Project bidding management?

The following is the related contents of project bidding management brought by Zhong Da Consulting for your reference.

First, the concept and characteristics of bidding

Bidding is an economic activity process between equal subjects, which is caused by the bidder's quotation and eventually forms an agreement and contract relationship after the bidder's selection. It is a paid and binding legal act between "legal persons".

Bidding is the product of the development of commodity economy to a certain stage, and it is a special way of commodity trading. The commodities traded by the tenderee and the bidder are collectively referred to as "targets". In project construction, this "goal" refers to the instruction of engineering design, civil construction, complete sets of equipment, installation and debugging of the project.

Bidding has the following basic characteristics:

1. Equality, equality of bidding, should be analyzed from the essential attribute of commodity economy, and the basic law of commodity economy is equivalent exchange. Bidding is an economic activity between independent legal persons in accordance with the principles of equality, voluntariness and mutual benefit and standardized procedures. Both parties enjoy equal rights and obligations and are protected and supervised by law. The tenderer shall provide all bidders with the same conditions to enable them to compete fairly.

2. Competitiveness. The core of bidding is competition. According to the regulations, there must be more than three bidders in each tender, which forms competition among bidders. They beat other bidders with their own advantages, reputation, service and quotation. In addition, there is also a competitive relationship between the tenderee and the bidder. The tenderee can "choose the best among the best" among the bidders, and there is competition if there is choice.

3. openness. Formal bidding activities must publish bidding announcements in publicly issued newspapers and periodicals, break the boundaries of industries, departments, regions and even countries, break the blockade, interference and monopoly of ownership, and let all qualified bidders bid and compete freely to the maximum extent.

Second, the bidding method.

At present, there are five bidding methods adopted at home and abroad:

1. Open tender. Open tender is a tender announcement issued by the tender unit through newspapers, radio, television and other propaganda tools. Any legal person who is interested in the project subject to tender and meets the bidding conditions may submit a letter of intent for bidding to the tendering unit within the specified time, and the tendering unit will conduct qualification examination, purchase the bidding documents and bid after approval. Open bidding can give all qualified bidders equal opportunities to compete and attract many bidders, so it is called unlimited competitive bidding. International (domestic) competitive bidding for World Bank loan projects belongs to public bidding.

2. Bidding. Invited bidding means that the tenderer selects some qualified units to send invitations according to the information accumulated by himself or provided by authoritative consulting institutions, and the invited units (there must be more than three) submit their bidding intentions to the tenderer within the specified time and purchase the bidding documents for bidding.

Invitation bidding is a kind of limited competitive bidding, also known as selective bidding. The advantage of this method is that the invited bidders have advantages in technical level, economic strength and reputation, which can basically ensure the successful completion of the bidding objectives. Its disadvantage is that if the invitation is emotional, it will make some more competitive bidders lose opportunities.

3. Two-stage bidding. Two-stage bidding is a combination of public bidding and invitation bidding. This method is generally suitable for large-scale bidding projects with complex technology. At first, the tendering unit used public bidding to attract bidders, prequalified bidders, and invited more than three bidders with the best conditions to make detailed quotations, bid opening and bid evaluation.

4. Negotiate the bid. For projects limited by objective conditions or difficult to form a competitive situation, such as projects with strong professionalism, only a few units have the ability to undertake the project, and the time is tight, so it is too late to bid according to the formal procedures. The competent department may recommend or invite 3 14 units with relative knowledge to compare their quotations, and relevant matters shall be determined by both parties through consultation. Negotiation and bidding are essentially a kind of non-competitive bidding. Strictly speaking, it cannot be called bidding. Because the core of bidding behavior is competition, without competition, the original meaning of bidding will be lost.

5. International bidding. If the bidding scope is extended to foreign countries, the above four bidding methods are called international bidding. This bidding method is called ICB for short. Generally speaking, major engineering construction projects, high-tech projects, technology introduction projects and projects funded by IBRD, IDA and ADB all adopt ICB.

