Evaluation method of geological tourism resources

First, the evaluation methods and techniques of geological tourism resources

(A) evaluation methods of geological tourism resources

As far as research methods are concerned, geological tourism resources evaluation, like tourism resources evaluation, can also be divided into two categories: qualitative evaluation and quantitative evaluation.

Qualitative methods are descriptive, and some standards are subjective and arbitrary, such as the evaluation of ornamental value and cultural value, which is directly related to the feelings and literacy of evaluators. Quantitative evaluation method is more scientific and objective, but its evaluation data source must be reliable. Quantitative evaluation is based on the statistical law of human value judgment and the comparative law of human understanding.

At present, the evaluation methods of tourism resources tend to combine qualitative and quantitative methods, mainly quantitative evaluation, and integrate theories and methods of many other disciplines, such as system theory, information theory, cybernetics and so on.

(B) Geological tourism resources evaluation technology

In research technology, Internet technology, virtual reality and other technologies have been widely used in evaluation research. These technologies provide strong support for tourism management and decision-making with their powerful data processing ability and spatial analysis means. Through the integration with mathematical analysis model and the combination of spatial analysis function, the establishment of tourism resource evaluation model, tourism development condition model, scenic area environmental capacity model, tourism demand prediction model and tourism economic benefit model can assist tourism management departments to make reasonable development decisions.

In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the application of geological tourism resources evaluation technology at home and abroad. Yao Changhong (2002) completed the investigation and evaluation information system of Baihe Scenic Area based on ArcView in the investigation and evaluation of tourism resources in Liupanshui City, Guizhou Province, and established a database including geological and geomorphological data, water system hydrology, land use data and population and economy data. In addition, there are evaluation methods using modern computer technology. For example, Cui Yue (2002) established a tourism resource evaluation model based on UML. Luo (2000) used remote sensing technology and computer graphics processing technology to evaluate tourism resources. Wang Jianjun and Zheng Jinjun (2004) applied the latest geographic information technology and computer information technology to research and develop the "Tourism Resources Investigation and Evaluation Information System" for the needs of the actual work of tourism resources investigation and evaluation. Pang Shuying et al. (2004) realized the automatic scoring function of the evaluation model through computer programming, and developed an automatic scoring subsystem based on Windows operating system, with Delphi5.0 as the language tool and Access2000 as the background database. Jia Faer et al. (2008) investigated the coastline and surrounding environment by using the existing satellite images before evaluating the ecotourism potential of the southern coast of the Iranian Persian Gulf, which is also worth learning for the evaluation of some geological tourism resources with dangerous terrain.

Second, the qualitative evaluation of geological tourism resources

(A) the content of qualitative evaluation of geological tourism resources

1. Individual value evaluation of geological tourism resources

Qualitative evaluation of the characteristics of geological bodies or geological phenomena in tourist destinations. Such as mountains, lakes, water bodies, climate, traffic conditions, etc. The single value evaluation of geological tourism resources should be based on the geological characteristics of tourist destinations, so that the evaluation results are objective and true, which can be divided into the following aspects:

(1) scientific value

Geological tourism resources include the connotation of geological science, such as the formation, material and structure, development, present situation and future, evolution and development of the earth and its life, geological structure, geological function, geological landscape and so on. Scientific value mainly refers to the research value of natural science or social science of geological tourism resources, the popularization and educational function of scientific knowledge and the modern scientific and technological achievements embodied.

Geological science constitutes the scientific core and taste of geological tourism resources, so geological tourism resources usually have strong popular science tourism value. In the existing world-class and national related evaluation standards, it can be seen that the evaluation indicators selected for the evaluation of geological tourism resources are mostly based on scientific value. For example, the standard of world natural heritage, from the aesthetic or scientific point of view, the natural features composed of geological structures or such structural groups have outstanding and universal value; Geological and natural geographical structures with outstanding and universal value from the perspective of science or protection; From the point of view of science, protection or natural beauty, natural scenic spots or clearly defined natural areas with outstanding and universal value:

(1) it is an outstanding example representing an important stage in the history of earth modernization;

(2) It is an outstanding example, representing the ongoing important geological process and the relationship between human beings and the natural environment;

③ Unique, rare or wonderful natural phenomena, landforms or areas with rare natural beauty.

