On what are the cultural products of China’s five thousand years?

Chinese traditional culture is a kind of national culture that has evolved from the Chinese civilization and reflects the characteristics and style of the nation. It is the overall expression of various ideological cultures and conceptual forms in the history of the nation. It refers to the culture of the Chinese people living in China, created by the Chinese people and their ancestors, inherited and developed from generation to generation, with distinctive national characteristics, a long history, profound connotation, and fine traditions. . It is the crystallization of thousands of years of Chinese civilization. In addition to the core content of Confucian culture, it also includes other cultural forms, such as Taoist culture, Buddhist culture, etc.

After the Han and Tang dynasties, traditional Chinese culture, including Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, as well as writing, painting, architecture, sculpture, etc., was introduced to Japan and other countries, such as Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism and Lu The spread of Wang Xinxue in Japan formed the Japanese Zhuxue and Yangming studies. When Jianzhen of the Tang Dynasty traveled eastward, Chinese Buddhist culture and sculptures were introduced to Japan. A large number of Japanese sent Tang envoys such as Kibi Zhenbei, the eminent monk Kukai, Abe Nakamaro, etc. to China to study Chinese culture. In this way, Japan and Japan Its writing and architecture are deeply influenced by Chinese culture. In Korea, the greatest influence is Chinese culture, especially Confucianism and practical thought after the Ming and Qing Dynasties. If people don't know that Li Tuixi, Cao Nanming, Li Yikuk, Hong Darong, Jeong Yak-yong and others are Korean, Chinese philosophers, it is difficult to judge the nationality of the author just by looking at their works. Korea is called a living fossil of a Confucian and religious country by Western countries.

The Han people created splendid culture and art with distinctive characteristics in ancient times. Regardless of the fields of politics, politics, military affairs, philosophy, economics, history, natural sciences, literature, art, etc., there are many representative figures and works with far-reaching influence. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, a complete cultural achievement was formed, which is the culture of ritual and music. The Zhou rituals are very complicated. According to the "Zhou Rites", there are five rituals: auspicious, unlucky, military, guest, and Jia. Music was attached great importance to in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and there were special occupations, including officials. Management, there are also music officials recorded in bronze inscriptions. Zhou Dynasty music and dance such as "Da Wu" was composed by King Wu of Zhou Ke Shang. The Zhou Dynasty had relatively complete education, education, system and education, such as the six arts of "ritual", "music", "shooting", "imperial", "calligraphy" and "numerology", which were the cultural education content of the nobility of the Zhou Dynasty. The earliest classics in China such as " Zhouyi", "Shangshu", "Book of Songs", "Zhouli", "Yue Jing" (lost), and "Spring and Autumn" all came from this period, as well as the theories of various scholars in the Spring and Autumn Period.

Agricultural culture: Farmers, peasants, righteousness and hoeing.

Royal palace and government: palace culture, imperial studies.

Taoism (Laozi, Zhuangzi; morality, inaction, freedom)

Mozi (Mozi, "Mozi", universal love);

Legalism (Korean Fei, Li Si, "Han Feizi");

Famous masters (Deng Xi, Hui Shi, "Gongsun Longzi");

Yin Yang family (Zou Yan, Five Elements, Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth );

Zijia (Gui Guzi, Su Qin, Zhang Yi, "Warring States Policy");

Miscellaneous family (Lü Buwei) ("Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals");

Farmer;

Novelist;

Military strategist;

Doctor;

Qin: flute, erhu, guzheng, Xiao, drum, guqin ,lute. "Jasmine".

Top ten famous songs: "High Mountains and Flowing Waters", "Guangling San", "Goose Falling on the Flat Sand", "Three Plum Blossom Alleys", "Ambush from Flying Daggers", "Sunset Flute and Drum", "Eighteen Beats of Hujia" , "Autumn Moon in the Han Palace", "White Snow in Spring", "Questions and Answers of Fishermen and Woodcutter".

Chess: Chinese chess, Chinese Go, games, chess pieces, chess boards, etc.

Books (calligraphy, seal cutting): Chinese calligraphy, seal cutting, four treasures of the study (brush, ink, inkstone, rice paper), woodblock watermarks, oracle bone inscriptions, bells and tripods, Han Dynasty bamboo slips, vertical wire-bound books, Chinese characters, etc.

