Outline of biological knowledge points in college entrance examination

I have been studying biology in high school for three years. Do you know what the focus of high school biology is? In order to facilitate students to learn biology and review better, I will share with you the outline of biology knowledge points for college entrance examination _ biology review outline for senior high school. I hope I can help you. Welcome to read!

Outline of biological knowledge points in college entrance examination

1. The structural level of life system is: cell → tissue → organ → system → individual → population → community → ecosystem.

Cell is the basic unit of organism structure and function; The most basic life system on the earth is the cell.

2. Operating steps of optical microscope: aiming at light → observing with low-power objective lens → moving the center of field of view (where to move).

→ Observe with a high-power objective lens: ① Only the fine-tuning focus screw can be adjusted; ② Adjust the large aperture and concave mirror.

3. The fundamental difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells is that they have a nucleus bounded by a nuclear-free membrane.

(1) Prokaryote: nuclear-free membrane, chromosome-free, such as Escherichia coli and other bacteria, cyanobacteria.

Eukaryotic cells: There are nuclear membranes and chromosomes, such as yeast and various animals.

Note: the virus has no cell structure, but it has DNA or RNA.

4. Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes and autotrophs.

5. The unity of eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells is that they both have cell membrane and cytoplasm.

6. The founders of cell theory are Schleiden and Wang Shi. The establishment of cell theory reveals the unity of cells and biological structure. The establishment of cell theory is a process of exploration, inheritance, revision and development in scientific inquiry, which is full of intriguing twists and turns.

7. The types of chemical elements that make up cells (biological world) and inorganic nature are roughly the same, but their contents are different.

8. Elements that make up cells

① Macroelements: C, H, O, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg.

② Trace elements: iron, manganese, boron, zinc, molybdenum and copper.

③ Main elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur.

④ basic element: c

⑤ In the dry weight of cells, C is the most abundant element, and O is the most abundant element in fresh weight.

9, biological (such as cactus in the desert) fresh weight, the most compound content is water, the most content is dry weight.

This compound is protein.

10 and (1) reducing sugars (glucose, fructose, maltose) can react with Feyning reagent to form brick red precipitate; Fat can be dyed orange by Sudan Red No.3 (or red by Sudan Red No.4); Starch (polysaccharide) turns blue when it meets iodine; Protein reacts with biuret reagent to produce purple.

(2) Sugarcane can not be used as the identification material of reducing sugar.

(3) Philin reagent must be used now (unlike biuret reagent, biuret reagent is added with solution A first, and then with solution B).

1 1, the basic unit of protein is amino acid, and the general structural formula of amino acid is NH2-C-COOH. The difference of various amino acids lies in the difference of R groups.

12, two amino acids dehydrate and condense to form dipeptide, and the chemical bond (-NH-Co-) connecting two amino acid molecules is called peptide bond.

13. During dehydration and condensation, the number of water molecules removed = the number of peptide bonds formed = the number of amino acids-the number of peptide chains.

14, protein Diversity Reasons: The types, quantities and arrangement order of amino acids that make up protein are ever-changing, and the folding ways of polypeptide chains are also different.

15. Each amino acid molecule contains at least one amino group (-—NH2) and one carboxyl group (-—COOH), and both amino groups and carboxyl groups are connected to the same carbon atom, which is also connected to a hydrogen atom and a side chain gene.

16, the carrier of genetic information is nucleic acid, which plays an extremely important role in biological genetic variation and protein synthesis. Nucleic acid includes two categories: one is deoxyribonucleic acid, abbreviated as DNA, and the other is ribonucleic acid, abbreviated as RNA, which is the basic unit nucleotide of nucleic acid.

17, protein function:

(1) structural proteins, such as muscle, feather, hair and spider silk.

② catalysis, such as most enzymes.

③ Transport carriers, such as hemoglobin.

④ transmitting information, such as insulin.

⑤ Immune function, such as antibody.

18. The amino acid binding mode is dehydration condensation: the carboxyl group (-—COOH) of one amino acid molecule is connected with the amino group (-—NH2) of another amino acid molecule, and one molecule of water is removed at the same time, as shown in the figure:

Hmm. How interesting

NH2—C—C—OH+H—N—C—COOH H2O+NH2—C—C—N—C—COOH

R 1HR2R 1OHR2

19、DNA、RNA

Full name: deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid

Distribution: Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and cytoplasm.

Dyes: methyl green, piron

Number of chains: double chain, single chain

Base: ATCG, AUCG

Pentose: deoxyribose, ribose

Composition unit: deoxynucleotide, ribonucleotide

Representative organisms: prokaryotes, eukaryotes, phages, HIV, SARS virus.

