English 2 Grammar 3.0 Long and difficult sentences can never be read. Why are they not fluent?

Chapter I Complex Sentences

One,

Composition of complex sentences

A complex sentence means that many things (two or more) are equally important. Composition of complex sentences: multiple simple sentences+coordinate conjunctions

(a) Coordinate conjunctions indicating sequential connection

(b) indicates the turning point of coordinate conjunctions

A coordinate conjunction indicating choice

A coordinate conjunction indicating cause and effect

supplement

If multiple things are juxtaposed and the juxtaposition conjunctions are the same, only the last one is kept, and the same conjunctions in front are omitted and replaced by commas; If the coordinate conjunctions are different, they cannot be replaced.

Second,

Ellipsis of complex sentences

The same components can be omitted, and the remaining components remain unchanged.

Chapter II Complex Sentences

Section 1 Nominal clauses

Features: the writing is basically the same, but the position is different.

One,

object clause

(1) meaning

One sentence is used as an object and placed in another sentence (main sentence).

(2) Writing method

1. The declarative sentence changes the object clause → add that before that (that is not a component and can be omitted).

Dr Worm admits that these figures are conservative. (2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A, Text 3)

2. Change the special question into the object clause → the word order should be adjusted (the word order of the question is changed into the word order of the declarative sentence, that is, the subject of the question is placed before the predicate verb), and other things remain unchanged, without adding conjunctions.

We suddenly can't remember where we put the key just now. ...

3. General interrogative sentences change into object clauses → First adjust the word order (subject in advance), and then add "whether (or if)" in front.

I don't know if other customers will abandon me. (2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A, Text 3)

supplement

If the main clause is a question, the object clauses contained in it still follow this principle-become declarative word order.

Conclusion object clause = conjunction+declarative sentence

(C) the position of the object clause

supplement

In addition to transitive verbs as predicates, object clauses can be followed by non-predicate verbs, but it should be noted that object clauses can only be followed by non-predicate verbs.

In postgraduate entrance examination, two non-predicates, do or to do, followed by an object clause are the most common.

Second,

Slogan clause

(1) meaning

One sentence is used as a predicative and put in another sentence (main sentence).

(2) Writing method

Predicative clauses are written in the same way as object clauses. But when the conjunction is that, the omission component cannot be omitted.

Another worry is that the use of electronic payment means will leave electronic traces ... (20 13, in English)

(3) position

After the copula, it is most often used after the be verb.

Third,

subject clause

(1) meaning

Take one sentence as the subject and put it in another sentence (main sentence).

(2) Writing method

It is the same as the object clause, but it is not a component and cannot be omitted. And when expressing "whether", you can only use "where" instead of "if".

It was many years ago that the ocean was overfished. (2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A, Text 3)

(c) the position is at the beginning and end of the sentence (not the formal subject it)

Template 1: is done ++ subject clause (expressing people's views or opinions on one thing)

Template 2: Yes+adjective/noun+subject clause (to express the evaluation of one thing)

Fourth,

Appositive clause

(1) meaning

One sentence is appositive and put in another sentence (subject). Function: Explain an abstract noun.

(2) Writing method

Same as the object clause. The most commonly used appositive clause is the one that leads. Although this is not a part of appositive clauses, it cannot be omitted.

As far as I'm concerned, I don't know whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good conductor. (English 1, 20 1 1, reading comprehension, part a text 1).

(3) position

After abstract nouns.

Over the years, the most common abstract nouns appearing before appositive clauses in English two true questions for postgraduate entrance examination are: facts, opinions, beliefs, opinions, reports, worries, advantages, evidence, instructions, hints, possibilities, requirements, etc.

Section 2 Attributive Clause

One,

An overview of attributive clauses

A sentence is used as an attribute to modify a finite noun, and it is placed after the modified noun.

Relative words in attributive clauses are used as components, and the components are the same as the antecedents (relative words = antecedents).

Second,

How to write attributive clauses

The choice of relative words in attributive clauses: look at antecedents.

If the antecedent is a thing or thing, choose the corresponding relative word which or that. If the antecedent is person, choose the corresponding relative word who, who or that. As follows:

supplement

Notes on relative words in attributive clauses;

All relative words must be used as ingredients, including that. It can refer to both people and things.

(2) When the antecedents are things or things, which and that can be used as relative words, without distinction (non-postgraduate entrance examination sites).

Who refers to people and can only be used as an object; Who and that refer to people and can make any composition.

④ when/where/why leads to the attributive clause, and the antecedent must match it, that is, the antecedent is the corresponding noun indicating "time/place/reason".

⑤ Relative words can be omitted when they are used as attributes in attributive clauses (objects after transitive verbs or objects after prepositions).

