second batch of strips will be renewed in separate strips.

3.2.3 For the renewal of steep slope pastures, based on the above measures, a shrub forage forest belt can be added every 2 to 3 belts to increase the livestock carrying capacity and water and soil conservation capabilities.

3.2.4 Actively prevent and control pests, diseases, and rodent damage to protect the normal production of forage.

2. Understanding and Implementation

This section provides comprehensive and detailed specifications for the implementation of enclosure management in wasteland management technology. enclosure management mainly includes three aspects: Specifically:

Organizational measures for enclosure management: determine the scope of enclosure management, set up management and protection organizations, and formulate rural regulations and folk conventions for forest and grass protection.

Technical measures for mountain closure and afforestation: closure method, tending and management.

Technical measures for slope closure and grass cultivation: division of closure areas and improvement of natural grassland.

The main modifications in this section are as follows:

(1) Delete Articles 15 and 16 because they are already stipulated in Articles 1 and 2 of the new standard .

(2) In the organizational measures for enclosure management (Article 17 in the original standard and Article 12 in the new standard), delete the suspended paragraph 17.1.2. In order to make the organization of enclosure management more pragmatic, "12.2.2 The area managed by forest rangers should be determined according to local socio-economic and natural conditions: generally 100 to 300hm2/person" is added, and the original standard 17.2.3 is replaced with " 12.2.3 For closed areas that are difficult to manage and protect, checkpoints can be set up at mountain passes, ditch mouths and traffic fortresses to strengthen the management and protection of the closed areas."

(3) In the care and management (the original standard is Article 18.2, the new standard is Article 13.2), the care and management work is detailed, and "13.2.2 is based on prevention first and prevention of damage." , Combined with the principle of comprehensive management, implement prevention and control measures for fire, disease, insect, rodent and other disasters to avoid environmental pollution and protect biological diversity" and "13.2.5 Organize timely investigation and evaluation of enclosure effectiveness."

3. Example

Take the closure management of Shitai County, Anhui Province as an example:

The total area of ??Shitai County, Anhui Province is 1412km2, with middle and low mountains as the The main mountainous county has a forest coverage rate of 80.3. In order to improve the quality and efficiency of forest resources, in the past 10 years, in conjunction with the implementation of key projects such as the Yangtze River Shelterbelt Forest, scientific mountain closure and afforestation management measures have been carried out throughout the county.

By the end of 2007, the actual area of ??mountainous areas closed for afforestation in the county reached 15,725hm2, accounting for 14.4% of the county's forested area.

1. Organizational measures for enclosure management

(1) Determine the scope of enclosure management. According to the forest resource distribution map of Shitai County, non-woodland, sparse woodland, shrub land, low-quality and low-efficiency artificial forests and natural secondary forests were selected as land closures for afforestation, and the implementation was carried out mountain by mountain and gully to clarify the scope.

(2) Set up a management and protection organization. Establish mountain closure committees, leading groups and forest protection teams at the county, township and village levels. According to the forest ownership, the closed areas should be allocated to farmers, collective forest farms and state-owned forest farms, and contracts should be signed to clarify the responsibilities, rights and interests. Special organizations have been established in branch villages to lead the work of closing mountains for afforestation, establishing rules and regulations, and organizing and supervising the implementation of various tasks for closing mountains and afforestation. Determine full-time or part-time forest rangers in the group meeting to carry out manual patrols. The area protected by one ranger shall not exceed 300hm2, and a forest protection convention shall be signed. In areas with frequent livestock activities, set up mechanical fences such as razor wire and stone walls, or plant biological fences such as thorn trees and shrubs for enclosure. Set up solid signs and promotional slogans at obvious locations around the perimeter of the closed area.

(3) Formulate rural rules and regulations for forest and grass protection. Through democratic discussions among the masses, a convention on mountain closure and afforestation and a folk convention on township regulations were drawn up, which were printed and distributed to all units and forest farmers, and public notices were posted to achieve group closure and protection, and everyone abides by them.

2. Technical measures for mountain closure and afforestation

(1) Closure method - full closure.

1) Aiming at the bamboo shrub mountain type distributed on the limestone mountain field. The area of ??this type in the county is 3365hm2, most of which are distributed on both sides of the Qiupu River and Huangpen River, around the reservoir and on both sides of the provincial highway S325. The mountain slopes are steep and there are many bare rocks. Due to the thin soil layer, afforestation is difficult. Before the mountain was closed for afforestation, the coverage of bamboo shrubs reached 20 to 30%, and five-jointed miscanthus and rattan were also distributed. Cut down vines and reduce man-made destructive activities such as quarrying, digging bamboo shoots, and cutting bamboo. After the mountain was closed for afforestation, the coverage of bamboo shrubs reached more than 60%, which played a role in maintaining soil and water, conserving water sources, improving site conditions and preventing landslides on both sides of the road. The ban method is full ban, and the ban period is 5 years.

2) Aiming at the enclosure of natural secondary forest land. There are 5,345hm2 of natural secondary woodland in the county. Most of the woodlands have unclear cultivation objectives, and trees, shrubs, and grasses grow in a mixed manner. Pistacia, heather, liquidambar, masson pine, etc. are used as the main tree species, and shrubs are used as companion tree species to cultivate the forest. The mode of enclosing is complete enclosing, and the enclosing period is 5 to 10 years.

(2)Nursing and management. The enclosure management measures for natural secondary forest land are:

1) Partial land preparation. In areas closed for afforestation with large weed or shrub coverage, seeds often cannot contact the soil after falling to the ground. In such areas, block soil preparation should be carried out to create favorable conditions for seeds to fall to the ground and germinate. The size of the block land preparation area depends on the height of the vegetation, which is generally 0.5m×0.5m~2m×2m. Approximately 100~200 pieces of land preparation are required for every 667m2.

2) The stubble is cleared and rejuvenated. For shrubs and trees with strong tillering ability, adopt stubble removal measures to increase the reproduction speed.

3) Remove and remove certain plants. After 3 to 5 years of mountain closure for broadleaf trees and 10 years for coniferous trees, a large number of saplings will appear. For these saplings, the target tree species and companion tree species should be determined in time, and the trees should be cut down according to a certain density. The saplings of the target tree species and companion tree species with good growth and development should be retained, and the saplings of the target tree species and companion tree species with good growth should be removed. Promote the formation of good forest communities in areas closed for afforestation. After 8 years of enclosure, the total coverage of trees and shrubs is greater than 40%, of which the proportion of trees is between 30% and 50%, evenly distributed.

(Data reference: Chen Aiping. Technical measures for mountain closure and afforestation in Shitai County. Anhui Agricultural Bulletin, 2008, 14(14): 160～161.)