20. Main energy substance: sugar.

A good energy storage substance in cells: fat

Glycogen: Energy Storage of Human and Animal Cells

Direct energy substance: ATP

2 1, sugar:

① Monosaccharide: glucose, fructose, ribose and deoxyribose.

2 disaccharides: maltose, sucrose and lactose.

③ Polysaccharides: starch and cellulose (plant cells) and glycogen (animal cells).

4 fat: energy storage; Heat preservation; Buffer area; Reduce pressure

22. Lipids: phospholipids (an important component of biofilm)

Cholesterol, sterol (sex hormone: promoting the development of human and animal reproductive organs and the formation of germ cells)

Vitamin D: (promoting the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in human and animal intestines)

23. Polysaccharide, protein, nucleic acid, etc. Are biological macromolecules.

The constituent units are monosaccharide, amino acid and nucleotide in turn.

Biological macromolecules take carbon chain as the basic skeleton, so carbon is the core element of life.

Free water (95.5%): a good solvent; Participate in biochemical reactions; Provide a liquid environment; transport

24. Water exists in the form of nutrients and metabolic wastes.

Combined water (4.5%)

25. Most inorganic salts exist in ionic form. When Ca2+ in mammalian blood is too low, convulsions will occur. Patients with acute enteritis should be supplemented with glucose saline when dehydrated; Workers who sweat a lot at work under high temperature should drink more light salt water.

26. Cell membranes are mainly composed of lipids, protein and a small amount of sugars. Among lipids, phospholipids are the most abundant, and the more complex the cell membrane, the more kinds and quantities of protein. The basic scaffold of cell membrane is phospholipid bilayer; Cell membrane has certain fluidity and selective permeability. Isolate cells from the external environment.

27. The function of cell membrane controls the exchange of information between cells by substances inside and outside the cell.

28. The cell wall of plant cells is composed of cellulose and pectin, which has the function of support and protection.

29. The preparation of cell membrane uses mature mammalian red blood cells because there is no nuclear membrane and organelle membrane.

30. Chloroplast: the organelle of photosynthesis; Double coating

Mitochondria: the main place for aerobic respiration; Double coating

Ribosome: the organelle that produces protein; Membraneless

Centrosome: related to animal cell mitosis; Membraneless

Vacuole: It regulates osmotic pressure in plant cells and contains cell fluid.

Endoplasmic reticulum: protein processing

Golgi apparatus: protein is processed and secreted.

Secretory proteins such as 3 1, digestive enzymes and antibodies need four kinds of organelles: ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria.

32. Cell membrane, nuclear membrane, organelle membrane and biofilm system of cells are closely related and coordinated in structure and function.

Maintain a relatively stable intracellular environment, biofilm system function, many important chemical reaction sites to separate various organelles, and improve the efficiency of life activities.

Nuclear membrane: a double-layer membrane with nuclear pores for mRNA to pass through structural nucleoli.

33. The nucleus consists of DNA and protein, which are the same substance as chromosomes. Chromatin in different periods is easily dyed dark by alkaline dyes.

Function: It is the genetic information base and the control center of cell metabolism and heredity.

34. The liquid environment in plant cells mainly refers to the cell fluid in vacuoles.

Protoplast refers to cell membrane, vacuole membrane and cytoplasm between the two membranes.

The protoplasm layer of plant cells is equivalent to a semi-permeable membrane; In plasma-wall separation, plasma refers to the protoplasm layer and the wall is the cell wall.

35. Cell membranes and other biofilms are selectively permeable membranes.

Free diffusion: high concentration→ low concentration, such as H2O, O2, CO2, glycerol, ethanol and benzene.

Auxiliary diffusion: carrier protein assisted, high concentration→ low concentration, such as glucose entering red blood cells.

36. Transmembrane transport mode actively transports substances: energy is needed; Carrier protein assistance; Low concentration→ high concentration, such as inorganic salts, ions, endocytosis and exocytosis: macromolecules such as carrier proteins.

37. Biofilms such as cell membranes are selectively permeable membranes, allowing water molecules to pass freely, some ions and small molecules can also pass, and other ions, small molecules and macromolecules cannot pass.

38. Essence: Most of the organic substances produced by living cells are protein, and a few are RNA, with high efficiency.

Characteristic specificity: each enzyme can only catalyze one chemical reaction.

The conditions of enzyme action are mild: the enzyme activity is the highest at the appropriate temperature and pH value and the optimal temperature (pH value).

