Summary of knowledge points of geography compulsory examination in junior high school

If you want to learn junior high school geography well, you must master the correct learning methods and learn the systematic inductive knowledge framework. Next, I will share with you some compulsory knowledge points of junior high school geography for your reference!

Required knowledge points of geography 1. World land-sea ratio: three points for land and seven points for ocean.

Seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania.

Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

Mainland: ① Asia and Europe: Ural Mountain, ural river, Great Caucasus Mountain, Caspian Sea (the largest lake in the world), Black Sea and Turkish Strait (connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea) ② Asia and Africa: Suez Canal (connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea) ③ South America and North America: Panama Canal (connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean) ④ Asia and North America: Bering Strait (connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean).

4. Pacific Rim volcanic seismic belt; The Mediterranean-Himalayan volcanic seismic belt is the most violent zone of earthquake and volcanic activity in the world.

5. Six plates: Eurasia plate, America plate, Africa plate, Pacific plate, Indian Ocean plate and Antarctica plate.

6. Natural population growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate.

7. The world's population is concentrated in the plains and basins in the middle and low latitudes.

World densely populated areas: East and South Asia, Western Europe, Eastern North America and South America.

The world's sparsely populated areas: arid deserts, cold polar regions, alpine plateaus with thin air, and hot and humid tropical rainforests.

8. The rapid population growth has brought about employment difficulties, poor living conditions, traffic congestion, environmental pollution and other problems.

The slow population growth has caused problems such as labor shortage, insufficient national defense, increased social pension burden, and aging population.

9. Yellow people are mainly distributed in East Asia, American Indians and Inuit people along the Arctic Ocean.

White people are mainly distributed in Europe, North America, North Africa, West Asia, South Asia and Oceania.

Black people are mainly distributed in central and southern Africa.

10. At present, the working languages determined by the United Nations are: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic.

Chinese is the language with the largest number of users; English is the most widely used language.

Earth and map

1. Earth

(1) The earth is an ellipsoid with two levels slightly flat and the equator slightly bulging.

(2) The equatorial radius of the earth is 6378. 137km, the polar radius is 6356.752km, and the average radius is about 637438+0km.

(3) The equatorial circumference is about 40,076 kilometers, and the earth's surface area is 5 1 100 million square kilometers, of which 7 1% is ocean and 29% is land. Seen from space, the earth looks blue.

2. Warp and weft

(1) meridian

Meridian, also called meridian, indicates the north-south direction. Meridian is an arc on the earth's surface connecting the north and south poles and perpendicular to the equator.

② Longitude: defined as the included angle between the connecting line between a point on the earth's surface and the two poles and the plane where the longitude is 0 degrees. It increases from the prime meridian (0 meridian) to 180 from west to east. The longitude east of the prime meridian is called east longitude, which is represented by "e"; The longitude west of the prime meridian is called the west longitude, which is expressed by "W".

(2) Weft

(1) Latitude is the trajectory formed by a point on the earth's surface with the rotation of the earth. All latitudes are parallel to each other, perpendicular to the longitude, and the latitudes point in the east-west direction. The weft is round.

② Latitude: Latitude is the included angle between the vertical line of gravity direction on the earth and the equatorial plane. People divide latitudes into low, medium and high latitudes. 0 ~ 30 is low latitude, 30 ~ 60 is middle latitude, and 60 ~ 90 is high latitude.

3. the movement of the earth

(1) Earth's rotation: the rotation of the earth around its rotation axis from west to east, which is counterclockwise from the North Pole and clockwise from the South Pole. It takes 23 hours and 56 minutes for the earth to rotate once.

(2) The revolution of the earth means that the earth revolves around the sun in a certain orbit. The earth's revolution follows the laws of the earth's orbit, the plane of the earth's orbit, the intersection of the ecliptic and the equator, the period of revolution of the earth, the speed of the earth's revolution, and the effect of the earth's revolution.

(3) the five divisions of the earth's surface

North temperate zone (66.5° N-90° N), North temperate zone (23.5° N-66.5° N) and tropical zone (23.5° N-23.5° S).

South temperate zone (23.5 degrees south latitude-66.5 degrees south latitude) South frigid zone (66.5 degrees south latitude-90 degrees south latitude)

4. Map

(1) The three elements of a map refer to scale, direction, legend and notes.

(2) Scale types: line scale and digital scale.

(3) Proportional formula

Map distance = actual distance × scale

Actual distance = distance on map/scale.

Proportion = distance on the map ÷ actual distance

(4) The larger the molecule, the larger the scale, the more detailed the content and the higher the accuracy.

Climate characteristics of Asia ① The climate is complex and diverse: Asia spans the cold zone, temperate zone and tropical zone, bordering the ocean on the east, north and south, and penetrating into the Eurasian continent in the northwest; The terrain is complex and diverse. Affected by latitude, land and sea distribution and topography, the climate in Asia is complex and diverse. Except temperate maritime climate and savanna climate, all kinds of climate in the world are distributed in Asia.

② The monsoon climate is remarkable: Asia is backed by Eurasia, the largest land in the world, and close to the Pacific Ocean, the largest ocean in the world. The difference in thermal properties between land and sea is very significant, forming the most typical monsoon climate zone in the world. Tropical monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate are all distributed, among which tropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate are only distributed in Asia.

(3) Continental climate is widely distributed (temperate continental climate accounts for almost half of Asia): Asia is the largest continent in the world, with a vast area, and its inland is far from the ocean, so it is less affected by the ocean. The inland temperature rises rapidly in summer and cools rapidly in winter, so Leng Xia is hot in winter. Because the inland is far away from the sea, it is difficult for ocean water vapor to reach, so the precipitation is less and concentrated in summer.