Painting (painting): traditional Chinese painting (landscape painting, flower-and-bird painting, figure painting, freehand painting, etc.), modern Chinese painting (Chinese abstract oil painting, Chinese abstract traditional Chinese painting, etc.), others (interior painting), etc.; Dunhuang murals; eight Jun Tu, Tai Chi Tu (Tai Chi), etc.

Twelve zodiac signs: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, pig.

Traditional literature: ancient myths, "The Book of Songs", Han Yuefu, folk songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Chu Ci, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Thirty-six Strategies, pre-Qin poetry, Han Fu, Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuan opera, Ming novels, The Four Great Classics, etc.

Traditional thoughts: Lao Zhuang and Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhist thought, Qi Jiguang’s training thought, military thought, etc.

Traditional festivals: Lantern Festival, Cold Food Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival (Zongzi, dragon boat racing, Qu Yuan), Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Laba Festival (New Year's Eve, red envelopes, staying up late, reunion dinner) ), New Year’s Eve, Spring Festival (Yuan Day) as representatives, etc.

Chinese drama: Kun Opera, Henan Opera, Hunan Opera, Peking Opera, Shadow Play, Yue Opera, Sichuan Opera, Huangmei Opera, Peking Opera Mask, Kun Opera, local opera, etc.

Chinese architecture: the Great Wall, archways, gardens, temples, bells, towers, temples, pavilions, wells, stone lions, houses, Qin bricks and Han tiles, terracotta warriors and horses, etc.

Chinese characters: Chinese characters, Chinese language, couplets, riddles (lantern riddles), idioms, idioms, idioms, Shefu, drinking orders, etc.

Traditional Chinese medicine: Traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine, "Huangdi Nei Jing", "Acupuncture Jia and B Jing", "Mai Jing", "Compendium of Materia Medica", "Qianjin Prescription", etc.

Religious philosophy: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Yin and Yang, Five Elements, Compass, Bagua, Siman, magic weapons, fortune telling, Zen; burning incense, worshiping Buddha, candles, etc.

Folk crafts: paper-cutting, kites, Chinese embroidery (embroidery, etc.), Chinese knots, clay figurines, dragon and phoenix patterns (taotie pattern, wishful thinking pattern, thunder pattern, back pattern, Ba pattern), auspicious cloud patterns, phoenix Eyes, melaleuca bottoms, eaves, vultures, etc.

Chinese martial arts: Southern Quan: Wing Chun, Hong Quan, Bagua Zhang, Cai Li Fo Quan, etc.; Northern Quan, Shaolin, Wudang, Emei, Kongtong, Kunlun, Diancang, Huashan, Qingcheng, Songshan wait.

Regional culture: Chinese culture, Jiangnan culture, Jiangnan water town, Saibei Lingnan, desert customs, Mongolian grassland, ends of the earth, Central Plains, etc.

Folk customs: etiquette, wedding (matchmaker, Yuelao), funeral (filial piety, paper money), sacrifice (ancestor); door gods, New Year paintings, firecrackers, dumplings, etc.

Clothing: Hanfu (Han nationality), Tang suit (Han nationality pan-collared robe), Miao clothing (Miao nationality), Uighur nationality clothing (Uyghur nationality), embroidered shoes, tiger head shoes, pseudo-Tang suit (Manchu mandarin jacket), cheongsam (Manchu), bellyband (Manchu), bamboo hat, emperor's crown, queen's phoenix crown, silk. Traditional Chinese clothing, Hanfu and other traditional clothing.

Four elegant plays: flowers, birds, insects, fish, peonies, plum blossoms, sweet-scented osmanthus, lotus, birdcage, bonsai, carp, etc.

Four great inventions: gunpowder, compass, papermaking, and movable type printing.

Animals and plants: flowers, birds, insects, fish, peonies, plum blossoms, osmanthus, lotus, birdcages, bonsai, carp; dragon, phoenix, wolf, unicorn, tiger, leopard, crane, turtle, giant panda... ; Plum, Orchid, Bamboo and Chrysanthemum: plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum. Pine, cypress, etc.

Utensils to bring with you: jade (jade pendants, jade carvings...) porcelain, cloisonné, Chinese lacquerware, painted pottery, purple clay pots, batik, ancient weapons (armor, broadswords, swords, etc.), bronzes, antiques (copper coins, etc.) , tripod, gold ingot, Ruyi, candlestick, red lantern (palace lantern, gauze lantern), rickshaw, snuff bottle, birdcage, longevity lock, candied haws, bronze mirror, sedan chair, water, cigarette, bag, banana fan, peach blossom fan, etc.

