A China problem.

Explanatory writing is an article genre that takes explanation as the main expression and gives people knowledge by explaining things and clarifying things.

It explains the characteristics, essence and regularity of things by revealing concepts.

Descriptive words are very practical, including advertisements, instructions, abstracts, tips, rules, articles of association, comments, scientific sketches and so on.

Generally, explanatory text includes three specific styles:

First, with a certain literariness, it refers to scientific sketches.

Such as "Zhou Nan June Litchi Dan"

Second, science is the foundation.

For example, March to the Desert and What's in the Universe.

Third, practicality, such as instructions and commentaries.

Explanatory text generally introduces the shape, structure, category, relationship and function of things, and explains the principle, significance, characteristics and evolution of things. Shang Yu Shu Gong is China's earliest expository essay.

Explanatory writing is widely used, generally divided into simple explanatory writing and literary explanatory writing.

Literary discourses are discourses that introduce scientific knowledge through literary forms.

The characteristic of expository writing is "saying", which has certain knowledge. This kind of knowledge, whether it comes from relevant scientific research materials or from personal practice, investigation and investigation, is strictly scientific. If we want to make things clear, we must grasp the characteristics of things and then reveal the essential attributes of things, that is, we must explain not only "what" but also "why". Generally speaking, the application of explanatory text only needs to explain the characteristics of things, and explanatory text must reveal the origin and essence of the problem.

Explanatory articles must be organized, and the order of explanations should be arranged according to the organization of things themselves and the laws people know. For example, the introduction of scenery and buildings is mostly arranged according to the geographical environment and orientation layout; Introduce the origin and evolution of things, mostly in chronological order; Explaining things is often arranged in a logical order. In a word, it is expounded step by step in a certain order, from the outside to the inside, from the real to the virtual, from the distance to the close, from the shallow to the deep. Sometimes in order to let others know things more accurately, under certain circumstances, as long as it does not violate the characteristics and laws of things, some adjustments can be made in the order.

Description is an expression method to explain and analyze things. Different objects have different interpretation emphases and levels. When explaining physical things, we should generally pay attention to the position of space; When explaining abstract things, we should focus on explaining concepts, characteristics, sources, structures, types, similarities and differences, comparisons, connections and functions.

There are many ways to explain, such as explanation, classification, comparison and so on.

The characteristics of expository writing:

1, the center of the description is distinct and prominent.

As far as an expository article is concerned, generally speaking, there can only be one general expository article center, and each paragraph also has an expository article center to serve the general expository article center. The explanation center of excellent expositions is very prominent. For example, the article Whale focuses on the size, species and living habits of whales, so that readers can gain useful knowledge. In fact, the interpretation content of this scientific sketch is the interpretation center of the article.

2. This is scientific.

The explanatory text is highly scientific. It requires that when explaining things, we should try our best to be correct, not exaggerating, not narrowing, truthfully reflecting the true colors of things, seeking truth from facts, not being careless, not taking things for granted, and not talking nonsense. The scientific nature of the explanatory text is mainly reflected in the following two points:

(1) grasp the characteristics of things to explain. Everything is special. And this special contradiction constitutes a special ability to distinguish one thing from other things. Explanatory articles grasp the particularity of the things to be explained, so that readers can fully and correctly understand the things explained from the articles; If the characteristics of things are unclear and vague, they are easily confused with other things. Only by grasping the characteristics of things to explain can we leave a clear impression on people.

(2) The description should be correct. In other words, for things that have not yet been finalized and yet to be studied, don't easily draw absolutely positive or negative conclusions. We should know that readers read explanatory articles in order to increase their knowledge. If unscientific "knowledge" is passed on to readers, it will bring bad influence. If two newspapers publish articles about the influence of sauerkraut on human body, the statement is completely opposite. An article thinks that sauerkraut has good nutritional value, and at the same time it is a good hunger medicine, which can treat chronic diseases, so people are advised to eat more sauerkraut. Another article holds that sauerkraut contains a large amount of Geotrichum candidum and nitrite, which is a carcinogen and will directly cause diseases such as liver cancer, stomach cancer and esophageal cancer, which is harmful to human health. So, I hope you don't eat sauerkraut. Is it better to eat more sauerkraut or not to eat sauerkraut? It's confusing. In fact, according to the analysis of relevant experts, both of these arguments have some truth, but they are one-sided and lack scientific nature. However, the authors of these two articles have ignored this problem, and it is wrong to draw the conclusion that sauerkraut is only "good" or "harmful".

3. Be organized. Explanatory texts are organized. When explaining things, ask for clarity and order. Order is inherent in things themselves. Although all kinds of things are complicated, as long as we carefully observe and analyze, we can find a certain order.

(1) spatial order

There is room for everything. Explanatory text grasps this feature to form its own organization, either from top to bottom, from outside to inside, from left to right, from south to north, from far to near, from middle to whole, or from whole to part. When introducing the structure of a building, the structure of a product and the situation of a place, we can use this method to sort out the materials, so that readers can have a clearer understanding of all parts and the whole thing.

(2) Time sequence

That is, in chronological order. Everything has a process of occurrence, development and extinction. According to the temporality of things, some explanatory texts sort the various parts of things, which is also an order. Explanatory articles introducing biological knowledge generally write the story first, and then write the story later. Explanatory articles introducing production technology and working methods are generally explained one by one according to production and working procedures.