In April, 2005, the Ministry of Construction of China put forward the list standard of national natural heritage protected areas, which has similar characteristics to the world natural heritage, but specifically stipulated the following standards: (1) constitute outstanding examples representing important geological processes in progress, such as glaciation and volcanic activity; Unique, rare or wonderful natural phenomena, landforms or areas with rare natural beauty, such as rivers, mountains, waterfalls and other ecosystems and natural landforms.

The national standards for geological relics protection zones adopted in China in June 5438+0994165438+1October are as follows: ① Geological relics that can provide important geological evidence for a major geological historical event or evolution stage in the process of regional and even global evolution; (2) Typical sections, fossils and places of origin with international or domestic regional stratigraphic (structural) correlation significance; ③ Geological landscapes or phenomena with international or domestic typical geoscience significance.

(2) Ornamental value

Ornamental value refers to the kind and intensity of aesthetic feeling that geological tourism resources can provide for tourists. All attractive geological tourism resources must first have high aesthetic appreciation value, so appreciation plays a primary and special role in the evaluation of geological tourism resources. Appreciation often determines the grade and tourism value of geological tourism resources.

Aesthetic value analysis emphasizes the four elements of line, shape, color and texture, and emphasizes the principles of formal beauty such as diversity, strangeness and harmony. The combination of geological landscape modeling, landscape colors and landscape elements, as well as vegetation and ecology attached to the geological environment, constitute the ornamental value of geological tourism landscape, such as famous mountains and rivers, famous canyons, lakes and rivers, waterfalls, strange peaks and caves, snow-capped mountains and glaciers, etc. Most of them have beautiful scenery, unique shapes and beautiful ecological environment, which has high ornamental value. There are various geological phenomena, and the combination of special geological structural conditions and the corresponding modern natural geographical environment forms geological wonders with regional characteristics, which can attract tourists to travel, sightseeing, inspection and appreciation, and meet the requirements of tourists' pleasure, thus showing the ornamental value of geological tourism resources.

(3) Cultural value

The geological landscape that marks the earth's great changes has a sense of mystery and strangeness. Understanding geological wonders and revealing the scientific connotation of geological phenomena can satisfy people's thirst for knowledge, and also meet the needs of landscape appreciation and knowledge increase. The beautiful and peculiar geological landscape is usually a scenic spot for people to visit and watch, with the accumulation of tourism cultural resources of tourists, literati and famous artists in past dynasties. Human landscape and natural landscape beauty are in harmony, forming a composite tourism landscape of natural and human geological tourism resources.

(4) specificity

The particularity of geological tourism resources refers to its scarcity, including the scarcity of similar geological resources and the scarcity in a certain geographical range. The high uniqueness means that there are few geological resources of this type in this area, with a large scope of attraction, high level and great development value. The geological tourism resources of the world and the country, especially the world natural heritage, are highly special.

Special geographical area, special geological conditions and special natural geographical environment have formed special geological wonders, which are the regional characteristics of geological tourism resources. This regional feature not only determines the uniqueness of geological resources, but also determines the uniqueness of local ecological and human landscape. A specific geological environment often has a specific bio-ecological type, which constitutes a specific comprehensive natural landscape. If a geological tourism resource has its unique tourism value, especially to meet people's pursuit of novelty and some special needs, this geological tourism resource is monopolistic in a certain sense and degree, and people will only be truly satisfied if they are there. It can be seen that the peculiar and rare value of geological tourism resources is an indispensable factor in the evaluation of geological tourism resources, which is not only possessed by general geological resources, but also deserved by geological tourism resources.

(5) the value of entertainment

Some specific geological resources and geological bodies constitute scenic spots, tourist destinations, convalescent hot springs, mountaineering, skiing, rock climbing and other sports and adventure tourism projects, which have special tourism value.