Food and cooking skills: Seven things to do when going out: firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar, tea; wine, tea ceremony; eating culture, Chinese food, the eight major cuisines (Shandong, Sichuan, Guangdong, and Fujian) , Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hunan), dumplings, reunion dinner, New Year's Eve dinner, rice cakes, Mid-Autumn moon cakes, chopsticks; shark's fin, bear's paw, etc.

Tool skills: abacus, textile technology, etc.

Art and culture: folk music, folk art, Sanxingdui culture, etc.

Traditional virtues: filial piety to parents, three friends in cold weather, honesty and trustworthiness, respecting teachers and teaching, etc.

Chinese cultural relics: Simuwu square ding, Yue Wang Goujian's sword, Liangzhu jade, Changxin palace lantern, terracotta warriors and horses from Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, Zeng Hou Yi chimes, gold-lined jade clothes, bronze galloping horses (horses stepping on flying swallows) ), Yongle Bell, ancient coins, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, etc.

Chinese architecture: Palace (Forbidden City), Summer Palace, Potala Palace, Suzhou Gardens, Hangzhou Gardens, Ten Mile Pavilion, Great Wall, Temple of Heaven, Bird's Nest, Water Cube, etc.

Benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom, trust, loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, integrity, forgiveness, courage, surrender; music, chess, calligraphy and painting, three religions and nine streams, three hundred and sixty lines, four great inventions, folk taboos, Loyalty to the country, bamboo, folk songs, loess, Yangtze River, Yellow River, red, moon.

Twelve zodiac signs: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, pig. Farmers, peasant uprisings, hoes; palace officials, government, court culture, and imperial studies.

Philosophers and schools of thought:

1. Confucianism (Confucius, "The Analects", Mencius, "Mencius", Xunzi; thoughts: benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom, faith; four books: "The Doctrine of the Mean", "The Great Learning", "Mencius", "The Analects")

2. Taoism (Laozi, Zhuangzi; thoughts: morality, inaction, freedom)

3. Mohism (Mozi, "Mozi", thoughts: universal love, non-aggression, promotion of talents, frugality)

4. Legalism (the thoughts of Han Fei, Li Si, and "Han Feizi": the monarch gathers power, governs the country by law)

5. Famous masters (Deng Xi, Hui Shi, "Gongsun Longzi")

6. Yin and Yang Family (Zou Yan, Five Elements, Metal, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth)

7. Politicians (Gui Guzi, Su Qin, Zhang Yi, "Warring States Policy")

8. Miscellaneous Family (Lu Buwei's "Lu Shi Chun Qiu")

9. Novelists (Wu Cheng'en's "Journey to the West", Luo Guanzhong's "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Pu Songling's "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio", Cao Xueqin's "A Dream of Red Mansions") Shi Naian ("Water Margin")

10. The motto of the military strategist (Sun Bin's "The Art of Arms" by Sun Wu in "The Art of Arms" by Sun Wu: "Know yourself and your enemy, and you will be invincible in a hundred battles" is the motto of the army. It emphasizes that you must be prepared before fighting)

11. Physicians (Bian Que, Chun Yuyi, Zhang Zhongjing, Hua Tuo, Sun Simiao, Wang Bing, Zhang Congzheng, Zhu Zhenheng, Li Shizhen, Zhang Jingyue)

Qinqi, calligraphy and painting:

Flute, erhu, guzheng, Xiao, drum, guqin, pipa. "Jasmine", the top ten famous songs ("Mountains and Flowing Waters", "Guangling San", "Goose Falling on the Flat Sand", "Three Plum Blossom Alleys", "Ambush from Flying Daggers", "Sunset Flute and Drum", "Eighteen Beats of Hujia", "Han "Gong Qiuyue", "White Snow in Spring", "Qiao Qiao Qiao"); Chinese chess, Chinese Go, games, chess pieces, chessboards; Chinese calligraphy, seal cutting, the four treasures of the study (brush, ink, inkstone, rice paper), woodblock watermarks, oracle bone inscriptions, bell and tripod inscriptions , Han Dynasty bamboo slips, vertical line-bound books; Chinese paintings, landscape paintings, freehand paintings; Dunhuang murals; Eight Horses Pictures, Tai Chi Pictures (Tai Chi).