When the temperature and pH value are higher or lower, the activity of the enzyme will be obviously reduced, or even inactivated (too high, too acidic, too alkaline): catalysis will reduce the activation energy required for chemical reactions.

Structural formula: a-p ~ p ~ p, a stands for adenosine, p stands for phosphate group, and ~ stands for high energy phosphate bond.

Full name: adenosine triphosphate

39, ATP and ADP mutual transformation: A-P ~ P ~ PA-P ~ P+PI+ energy.

Function: intracellular direct energy substance

40. Cell respiration: The process that organic matter undergoes a series of oxidative decomposition in cells to generate CO2 or other products, release energy and generate ATP.

4 1. Comparison of aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

SETTING: Cytoplasmic matrix, mitochondria (main) and cytoplasmic matrix.

Products: carbon dioxide, H2O, energy.

Carbon dioxide, alcohol (or lactic acid), energy

Reaction formula: C6H 12O6+6O26CO2+6H2O+ energy.

C6H 12O62C3H6O3+ energy

C6H 12O62C2H5OH+2CO2+ energy

Process: The first stage: 1 molecule glucose is decomposed into 2 molecules of pyruvate and a small amount of [H], which releases a small amount of energy and cytoplasm matrix.

The second stage: Pyruvate and water are completely decomposed into CO2 and [H], releasing a small amount of energy and mitochondrial matrix.

The third stage: [H] and O2 combine to form water, a lot of energy, mitochondrial inner membrane.

anaerobic respiration

The first stage: aerobic respiration

The second stage: Pyruvate is decomposed into ethanol and CO2 or converted into lactic acid energy under the catalysis of different enzymes.

42. Application of cell respiration: bandage the wound and use breathable disinfection gauze to inhibit aerobic respiration of bacteria.

Yeast brewing: ventilation and sealing. Firstly, the fermentation bacteria are allowed to breathe aerobically and multiply in large quantities, and then the anaerobic respiration produces alcohol.

Pots often loosen the soil: promote aerobic respiration at the roots and absorb inorganic salts.

Regular drainage of paddy fields: inhibit the production of alcohol by anaerobic respiration and prevent alcoholism and root rot.

Advocate jogging: prevent strenuous exercise and anaerobic respiration of muscle cells from producing lactic acid.

Tetanus infection wound: the wound must be cleaned in time to prevent anaerobic breathing.

43. The ultimate source of energy needed by living cells is solar energy; The total energy flowing into the ecosystem is the solar energy fixed by the producer.

44.chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll mainly absorbs red light and blue-violet light.

Chlorophyll b (thylakoid membrane) carotene in chloroplasts

Carotenoids mainly absorb blue-purple light.

xanthophyll

45, photosynthesis refers to the green plants through chloroplasts, using light energy, CO2 and H2O into energy storage organic matter, and release the process of O2.

46. In the middle of18c, it was considered that only water in soil was used to build plants, and air was not considered.

177 1 year, the priestley experiment in Britain confirmed that plant growth can refresh the air, but no light was found.

1779, Ingelhaus, the Netherlands, did many experiments to verify that only green leaves can refresh the air under sunlight, but the composition of the released gas is unknown.

In 1785, it is obvious that O2 is released and CO2 is absorbed.

1845, Meyer, Germany discovered that light energy was converted into chemical energy.

1864, Saks confirmed that besides O2, there is starch as the product of photosynthesis.

1939 Rubin Carmen of the United States used isotope labeling to prove that O2 released by photosynthesis came from water.

47. Conditions: Light is necessary.

Location of photoreaction stage: thylakoid membrane,

Products: [H], oxygen and energy.

Process: (1) Water is decomposed into [H] and O2 under light energy;

(2)ADP+Pi+ light ATP

Conditions: light or no light is ok.

Dark reaction stage position: chloroplast matrix

Products: sugars and other organic compounds and five-carbon compounds.

Process: (1)CO2 fixation: 1 molecule C5 and CO2 generate 2 molecules C3.

(2) Reduction of C3: Under the action of [H] and ATP, part of C3 is reduced to carbohydrate, and part of C3 forms C5.

Connection: there are differences and close connections between the bright reaction stage and the dark reaction stage, which are indispensable whole. Photoreaction provides [H] and ATP for dark reaction.

48. The concentration of CO2 in the air, the water content in the soil, the length and intensity of light, the composition of light and temperature are all external factors that affect the intensity of photosynthesis: appropriately extending light and increasing the concentration of CO2 can increase the yield.

49. Autotrophic organisms: Inorganic substances such as CO2 and H2O can synthesize organic substances such as glucose, such as green plants and nitrifying bacteria (chemical synthesis).