2. Systematic evaluation of geological tourism resources

Geological tourism resources formed under different geographical conditions are very different and have their own characteristics. Only evaluating the individual quality of geological tourism resources, it is difficult to investigate the combination relationship of various geological tourism resources in the whole region and the overall characteristics of the region. We should emphasize the comprehensive geological characteristics of tourist destinations and the qualitative evaluation of various geological landscapes, and make an overall comprehensive evaluation with the spatial range of concentrated distribution of geological tourism resources as the evaluation object, mainly analyzing and evaluating the following contents:

(1) Comprehensive qualitative evaluation

The focus is on the qualitative evaluation of the comprehensive geological characteristics and various geological landscapes of a region. The qualitative description of the systematic evaluation of geological tourism resources should first consider its level (mostly used for the evaluation of geological phenomena). In addition to the qualitative evaluation of grade characteristics and characteristics, there should be other qualitative evaluations, such as area (regional comprehensive geological body) and volume (single geological body), which are divided into three levels: world-class, national and regional.

World-class: refers to geological tourism resources with worldwide significance and scientific research value. Such as typical stratigraphic profiles, geological structures, geological phenomena, stratigraphic sequences, paleontological communities, rock assemblages and geomorphological features (such as Danxia landform and Ya Dan landform) which are rare in the world. In addition, there are fossils of paleontology, minerals and rocks discovered for the first time, such as the "Andreas fault" in California (the future oceanic crust breeding area), which is rare in the world.

National level: The typical geological phenomena and landscapes in China are of research value, which can be compared with the typical geological phenomena in the world. It is of comparative significance in China, and has become an important reference place for the study of other areas in China. In terms of geological structure, such as the typical "Tanlu fault" in Shandong and Anhui (from Tancheng, Shandong to Lujiang, Anhui).

Regional level: it can be used as a typical representative of the comparative study of similar geological phenomena and geological landscapes in China. This area is well-preserved, well-developed, well-exposed, and has a good traffic location, which has high research value. Geological structure, such as the typical "Qingfeng fault" in northwest Hubei (Fangxian, Baokang, Nanzhang and Gucheng).

(2) the combination of resource types

Whether the elements of geological resources are organically combined or separated, and whether the distribution is relatively concentrated or dispersed, all of these directly affect the quality of geological tourism resources. The best scenic spots are famous for their perfect and harmonious combination of geological resources, and each scenic spot has its own characteristics in distribution.

In terms of expanding the scope, it is mainly manifested in the complementarity between tourism resources and other resources and the degree of coordination of factor combination, including whether all kinds of tourism resources in the region where geological tourism resources are located constitute the optimal combination and allocation, and whether they have the overall optimized structure with many types and high concentration. Geological tourism resources with high environmental value are resources with excellent environmental quality and good combination. The correlation and functional complementarity between geological resources individuals and other geological resources individuals in the region also affect the development value.

(3) Geological background conditions

The characteristics, distribution, landscape structure and tourism value of geological tourism resources are all determined by geological background conditions, and are dependent on the complexity and diversity of geological structure and regional characteristics. In some areas, the geological tourism resources and environment are fragile and the tourism development is not suitable. For example, the world natural heritage site with three parallel rivers is not only a highly enriched area of fine tourism resources, but also a fragile area of ecological environment, culture and landscape. The ecological environment is unstable, and geological disasters such as earthquakes, landslides, mudslides and collapses occur frequently. Small disturbances may cause major environmental disasters, which will be difficult to recover once destroyed, thus affecting the tourism resources and environment in this area for a long time.

(4) Positioning of tourist attractions

Mainly refers to the directionality of geological tourism resources to attract tourists, including international, domestic and local levels. According to the results of individual quality evaluation and resource system evaluation of geological tourism resources, the categories to attract tourists are determined.