Traditional literature: mainly refers to poetry, music, and poetry.

"The Book of Songs", "Han Yuefu", "Sun Tzu's Art of War", "Thirty-six Stratagems", "Pre-Qin Poems", "Han Fu", "Tang Poems", "Song Ci", "Yuan Opera" , "Novel of the Ming Dynasty", the Four Great Classics ("Journey to the West", "A Dream of Red Mansions", "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin"), "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio", etc.

Traditional festivals:

There are nearly 50 traditional festivals of the Han people. The following are the 15 major festivals: Spring Festival, Shangyuan Festival (Lantern Festival), Huachao Festival (Flower God Festival), Shangsi Festival (Daughter's Day), Cold Food Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Chinese Valentine's Day, Ghost Festival (Ghost Festival) , Festival), Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Winter Solstice Festival, Laba Festival, Kitchen Sacrifice Day (Little New Year), New Year's Eve.

Chinese poetry: ancient poetry, rhymed poetry, quatrains, modern poetry, untitled poetry, self-titled poetry (ci), traditional poetry, etc.

Chinese drama: Teochew Opera, Kun Opera, Hunan Opera, Peking Opera, Henan Opera, Shadow Play, Sichuan Opera, Huangmei Opera, Cantonese Opera, Flower Drum Opera, Baling Opera, Puppet Show | Peking Opera Mask.

Chinese architecture: the Great Wall, archways, gardens, temples, bells, towers, temples, pavilions, wells, stone lions, private houses, Qin bricks and Han tiles, terracotta warriors and horses, the Forbidden City...

Chinese characters: Chinese characters, Chinese language, couplets, riddles (lantern riddles), idioms, idioms, idioms, shooting, drinking orders, etc...

Traditional Chinese medicine: Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine, "Huangdi Neijing", "Acupuncture A and B" Classics", "Mai Jing", "Compendium of Materia Medica", "Qian Jin Prescription", "Shen Nong's Materia Medica", "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases"

Religious philosophy: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Yin and Yang, Five Elements, Compass , Bagua, Siman, magic weapon, fortune telling, Zen, Buddhism, Guanyin, Taishang Laojun; burn incense, worship Buddha, candles.

Folk crafts: trendy embroidery, paper-cutting, kites, Chinese embroidery (embroidery, etc.), Chinese knots, clay figurines, dragon and phoenix patterns (taotie pattern, wishful thinking pattern, thunder pattern, back pattern, Ba pattern), auspicious clouds Patterns, phoenix eyes, melaleuca bottoms, eaves, and eagles.

Chinese martial arts: Tai Chi, Wing Chun, South Boxing and North Leg, Shaolin, Wudang, Emei, Kongtong, Kunlun, Diancang, Huashan, Qingcheng, Songshan.

Regional culture: Chaoshan culture, Chinese culture, Jiangnan culture, Jiangnan water town, Saibei Lingnan, desert customs, Mongolian grassland, ends of the earth, Central Plains, Baling culture...

Folk customs and people , Customs: etiquette, marriage, marriage (matchmaker, Yuelao), funeral, burial (filial piety, paper money), sacrifice (ancestor); door gods, New Year pictures, firecrackers, glutinous rice balls, dumplings.

Clothing and clothing: starting from the Yellow Emperor and prepared by Yao and Shun, there are different ancient costumes in each dynasty, to modern Hanfu, Chinese tunic suit, Tang suit, cheongsam influenced by other ethnic groups, costumes of various ethnic minorities, various traditional and Modern accessories, shoes, hats, etc.

Four elegant plays: flowers, birds, insects, fish, peonies, plum blossoms, sweet-scented osmanthus, lotus, birdcage, bonsai, and carp.

Animals and plants: dragon, phoenix, wolf, unicorn, tiger, leopard, crane, turtle, giant panda...; plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum: plum blossom, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum. Pine and cypress.

Antique items: jade (jade pendants, jade carvings...) porcelain, cloisonné, Chinese lacquerware, painted pottery, purple clay pots, batik, ancient weapons (armor, broadswords, swords, etc.), bronzes, antiques (copper coins, etc.) , tripod, gold ingot, wishful thinking, candlestick, red lantern (palace lantern, gauze lantern), rickshaw, snuff bottle, birdcage, longevity lock, candied haws, bronze mirror, sedan chair, water, cigarette, bag, nose, smoke, pot, Banana fans, peach blossom fans, and foot-binding cloths.