Third,

classify

Fourth,

Supplement of attributive clause

(A) the difference between restrictive attributive clauses and appositive clauses

(b) Special non-restrictive attributive clauses (modifying the whole sentence)

Special non-restrictive attributive clauses can modify the whole sentence, and relative words can only use which or as, both of which are components of clauses.

When which and as guide this special non-restrictive attributive clause, there is no difference in usage, and the difference is mainly in the position of the clause.

The special non-restrictive attributive clause guided by which can only be located after the main clause; As-guided special non-restrictive attributive clauses can be located before, during and after the subject.

supplement

In attributive clauses, prepositions collocated with relative words can be advanced or not.

Prepositions, whether advanced or not, express the same meaning, and the only difference lies in the choice of relative words.

If the preposition in the attributive clause comes earlier, the relative word can't be omitted, and that can't be used, which means "preposition +who" and "preposition +which".

Section 3 Adverbial Clauses

One,

Overview of adverbial clauses

(1) meaning

A sentence is an adverbial to express descriptive information.

(2) Writing method

Because electronic payments are instant, they eliminate the fluctuation of consumers. (20 13, in English)

(3) position

Before, after and in the main sentence.

Second,

Classification of adverbial clauses

Which type it belongs to depends on the meaning of subordinate conjunctions.

(A) adverbial clauses of time

(B) adverbial clause of place

(C) Cause adverbial clause

(d) adverbial clause of result

(E) the adverbial clause of purpose

(6) Conditional adverbial clauses

(7) Adverbial clause

(viii) Comparative adverbial clauses

(9) Mode adverbial clause

Chapter III Special Sentences

Section 1 Virtual

One,

Virtual overview

Virtual = "unreal"

Fictitiousness is a special change of predicate verbs, which is manifested in the "metamorphosis" (change of tense) of predicate verbs.

Second,

If subjunctive conditional sentence

There are two kinds of if conditional adverbial clauses: real conditional sentences and imaginary conditional sentences.

If the hypothetical thing is true or may become true, then this sentence is a true conditional sentence without fiction;

If the hypothetical thing is not true or unlikely to be true, then this sentence is a virtual conditional sentence, so it is necessary to use virtual.

To make assumptions about things in different time ranges, we need to use different "abnormal" forms (predicate verbs change tenses).

Remember: the clause is pushed forward, the main clause is four plus one, and the future is the same as the present.

Third,

The subjunctiveness of nominal clauses

Nominal clauses: subject clauses, object clauses, predicative clauses and appositive clauses.

No matter what kind of clause, as long as there are words (no matter what part of speech) in the main clause that mean "suggestions, orders and demands", nominal clauses need to be fictional. The virtuality of nominal clauses should change the predicate verb into "should+ verb prototype", and should can be omitted.

Section 2 inversion

One,

It's all upside down

Refers to putting all the predicate verbs in a sentence before the subject.

The basic structure of There be sentence pattern: Therebe+ noun

It means "there is ..." (objective existence)

The extended structure of There be sentence pattern: There be+ noun+prepositional phrase

Where is it? (Preposition phrase indicates position)

Second,

Partial inversion

Put part of the predicate verb before the subject.

As long as the declarative sentence is changed into a general question, the form of this general question will be partially inverted.

In postgraduate English, there are only three situations that require partial inversion:

1. The negative adverb or phrase is located at the beginning of the sentence.

They not only developed a device, but also successfully embedded it into a global system at the turn of the century. ...

2.only is located at the beginning of the sentence (only can be followed by words, phrases and sentences).

Until recently, linguists began to seriously study languages that are very different from their own. (2004, translated)

3.if is omitted in the subjunctive conditional sentence.

But if there is an interesting topic, this debate is more meaningful. (English 1, 20 12, Reading Comprehension, Part A, Text 2).

? The third part emphasizes that

One,

The formation of stressed sentences

Basic composition: yes ... that ...

How to write: divide an ordinary sentence into two parts, and put "the part you want to emphasize" in the middle of "yes" ... that "; After putting the rest of the sentence into that, it becomes a stressed sentence.

Note: Adjectives and verbs cannot be emphasized.

Second,

Changes of stressed sentences

Now: Yes; Past: Once.

That is, it is/was ... that/who. ...

No matter what ingredients are emphasized, you can use that; But if the focus is on people, you can change that to who.

Distinguish stressed sentences from subject clauses (postposition): According to the principle of stressed sentences, if ... then ... is removed, the rest can be reduced to a complete sentence, which is a stressed sentence; On the other hand, if the rest can't be reduced to a complete sentence, it is not an emphatic sentence, but a subject clause (postposition). If an adjective or verb is found in the middle, this sentence is the subject clause (postposition), because the stressed sentence cannot emphasize this adjective or verb.