(B) Qualitative evaluation methods of geological tourism resources

1."336" evaluation method

This method was put forward by Professor Lu of Beijing Normal University. The so-called "336" refers to the evaluation system of "three values", "three benefits" and "six conditions".

"Three values" refer to the scientific research value, historical and cultural value and aesthetic appreciation value of tourism resources. The qualitative evaluation of "three values" is the basic work to determine the development direction of tourist areas by evaluating the attraction function and attraction of tourist resources.

"Three benefits" refers to the economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits after tourism development. The economic benefits mainly consider the economic value created by the tourist community and the service reception industry; Social benefits mainly consider the ideological and cultural impact of tourism activities on local communities; Environmental benefits mainly study the extent of damage to the natural environment and social environment.

"Six conditions" refer to the geographical location and traffic conditions of tourism resources, the geographical combination conditions of landscape, the capacity conditions of scenic tourism resources, the conditions of tourist market, the investment conditions and construction conditions of tourism development. The "six conditions evaluation" is a comprehensive evaluation, which essentially involves the environmental background conditions of six elements in tourism activities-eating, living, traveling, traveling, shopping and entertainment.

2. Evaluation method of "six characters and seven marks"

According to the tourism resources themselves and their environment, Huang of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences put forward the evaluation method of "six words and seven standards". This method evaluates tourism resources from two aspects: the resources themselves and the environment in which the resources are located. Although it is rarely used in practice, it can be used as a reference method for analyzing problems.

The evaluation of tourism resources itself adopts six-character standard: "beauty": the aesthetic feeling given by tourism resources; "ancient": it has a long history; "Name": famous or related to celebrities; "Special": unique or rare scarce resources; "Odd": giving people a sense of freshness; "Use": It has application value.

Seven evaluation criteria are used to evaluate the environment of tourism resources, including seasonality, environmental pollution, connection with other tourism resources, accessibility, infrastructure, socio-economic environment and tourist market.

3. Five-level evaluation method of geological tourism resources

This method was put forward in the national standard of Classification, Investigation and Evaluation of Tourism Resources issued by the National Tourism Administration in 2003. The tourism resources are classified from three aspects and eight elements, and finally the tourism resources are divided into five grades according to the scores. The three aspects of tourism resources evaluation are the essential value, influence and added value of tourism resources. The evaluation content of these three aspects can be subdivided into eight evaluation factors: the ornamental use value of tourism resources, historical culture, scientific and artistic value, rarity and strangeness, scale, integrity, popularity, scope of use and environmental safety.

Among the five-level tourism resources, the five-level tourism resources are called "super tourism resources"; Four-level and three-level tourism resources are generally called "excellent tourism resources"; Secondary and primary tourism resources are generally called "ordinary tourism resources".

Thirdly, quantitative evaluation of geological tourism resources.

(A) quantitative evaluation steps

1. Select the evaluation index according to the evaluation object.

This paper mainly uses analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to select evaluation indexes according to the characteristics of geological tourism resources, tourism development needs and uniqueness of geological tourism resources. The determination of these elements is as specific and comprehensive as possible, and they have their own relative independence in the content involved.

The evaluation of many tourism resources, no matter which mathematical model is adopted, involves the comparison and importance ranking of tourism resources, so the selection of evaluation factors in the evaluation model must follow certain standards and principles: ① representativeness and importance; ② Incompatibility; 3 discrimination.

2. Organize appropriate appraisers.

Due to the differences in values and cultures, different people have different evaluation results on the same thing. However, according to the law of experimental statistics, different people or individuals often come to the same conclusion when judging the value of the same phenomenon, and the evaluation of geological tourism resources is no exception. The value evaluation of geological tourism resources can be carried out according to the statistical law of value judgment. In the evaluation of geological tourism resources, we should try to choose different professional backgrounds and as many people as possible to work, so as to improve the authority and credibility of the results.

Because each evaluation system can only be a subjective reflection of the objective situation at a certain level, a comprehensive evaluation model composed of multiple evaluation angles should be established to reflect the quality of geological resources scientifically and completely, and experts and tourists usually combine to evaluate them.