Heterotrophs: Inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide and H2O cannot synthesize organic substances such as glucose. We can only use the ready-made organic matter in the environment to maintain our life activities, such as many animals.

50. The relationship between cell surface area and volume restricts cell growth, and cell proliferation is the basis of organism growth, development and reproductive inheritance.

5 1, eukaryotic cell division mode meiosis: germ cell (egg cell) proliferation.

52. Division: DNA molecular replication and protein synthesis are completed, but the number of chromosomes does not increase, but DNA doubles. Mitosis: somatic cell proliferation

Mitosis: red blood cells of frogs. Spinning and chromosomes do not change during division.

Early stage: the nucleoli of nuclear membrane gradually disappeared, spindle and chromosome appeared, and the chromosome arrangement was disordered.

Mitotic metaphase: Chromosome centromeres are arranged on the equatorial plate, and the chromosome morphology is relatively stable, and the number is clearer and easier to observe than that in metaphase.

Late stage: centromere division, sister chromatid separation, chromosome number doubled.

At the end stage: the nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, and the spindle and chromosome gradually disappear.

53. The difference of mitosis between animal cells and plant cells: plant cells and animal cells.

Interphase: DNA replication, protein synthesis (chromosome replication)

Chromosome replication, centriole also doubled.

Early stage: Spinning occurs at the two poles of the cell to form a spindle, and the central body emits star rays to form a spindle.

At the end, the cell plates formed at the equatorial plate spread around to form cell walls.

No cell plate was formed, and the cells were sunken inward from the center and divided into two daughter cells.

54. Characteristics and significance of mitosis: The chromosomes of the mother cell are copied (essentially after DNA replication) and accurately and evenly distributed in the two daughter cells, which maintains the stability of genetic traits between parents and offspring, which is of great significance to biological inheritance.

55, mitosis, chromosome and DNA number changes.

56. Cell differentiation: A process in which the stability of offspring in morphology, structure and physiological functions is different due to the proliferation of one or a type of cells during individual development. It is a permanent change and the foundation of organism development, which makes the cells in multicellular organisms tend to be specialized and is conducive to improving the efficiency of various physiological functions.

57. Examples of cell differentiation: Red blood cells and muscle cells have exactly the same genetic information (the same fertilized egg is formed by mitosis); The failure of morphology and function is due to the different ways in which genetic information is executed in different cells.

58. Cell totipotency means that differentiated cells still have the potential to develop into complete individuals.

Highly differentiated plant cells have totipotency, such as plant tissue culture because cells (nuclei) have this kind of biology.

Genetic information needed for growth and development The nuclei of highly differentiated animals are totipotent, such as cloned sheep.

59, the intracellular water content decreases and the metabolic rate slows down.

Intracellular enzyme activity decreased, and cell aging showed intracellular pigment accumulation.

Intracellular respiration rate decreased and nuclear volume increased.

The permeability of cell membrane decreases, and the transport function of substances decreases.

60. Apoptosis refers to the process that cells automatically end their lives, which is determined by genes. It is a normal natural physiological process, such as the disappearance of tadpole tail. It plays a key role in the normal development of multicellular organisms, maintaining the stability of the internal environment and resisting the interference of external factors.

Can proliferate indefinitely.

6 1, the characteristic morphological structure of cancer cells changed obviously.

The glycoprotein on the surface of cancer cells is reduced, which is easy to spread and transfer in the body.

62. Cancer prevention and treatment: stay away from carcinogenic factors and conduct ct, nuclear magnetic resonance and oncogene detection; Surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy can also be performed.

How to learn high school biology well

1, grasp the law

Law is the inevitable connection of the intrinsic essence of things themselves. Biology has its own laws, such as the adaptation of structure and function, the unity of part and whole, the harmony between biology and environment, the evolution from simple to complex, from low to high, from aquatic to terrestrial.

Step 2 observe and compare

Observation is a purposeful and planned perception, which can not only acquire new knowledge, but also verify what is known. Biology is an experimental science, and observation is an important link to acquire biological knowledge. Such as observing the morphological structure, living habits, growth and development of organisms, and effectively playing the role of observation in biological learning. The principles and laws of our biology are based on observation and experiment.

3. Comprehensive induction

Teachers' teaching, especially new teaching, is generally divided into blocks, but there is an inherent and essential connection between each block and each knowledge point, and the biological knowledge of each grade is coherent and a whole. When learning, we should gather scattered knowledge and summarize it into systematic knowledge, so that it is easy to understand and remember.

Comprehensive induction should achieve "three grasps". First, grasp the order, second, grasp the relationship, and third.

