Gestational diabetes mellitus

The symptoms of gestational diabetes mellitus are similar to those of early pregnancy, and it is difficult to find them in the early stage. Once you find yourself with symptoms such as alcoholism, overeating and frequent urination, you should pay attention to it.

What is gestational diabetes?

What is gestational diabetes? Gestational diabetes mainly refers to diabetes that is not caused before pregnancy, but only after pregnancy. It is caused by abnormal glucose metabolism caused by a series of physiological changes during pregnancy.

If gestational diabetes mellitus is not treated in time, it will be extremely unfavorable to the health of pregnant women and fetuses. For pregnant women, gestational diabetes will increase the chances of hyperglycemia, hypertension and preeclampsia in mothers; For the fetus, it can lead to an increase in the incidence of abortion, intrauterine growth retardation, fetal malformation, macrosomia, neonatal distress syndrome and neonatal hypercholesterolemia. At the same time, the long-term impact of gestational diabetes on mother and baby can not be ignored, which may lead to an increased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes in the future.

What is the cause of gestational diabetes?

Gestational diabetes will lead to the damage or dysfunction of various organs of pregnant women, and also lead to premature delivery of the fetus, endangering the health of mothers and infants. The main causes of gestational diabetes are as follows.

1, family history of diabetes and bad obstetric history

If the family has a history of diabetes mellitus, the probability of pregnant women suffering from gestational diabetes will increase. Pregnant women with high parity, macrosomia, history of stillbirth, important congenital malformation and gestational diabetes have higher risk of diabetes than normal pregnant women.

2. Insulin secretion is limited.

In the second and third trimester of pregnancy, in order to maintain normal glucose metabolism, the demand for insulin will inevitably increase accordingly. For pregnant women with limited insulin secretion, this physiological change can not be compensated during pregnancy, which makes blood sugar rise, so it is easy to develop diabetes or aggravate existing diabetes.

3. Older pregnancy

Pregnancy at an advanced age will increase the risk of pregnancy. Age not only affects the occurrence of gestational diabetes, but the older the pregnant woman, the smaller the gestational age of gestational diabetes.

4. Obesity

Many pregnant women eat too much nutrition during pregnancy, which leads to obesity. In addition to bringing great pressure to the body, it is also an important risk factor for impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes, and gestational diabetes is no exception.

5. race

Gestational diabetes mellitus has obvious regional and ethnic correlation. Compared with white women in Europe, the prevalence rates of gestational diabetes in Indian subcontinent, Asia, Arabia and blacks are 1 1 times, 8 times, 6 times and 6 times respectively. In addition to genetic factors, ethnic factors, economic culture, eating habits and other factors can not be ruled out.

Symptoms of gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes will have a great negative impact on the health of pregnant women and the normal development of the fetus. Once the symptoms of gestational diabetes appear, you need to go to the hospital immediately for examination and active treatment.

1, hungry

Hunger is a common symptom in the early stage of gestational diabetes mellitus, but many people think that pregnant women are prone to feel hungry because of one person's mouth and two people's appetites, so this symptom is often ignored.

Step 2 be thirsty

In the early stage of gestational diabetes mellitus, pregnant women are often prone to unexplained thirst and still feel dry after drinking water. This is not a normal pregnancy reaction, pregnant women should be alert to whether they have gestational diabetes. At the same time, due to thirst, the amount of drinking water increases, the fetus oppresses the bladder, pregnant women often feel frequent urination, and the number of trips to the toilet increases greatly.

3, itchy skin

Pregnant women with gestational diabetes are prone to itchy skin. Obviously, there are no symptoms such as rash, but the skin is particularly prone to dryness and itching. Because the skin is easy to dry in winter and there are mosquito bites in summer, this symptom is often ignored by pregnant women.

4, easy to feel tired

Fatigue may be caused by diabetes or pregnancy fatigue. When pregnant women often feel tired, it is necessary to observe whether they also have other symptoms of gestational diabetes.