(1) Expert evaluation

According to the technical requirements of analytic hierarchy process, a group of experts from tourism administration department, tourism industry department and tourism education and scientific research department were invited, and the members of the evaluation team came from all departments of tourism industry, which can ensure a large evaluation area.

Specific ways can organize experts from local universities, tourism bureaus, travel agencies, land, environmental protection, horticulture and other tourism departments to conduct on-the-spot visits to geological tourism resource areas. The investigation work should be detailed and comprehensive, and the scores and weights of various evaluation indicators should be evaluated mainly by filling in a form.

(2) Tourist evaluation

The result of geological tourism resources evaluation is to provide scientific basis for tourism management departments and tourism enterprises to make decisions, which is closely related to the benefits of tourism development and ultimately serves tourists. Therefore, the evaluation results should be consistent with tourists' choice of geological tourism resources.

Because experts collect more comprehensive data, there are differences between them and tourists, which makes the evaluation results tend to be non-popular. The choice of tourists should also pay attention to its comprehensiveness, and it is best to choose at random. Some evaluators belong to the same group, which has high internal consistency and is not representative. The evaluation subject should be tourists with different living areas, ages and educational levels.

3. Determine the weight of each evaluation factor

Due to the influence of each evaluation factor on the evaluation project, it cannot be treated as equal weight in the index allocation of each factor, but its weight should be determined according to its role in the evaluation project. The determination of evaluation weight comes from the experience of experts such as geology and tourism and the basic facts of geological tourism resources.

The membership degree of each evaluation grade can be calculated by measuring data, which belongs to an explicit numerical factor; Hidden numerical factors that are difficult to be directly measured or described by numbers can be obtained through questionnaire survey statistics, empirical methods or analytic hierarchy process supported by Delphi consulting system. This process needs a lot of work, and the weight of the same evaluation factor is different in different tourist destinations, so it should be adapted to local conditions.

4. Establish an evaluation model

On the basis of in-depth analysis of experts' or tourists' experience, a standardized evaluation model is established, and then the evaluation results are obtained by mathematical methods, so that the evaluation results have comparable qualitative scales and quantitative values.

Multiply the average evaluation coefficient of each evaluation index by the weight coefficient of this element, and calculate the single weight score of geological tourism resources on this element. Its basic mathematical model (Jiang Sumei, 2009) is:

Geological tourism

Where: Qi is the weight of the i-th evaluation factor; Pi is the score of the i-th evaluation factor; N is the number of evaluation factors.

So as to complete the evaluation of geological tourism resources. From the evaluation results, it can be seen that the values of various factors in geological tourism resources are high or low, and the total score can also be compared with other resources horizontally.

(B) quantitative evaluation methods of geological tourism resources

At present, the main methods of comprehensive quantitative evaluation of tourism resources are: analytic hierarchy process, Delphi method, comprehensive value evaluation model, fuzzy mathematics evaluation method, comprehensive evaluation method, value engineering method and so on.

The most commonly used quantitative methods are analytic hierarchy process, Delphi method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The combination of these methods is usually used in the evaluation of geological tourism resources and environmental conditions, ecological evaluation, regional sustainable development evaluation and so on. For example, Liu et al. (2006) believed that Kanas Scenic Spot in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region had the potential to become a world natural heritage, and evaluated its eco-tourism resources by AHP and Delphi method. Chea Chang (1997) takes Jiuzhaigou karst as an example, constructs a comparative evaluation matrix, calculates the weight of each factor by root method, and expounds the position of karst tourism resources in Jiuzhaigou tourism from the perspective of geosciences and tourists; Chen (1993) used fuzzy mathematics to evaluate the tourism geoscience resources.

Among these methods, analytic hierarchy process has obvious advantages. It can express a complex problem as an orderly hierarchical structure, and can directly and effectively combine data, expert opinions and analysts' objective judgments; In particular, it can quantify the empirical judgment of decision makers, which is more practical in the case of complex target structure and lack of necessary data.