Third, the general procedure of bidding

Bidding activities are generally divided into four stages, and now the construction project is taken as an example for analysis.

1. Bid preparation stage. It is basically divided into the following steps: (1) Units with tender conditions fill in the Application for Bidding of Construction Projects and report it to the relevant departments for approval; After approval, organize a bidding team and a bid evaluation committee; Prepare bidding documents and pre-tender estimate. ; Issue a tender announcement; Examining and approving the tendering units; Release the tender documents; Organize bidding meetings and on-site inspections; Accept the tender documents.

2. Bidding preparation stage. According to the tender announcement or the invitation of the tender unit, select the project that meets the construction capacity of the unit, submit the bidding intention to the tender unit, and provide the qualification documents and materials; After the prequalification is passed, organize the bidding team, track the bidding project and purchase the bidding documents; Participate in bidding meetings and on-site investigations; Prepare bidding documents and submit them to the tender unit within the specified time.

3. The bid opening and evaluation stage. In accordance with the time and place specified in the tender announcement, open the bid opening in the presence of the tenderer's representative and notary public; The tenderer shall conduct post-qualification examination, inquiry and evaluation of bidders; Bidders should be prepared to answer inquiries, accept inquiries and wait for bid evaluation and award.

4. Decide the labeling stage. The bid evaluation committee puts forward the bid evaluation opinions and submits them to the decision-making unit for determination; According to the contents of the bid, a bid-winning notice will be issued to the winning bidder. After receiving the notice, the winning bidder will sign a contract with the tender unit within the prescribed time limit.

Four, China bidding management system and tasks.

Bidding management system

The scale, site selection and life span of investment projects in China are all controlled by the state plan. Therefore, the bidding activities in China are an application of the market mechanism within the control scope of the national plan, and are subject to the supervision and guidance of the administrative department. At present, the national unified and standardized bidding management system has not yet been formed, but has been gradually established and improved in some industry systems.

1. Bidding for construction projects. The Ministry of Construction has set up a bidding management office, and the construction committees of all provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions have also set up bidding management offices, which are specifically responsible for the organization, management, supervision and inspection of the bidding work of construction projects.

2. Bidding for imported equipment. The State Planning Commission has set up the China mechanical and electrical equipment bidding center, eight central cities including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenyang, Wuhan, Xi and Chongqing have set up mechanical and electrical equipment bidding companies, and nine provincial capital cities including Shijiazhuang, Jinan, Hefei, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Fuzhou, Nanchang, Harbin and Changsha have set up mechanical and electrical equipment bidding companies. These institutions are responsible for domestic review and international bidding for the introduction of mechanical and electrical equipment, and cooperate with the mechanical and electrical equipment import review office to supervise the import of mechanical and electrical equipment.

3. In terms of bidding for complete sets of equipment, ministry of materials and equipment established the complete sets of equipment division, and 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions under the dual leadership of ministry of materials and equipment and the Ministry of Machinery Industry established complete sets of machinery and equipment bureaus (companies). These institutions are specifically responsible for the bidding of complete sets of equipment.

Tasks of bidding management institutions

1. Formulate and implement measures, regulations and clauses related to bidding issued by the state, local authorities or this system.

2. Register the project subject to tender.

3. Review the qualifications and abilities of the tendering units or bidding teams and bid evaluation committees.

4. Approve the bidding documents and pre-tender estimate provided by the bidding team.

5. Supervise the bid opening, evaluation, award and signing.

6. Mediation and handling of disputes, disputes and irregularities between the tendering and bidding parties.

7 in conjunction with the relevant departments to supervise the performance of the contract of the project subject to tender.

(3) The principles to be followed in bidding.

1. Bidders have equal opportunities and are encouraged to compete with each other.

2. Safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of both parties.

3. According to the procedures stipulated in the bidding method.

4. The bid opening, bid evaluation and award must be conducted under the supervision of a notary public according to the requirements and conditions specified in the tender.