Step 5 get dizzy

Diabetic patients are prone to hypoglycemia. Some pregnant women will feel dizzy and even faint. At this time, you must go to the hospital to check your blood sugar.

Diagnostic criteria of gestational diabetes mellitus

The b way to judge whether you have gestational diabetes is to have a prenatal check-glucose screen, which is usually performed at 24-38 weeks of pregnancy.

If there are two or more values in the glucose tolerance test that are greater than or equal to the above standard, it is diagnosed as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

If one of fasting blood glucose, 1 hour blood glucose and 2-hour blood glucose reaches or exceeds 5. 1mmol/L, 10.0mmol/L and 8.5mmol/L, it can be considered as gestational diabetes.

If the data of sugar screening results are close to but not beyond the critical value, pregnant women can't judge whether they are sick or not, so they can consult their doctors and decide whether they need to test other items, such as glycosylated hemoglobin test, in order to further diagnose gestational diabetes.

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Have a boy and a girl? Early knowledge of pregnancy test for expectant mothers: screening for gestational diabetes mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a special type of diabetes. Whether pregnant women have GDM can be detected by sugar screening during pregnancy physical examination. In the clinical examination of gestational diabetes mellitus, blood glucose monitoring is very important.

1, sugar screening test: pregnant women with gestational diabetes often have no obvious symptoms, and their fasting blood glucose may be normal, so routine fasting blood glucose tests are often easy to miss the diagnosis. Older pregnant women, obesity, first-degree relatives of diabetes mellitus, history of gestational diabetes mellitus, history of fetal macrosomia, and unexplained stillbirth are all the key screening groups for gestational diabetes mellitus.

2. Fasting blood glucose: Serum glucose is oxidized to provide energy for tissues. When blood sugar is too high, it can be converted into liver glycogen and fat storage. When necessary, fat and protein can also be converted into glucose. Fasting blood glucose concentration reflects the ability of islet β cells to secrete insulin.

3. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT): OGTT is a method to check the blood glucose regulation function of human body. After a certain amount of glucose is taken orally by a normal person, the blood sugar that rises temporarily in a short time can be reduced to an fasting level shortly thereafter, which is called tolerance. When glucose metabolism is disordered, blood sugar will rise sharply after taking a certain amount of glucose orally, and it will not return to fasting level for a long time; Or although the blood sugar level is not obvious, it cannot be reduced to the original level in a short time, which is called abnormal tolerance or impaired glucose tolerance.

What about gestational diabetes?

1, diet therapy

Eat more coarse grains and dietary fiber to supplement protein. However, it should be noted that excessive diet control should be avoided, otherwise it will lead to hunger ketosis in pregnant women and fetal growth restriction.

2. Drug therapy

Some pregnant women cannot control diabetes even if they adjust their eating habits. When diet control fails, it is best to use insulin to control blood sugar level. After the first trimester of pregnancy, the dose of insulin is gradually increased.

3. Monitoring of mother and fetus during pregnancy

Check once a week in the first trimester until the first 10 week of pregnancy. You should have a check-up every two weeks in the second trimester. In addition to adjusting the dose of insulin, fundus examination should also be carried out at the same time. After 32 weeks of pregnancy, you should have a check-up once a week. In addition to paying attention to the situation of pregnant women, we should also pay close attention to fetal development and placental function, and be hospitalized if necessary.

4, delivery treatment

(1) First, determine the appropriate delivery time. For pregnant women with gestational diabetes, in principle, we should try our best to postpone the termination of pregnancy by methods.

(2) Pregnancy complicated with diabetes itself is not an indication of cesarean section. Those with huge fetus, placental dysfunction, abnormal fetal position or other obstetric indications should have cesarean section.

(3) Generally, we should pay attention to rest, give proper diet, pay close attention to the changes of blood sugar, urine sugar and ketone body, adjust insulin dosage in time, and strengthen fetal monitoring.

Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Influence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Fetus

1, which can increase the fetal mortality rate: the study believes that the increase of fetal mortality rate is mainly related to the increase of maternal blood sugar level. If gestational diabetes mellitus patients can strictly control blood sugar in the third trimester of pregnancy and strengthen fetal monitoring, it can reduce fetal mortality.