1. Analytic Hierarchy Process

Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is an important and effective system analysis method put forward in 1973 by T.L.Saaty, a famous American logistics expert and professor at the University of Pittsburgh. It combines quantitative analysis with qualitative analysis and can solve the problem of resource allocation. Using analytic hierarchy process to participate in the establishment of tourism resource index weight can make the quantitative proportion of the whole evaluation process as large as possible under the qualitative guidance, thus improving the accuracy of evaluation.

The basic point of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is to achieve the purpose of overall comparison through people's easy recognition of each other, which can be generally divided into general target layer, evaluation comprehensive layer, evaluation factor layer and evaluation factor layer. The evaluation factor layer is the most basic layer, and the calculation of index weight and score is carried out from bottom to top.

Figure 4- 1 is a model tree for quantitative evaluation of geological tourism resources. Adopting the evaluation system and evaluation factor weights established in Bao Jigang's Tourism Development Research-Principles, Methods and Practice (1996), the main ideas are as follows:

(1) The evaluation of tourism resources is divided into several layers, forming a model tree of tourism resources evaluation.

(2) Invite experts to fill in the form according to the important, slightly important and obviously important evaluation grades, and use 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 or their reciprocal as quantitative standards to judge the relative importance of each factor at this level relative to a factor at the next higher level, and then calculate the final result.

(3) Finally, rank according to their weights, and score each factor according to the weights, and get Table 4-2.

Using this table, we can evaluate and score tourism resources according to certain scoring standards, and get comprehensive results.

Figure 4- 1 quantitative evaluation system of geological tourism resources

Table 4-2 Evaluation Factor Weight Table

2. Delphi method

Delphi method, also known as expert consultation method, was first put forward and put into use in 1964 by mathematicians helmer and Dartsch (OlafHehner and Dakky) of Rand Corporation of the United States. The main way is to collect the opinions of some experts (generally 20~50 people) through questionnaires, and communicate-count-communicate-count until the weight coefficient of each evaluation index is determined centrally. Delphi method is used to reflect the specific resource value in three levels: evaluation comprehensive layer, evaluation factor layer and evaluation factor layer, and experts are invited to score, according to which the weight values between each layer are calculated as evaluation parameters; In the quantitative evaluation model of geological tourism resources, it is the key to measure the quality of an evaluation model to reasonably determine the weight coefficient of evaluation indicators at each evaluation level.

Introducing Delphi method into the evaluation of geological tourism resources is an important way to change the evaluation of tourism destinations from qualitative to quantitative and qualitative. In the evaluation of geological tourism resources, Delphi method is used to obtain information, and finally the weight of each evaluation factor can be determined relatively objectively and effectively. Because Delphi method is relatively time-saving, money-saving, labor-saving and highly reliable, countries are increasingly adopting this method in the evaluation and development of tourist destinations.

3. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method

Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is widely used in agriculture, forestry, meteorology, geological exploration and other fields. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is mainly based on fuzzy reasoning, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, dividing all related factors into different grades and giving each grade an initial value. Finally, the scenic spots or scenic spots in the region are scored separately, and then the scores of each scenic spot (area) are calculated by weighted summation method to judge the value of resources.

Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method uses fuzzy membership theory to quantify qualitative indicators reasonably, which solves the problems of single evaluation index and unreasonable evaluation process in existing evaluation methods. This buoy method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative, and has a high degree of integration. It has been widely used in resource and environment evaluation, ecological evaluation, regional sustainable development evaluation and so on.

4. Computer evaluation system of geological tourism resources.

Pang Shuying et al. (2003) based on Windows operating system, with object-oriented Delphi software as the development tool and Access software as the database management system, can automatically classify geological tourism resources effectively and reasonably.

Combined with the above quantitative analysis methods, the quantitative evaluation process of geological tourism resources can be completed with the help of computers, as shown in Figure 4-2:

Figure 4-2 Process of Quantitative Evaluation of Geological Tourism Resources