4, flexible use

This is the key to learning living biology well, and the purpose of understanding lies in application. Flexible use of knowledge can remember the prison, and learning is really useful. Using knowledge to solve practical problems in projects or production and life, especially the latter is the weak link of middle school students, which must be highly valued.

You still need to master good memory methods.

Memory is the foundation of learning, the storehouse of knowledge, the companion of thinking and the premise of creation. Therefore, according to the characteristics of different knowledge, with appropriate memory methods, learning efficiency and quality can be effectively improved.

There are many ways to remember. The following are just the most common ones in biology learning.

(1) Simplified mnemonic method

That is, by analyzing the teaching materials, find out the main points and simplify the knowledge into regular words to help remember. For example, the molecular structure of DNA can be simplified as "5432 1", that is, five basic elements and four basic units, each unit has three basic substances, and many units form two deoxynucleotide chains, which become a regular double helix structure.

(2) Associative memory method

That is, according to the content of the textbook, skillfully use association to help memory. For example, remember trace elements: iron, manganese, boron, zinc, molybdenum and copper. You can use homophonic memory to remember that iron hit a new bucket, so that you can remember it and not forget it easily.

(3) Comparative memory method

In biology learning, there are many similar nouns that are easily confused and difficult to remember. For such content, you can remember it by comparison. Comparative method is to list related nouns separately, and then compare them from the aspects of scope, connotation, extension and even words, and find out the differences by retaining similarities. This contrast is obvious and easy to remember. For example, assimilation and alienation, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration, hormone regulation and nerve regulation, material circulation and energy flow.

(4) diffraction memory method

This method takes an important knowledge point as the core, and establishes as many connections as possible with other related knowledge through the divergent process of thinking. This method is mostly used to summarize or review chapter knowledge, and can also be used to link related knowledge scattered in various chapters. For example, the concept, development, theory, type, composition, structure, function and division of cells should be diffracted.

Finally, we should form a good study habit.

Establishing good study habits is an important guarantee for learning biological knowledge well. When we talk about learning routine, we mean several steps that must be paid attention to in the learning process, including preview, listening, review, homework and summary.

Senior high school biology review plan

The first round: basic knowledge review

This stage lasts for one semester, and the review content is carried out in chapter order, with textbooks as the main part, supplemented by a round of review books, so that students can firmly grasp the basic knowledge, accurately grasp important concepts, principles and processes, supplemented by appropriate targeted training questions. After completing a round of review, students should be able to sort out the knowledge points and draw the review effect of the knowledge network. At the same time of reviewing, it is very important to make up for the lack of previous study, and to keep up with the practice, to detect the students' mastery in time, and to choose a suitable round of review books.

Pay attention to the improvement of ability, and cultivate and strengthen it through the explanation of knowledge and the analysis and training of exercises. In the college entrance examination, in addition to the examination of basic knowledge, we also attach importance to the examination of ability, which mainly includes understanding ability, experimental inquiry ability, information acquisition ability and comprehensive application ability. These abilities need a comprehensive review.

Second round: special review

This stage lasts about 2 months, mainly for special review and comprehensive test. On the basis of curriculum standards, we pay attention to the vertical and horizontal connections between knowledge, and help students build knowledge networks and break through important and difficult points. Cultivate students' ability to acquire information, analyze, synthesize and explore. At the same time, strengthen discipline terminology and standard terminology.

This stage is mainly divided into ten themes:

Theme 1: experimental theme

Topic 2: Cell and its Life Course

Topic 3: Cell Metabolism

Topic 4: Genetic Law and Its Application

Topic 5: Material Basis and Evolution of Inheritance

Topic 6: Genetic Variation and Breeding

Theme 7: Regulation of Life Activities

Theme 8: Biology and Environment

Topic 9: Biotechnology Practice

Subject 10: Modern Biotechnology

In the review of each topic, further classify the knowledge, so that students can form an organic whole, with special emphasis on the integration and application of knowledge, and quickly improve students' ability to answer questions.

The third round: comprehensive intensive training

The time of this stage is about 1 month. The main task of this stage is to cultivate students' overall awareness and ability to take exams and improve their skills and psychological quality. At the same time, we carry out sea tactics, adapt to the requirements of the college entrance examination through a large number of contact with the latest simulated test questions from all over the country, and quickly enter the preparation for the exam on the basis of previous knowledge accumulation. The most important thing is, don't forget to go back to the textbook during this period, check for leaks and fill gaps, and strengthen your memory of unfamiliar knowledge. Give students confidence through the final exercise, adjust their mentality, and let them take the exam in the best state.

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