2, can form a huge fetus: gestational diabetes mostly occurs in the middle and late pregnancy, when fetal organs have been formed, so the impact on the fetus is mainly that it can lead to excessive development, thus forming a huge fetus.

3, can lead to fetal malformation: the fetus bred by gestational diabetes mellitus patients is prone to neurological and cardiovascular malformations, such as spina bifida, hydrocephalus, congenital, anal atresia and so on.

Prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus

1, diet should be controlled. Rice, noodles and potatoes are mainly restricted for about 5-6 days in A Liang. Don't eat foods with high sugar content, including drinks, desserts, ice cream, chocolates and fruits. Pregnant women should eat less. Eating more fresh vegetables can also supplement a lot of vitamins.

Protein should be well supplied. Protein can't eat less. Fish, eggs and milk are the main sources of protein, especially fish, which is a kind of high-quality protein with little fat. In particular, we should eat more soy products and whole grains and increase plant protein.

3. The fat supply should be moderate. You can eat vegetable oils such as olive oil and walnut oil, which contain high DHA and are of great benefit to the development of fetal brain and vision. And you can eat some nuts in moderation, such as walnuts and peanuts, to increase the supply of fat, which is also an indispensable substance for fetal brain development.

4. Supplement vitamins and minerals. Eat more vegetables to supplement vitamin C, eat whole grains to supplement vitamins B, E and A, and often eat foods with high iron, zinc and calcium content, such as milk, fish, shrimp skin, egg yolk, seafood and green leafy vegetables to supplement minerals.

5, eat less and eat more meals. Eat foods rich in cellulose, vitamins and trace elements. Food varieties should be diversified, mainly vegetables, bean products, lean meat, fish, eggs and milk. After the second trimester, you can eat 5-6 meals a day, preferably eight full. Pregnant women should have a light diet and appropriately limit the intake of condiments such as salt.

6. Exercise more. Pregnant women should pay attention to exercise, go outdoors, or do some yoga suitable for pregnant women. Exercise is the most effective way to prevent diabetes. In addition, it is best for pregnant women to bask in the sun and absorb ultraviolet rays, which is also helpful for calcium supplementation.

Gestational diabetes diet

1, bitter gourd and purple potato roll

Production method:

(1) Prepare bitter gourd 1 block, purple sweet potato 1-2 block, and appropriate amount of honey; Peel the purple potato and cut it into small pieces. Put the purple potato pieces into a fresh-keeping bag, sprinkle a little water, turn them in a high-heat microwave oven for 3 minutes, and crush the cooked purple potato pieces with a spoon. Then pour in honey and stir well to make mud.

(2) washing bitter gourd to remove both ends, cutting two pieces in the middle, and removing pulp; Boil the water and blanch the bitter gourd; Blanched bitter gourd is drenched with cold water, filled with purple sweet potato paste and compacted.

2. stir-fried lotus root slices with Polygonatum odoratum

Production method:

(1) Wash Polygonatum odoratum, remove roots and whiskers, cut into sections, blanch and drain; Wash lotus root, slice and blanch; Peel and slice carrots.

(2) Heat the oil in the pot, pour in lotus root slices, Polygonatum odoratum segments and carrot slices, stir-fry until broken, add salt, ginger juice and pepper, stir-fry evenly, and add monosodium glutamate to serve.

3, sweet and sour yam egg pieces

Production method:

(1) Wash yam, peel it and cut it into hob blocks.

(2) Heat the wok, add a proper amount of vegetable oil, and when it is 60% hot, add yam tablets, fry until the skin turns yellow, take out and drain the oil.

(3) Control the wok to clean up the oil stain, add vinegar and sugar water, pour yam slices after boiling, thicken the juice with 80g flour (50g flour with water), and wrap the yam slices evenly.

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Stir-fried chicken fillet with mushroom and miscellaneous grains rice paste and asparagus