5. The main terms of an economic contract must meet the conditions stipulated in the tender.

6. Keep secrets strictly.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) bidding procedure and bidding procedure

The purpose of project schedule planning method is to control time and save time, and one of the main characteristics of the project is strict time limit requirements, which determines the importance of schedule planning in project management.

The basic timetable should explain what work must be completed when and how long it will take to complete each task, but it is best to show the number of people required for each activity. The common methods for making progress plans are as follows:

(1) Key Dates This is the simplest schedule, which only lists some key activities and dates.

② Gantt chart is also called line chart or bar chart. This is a horizontal line indicating the start and end time of each activity. Gantt chart is simple, clear, intuitive and easy to compile, so it is still a common tool in small projects. Even in large-scale engineering projects, it is a useful tool for senior managers to understand the overall situation and arrange progress at the grassroots level. On the Gantt chart, you can see the start and end time of each activity. When drawing the start and end time of each activity, we should also consider their order. However, the relationship between various activities is not expressed, and the key points that affect the project life cycle are not pointed out. Therefore, for complex projects, Gantt chart is not enough to adapt.

③ Critical path method.

④ Project evaluation and review technology.

CPM and PERT are two planning methods that appeared almost simultaneously in the late 1950s. With the rapid development of science, technology and production, many huge and complex scientific research and engineering projects have emerged. These projects have many working procedures and a wide range of cooperation, and often require a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources. Therefore, how to organize them reasonably and effectively, make them coordinate with each other, and complete the whole project in the shortest time and at the lowest cost with limited resources has become a prominent and important issue. It is against this background that CPM and PERT appear. These two planning methods are independently developed, but their basic principles are the same, that is, using the network diagram to express the progress of various activities in the project and their relationships, and on this basis, analyzing the network, calculating the maximum time in the network, determining the key activities and key routes, and constantly adjusting and optimizing the network through the time difference to obtain the shortest cycle. Then, the cost and resources can be considered to obtain a comprehensive and optimized project plan. Because these two methods reflect the whole project through network diagram and corresponding calculation, they are also called network planning technology.

In addition, some new network technologies, such as GERT and VERT, have been put forward one after another.

Obviously, the time and cost required to adopt the above different schedule planning methods are different. The key date table has the shortest time and the lowest cost. Gantt chart takes longer and costs more. CPM should analyze every activity. If there are many activities, you need to calculate the total duration and key routes by computer, so it will take more time and cost. PERT method can be said to be the most complicated method to make a project schedule, so it takes the most time and money.

Which scheduling method should be adopted should mainly consider the following factors:

① The scale of the project. Obviously, small-scale projects should adopt simple schedule planning methods, while large-scale projects need to consider using more complex schedule planning methods to ensure the timely and quality realization of project objectives.

② Complexity of the project. It should be noted here that the scale of the project is not always proportional to the complexity of the project. For example, building a highway is not small in scale, but it is not too complicated, so a simpler schedule planning method can be used. However, developing a small electronic instrument requires complicated steps and a lot of professional knowledge, which may require more complicated schedule planning methods.

③ The urgency of the project. When the project is in urgent need, especially in the initial stage, all work must be instructed so as to start work as soon as possible. At this time, if it takes a long time to prepare the schedule, it will delay the time.

(4) Mastery of project details. If you can't know the details of the project from the beginning, you can't apply CPM and PERT methods.

⑤ Whether the overall progress is determined by one or two key issues. If one or two activities need a long time during the project, and other preparatory work can be arranged during this period, there is no need to make detailed and complicated progress plans for other work.

③ Whether there are corresponding technical forces and equipment. For example, if there is no computer, CPM and PERT planning methods are sometimes difficult to apply. Without trained and qualified technicians, they can't make a schedule in a complicated way.

In addition, according to different situations, we need to consider the requirements of customers, the budget that can be used in the timetable and other factors. Finally, the above factors should be fully considered in which method to prepare the schedule.

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