Food and cooking skills: Seven things to do when going out: firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar, tea; wine, tea ceremony; eating culture, Chinese food, the eight major cuisines (Shandong, Sichuan, Guangdong, and Fujian) , Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, and Anhui), dumplings, glutinous rice balls, reunion dinner, New Year's Eve dinner, rice cakes, Mid-Autumn moon cakes, chopsticks; shark's fin, bear's paw...

Legends and myths: Nuwa mended the sky, Pangu created the world , Houyi shoots the sun, Chang'e flies to the moon, Kuafu chases the sun, Jingwei fills the sea, green dragon and white tiger, Suzaku Xuanwu...

Gods and ghosts: gods, monsters, ghosts, ghosts, Jade Emperor, Yama King , Black and White Impermanence, Meng Po, Naihe Bridge...

Traditional music:

The classification of traditional music was first seen in the "Introduction to National Music" compiled by the China Music Research Institute, and is divided into five major categories : songs, song and dance music, rap music, opera and instrumental music. However, most colleges and universities incorporate song and dance music into folk songs in their teaching, so it becomes four major categories: folk songs, ethnic instrumental music, folk art (i.e. "rap") music, and opera music.

Mr. Du Yaxiong classified Chinese traditional music as follows: folk music, literati music, religious music, palace and court music; folk music includes folk songs, folk instrumental music, folk songs and dances, opera music and rap music; Literati music includes guqin music, poetry recitation tunes, and literati music; religious music, including Buddhist music, Taoist music, Taoist music, Christian music, Christian music, Iraqi, Sri Lankan, Sacred music, Sacred music, Manchu music , religious and other religions, music; palace music, including sacrificial music, court music, welcome and tour music, and banquet music.

"Opera":

The "four major tunes" of opera

The four tunes show their brilliance and have an impact on opera;

Kunshan tune has been improved and artistically pioneered.

Yiyang tune has a strong rhythm, adds rolling white, and is high-pitched;

Bangzi tune has a loud sound and a bitter sound, which can be used skillfully.

Pihuang tune, two combined into one, is called Erhuang, and Xipi;

Xipigang, Erhuang suppresses it, and later developed into Peking Opera.

Among the vocal tunes, Kunshan tune, Yiyang tune, Bangzi tune and Pihuang tune are the typical ones.

Chinese couplets:

Couplets, also known as couplets or antithetical couplets, are antithetical couplets written on paper, cloth or carved on bamboo, wood, or pillars, with simple language and profound meaning. Neatly contrasted and harmonious, it is a unique art form of the Chinese language with one word and one sound. According to legend, the couplet originated from Meng Chang, the lord of Shu after the Five Dynasties. It is a cultural treasure of the Chinese nation.

Couplets originated in the Qin Dynasty and were called Taofu in ancient times. Regarding the earliest couplets in China, Mr. Tan Chanxue wrote an article in the fourth issue of "Literary and Historical Knowledge" in 1991 and pointed out that the earliest couplets in China appeared in the Tang Dynasty.

Rhyme couplet, a couplet in metrical poetry. This style of poetry, also known as modern poetry, was formally formed in the Tang Dynasty, but its origins can be traced back to the Wei and Jin Dynasties. During the Cao Wei Dynasty, Li Deng wrote ten volumes of "Sheng Lei" and Lu Jing wrote five volumes of "Yun Ji", which distinguished clear and voiced sounds and Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Yu sounds. In addition, Sun Yan wrote "Erya Sound and Meaning" and used Fanqie notation. He was the founder of Fanqie.

Chinese traditional culture should include: ancient prose, poetry, lyrics, music, fu, folk music, folk music, folk drama, folk art, traditional Chinese painting, calligraphy, couplets, lantern riddles, shooting, drinking orders, Xiehouyu, etc.; traditional festivals (all according to the lunar calendar) include: Spring Festival (Lunar New Year) on the first day of the first lunar month, Lantern Festival on the 15th day of the first lunar month, Qingming Festival on April 5th, Dragon Boat Festival on May 5th, Qixi Festival on July 5th, Mid-Autumn Festival on August 15th, New Year's Eve on the 30th day of the twelfth lunar month, and various folk customs; ancient Chinese natural sciences, including the traditional calendar, and various regions and ethnic minorities living in the Chinese national family. Traditional Chinese culture is also an integral part of Chinese traditional culture.