(3) Logical order

Some expositions mainly analyze things and arrange them according to their logical relationship, or from the main to the secondary, or from the shallow to the deep, or from the cause to the result, forming a strict organization. Some discussions can also be arranged in several aspects according to the nature of things, and the materials in these aspects form a parallel relationship.

4. The language is accurate, concise, popular and vivid.

Explanatory writing needs a lot of language. Excellent expository texts always express profound contents in easy-to-understand language, that is, write the essential characteristics of things from the outside to the inside, so that readers can easily understand the essence of the problem. The accuracy of language means that language properly reflects the true colors of objective things and makes people understand them. Accurate language, accurate words, appropriate sentences and rigorous articles. Concise language is to express richer content with fewer words, which is clean and neat, making it easy for people to grasp the main points of the article and understand the content of the article. Popular language is to concretize abstract concepts and make abstruse truths simple and interesting, so that everyone can understand them and enjoy them. In order to make the language popular, we can use narrative and description appropriately, and we can also use metaphor appropriately.

Explanatory writing is a practical style with "explanation" as the main expression, which is used to introduce or explain the state, nature, structure, function, production method, development process and internal affairs of things, with the aim of giving people knowledge.

1, interpretation style:

Explanatory writing is an article with explanation as the main expression, and it is a style that objectively explains things. Explaining the nature, state and function of things and giving people knowledge, knowledge and science are the main characteristics of explanatory writing.

2. Classification of explanatory texts:

From the content of explanation, it can be divided into material explanation and material explanation. The explanation of things aims to introduce the physical characteristics of things, such as "Chinese stone arch bridge"; Explanatory articles aim to explain the truth or inherent laws of things themselves, such as the overall planning method. From the language expression, it can be divided into plain expository and literary expository.

3. Explain that things should grasp the characteristics of things.

Feature is a sign that one thing is different from others. Both the Palace Museum and the magnificent Great Hall of the People introduce architecture, but their characteristics are different. The Forbidden City is the activity center of ancient emperors, and its design embodies the characteristics of feudal emperors' "egoism" everywhere, while the Great Hall of the People is the place where Chinese working people conduct business and state affairs, and its majesty is the characteristic of the Great Hall of the People. Pay attention to the characteristics of the object when reading the explanatory text.

4, explain the order:

To arrange the writing order, the following instructions are usually used:

① Time sequence: time sequence.

② spatial order: From the outside to the inside, from top to bottom, from left to right, from four weeks to the center.

③ Logical order:

Explanatory articles often explain things in logical order when introducing their characteristics, types, causes and functions. Logical order includes from phenomenon to essence; From cause to effect; From the whole to the part; From generalization to concreteness; From features to uses and so on. For example, the article "Marching into the Desert" talks about the way that the desert attacks human beings. The way that human beings March into the desert, from the phenomenon to the essence, uses a logical order. Suzhou gardens adopt the order of explanation from the whole to the part.

5. Interpretation method

Commonly used explanation methods include: definition, classification, examples, comparison, enumeration of figures, metaphor, drawing charts, explanation and so on. What interpretation method is adopted is determined by the purpose and content of interpretation.

[Example]: Use concrete, vivid and easy-to-understand typical examples to illustrate complex and abstract things or concepts. For example, explain the "death" of the Dead Sea, cite the example that there are no fish, shrimp and aquatic plants in the sea, and even the seaside is deserted. Explain the immortality of the Dead Sea and give convincing examples to show that even people who can't swim always float on the water without worrying about drowning.

[Number of columns]: Some things can be easily explained by numbers, and some numbers can be used to explain. For example, in the sun: in fact, the sun is1.500 million kilometers away from us. Walking to the sun, such as walking, walking day and night, takes almost 3.5 thousand years; Even by plane, it will take more than twenty years.

[Comparison]: Compare the explained things with other things to show the characteristics of things. By comparison, we can know the particularity of things, or the similarities between things being explained and other things. For example, in The Sun: "When we look at the sun, we think it is not big. It's actually very big. Only 65,438+300,000 earths can be worth a sun. " Comparing the earth with the sun highlights the large size of the sun.

[Classification]: classify the interpreted objects into different categories according to certain standards, and then interpret them in different categories.

[Analogy]: Compare this thing with that thing, and explain the characteristics of this thing accurately, concretely and easily. For example, in "The Sun": "The sun will glow and give off heat. This is a big fireball. " For example, this vividly reflects the shape of the sun and its luminous and heating characteristics.

[Hypothesis]: For example, in The Sun, "If there were no sun, the earth would be full of darkness, cold, wind, frost, rain and dew, plants and animals, and naturally there would be no people." This emphasizes the close relationship between the sun and human beings.

[Quote]: Quote relevant famous sayings, materials, allusions, poems, sayings, proverbs and legends to explain and introduce things. For example, in The Sun, there is a legend that in ancient times, there were ten suns in the sky and nothing grew on the ground. People couldn't stand the heat, so they found a good archer to shoot off nine, leaving only one, so that the ground was not so hot.

Explain the methods of definition and interpretation, comparison and classification, and distinguish them accurately.

Definition and explanation. Definition is to make a general explanation of the essential attributes of things in concise language, so as to determine the scope and boundary of the things to be explained. Interpretation is annotation, which generally introduces things and explains the nature and characteristics of things. In terms of language requirements, the defined sentence requires a clear judgment, and the language form is generally "What is so-and-so?" Or "what's someone's name" requires accuracy, generalization and conciseness, and there are no rhetorical methods such as metaphor and personification, so there are no such restrictions when explaining, as long as the explanation is accurate and rigorous.

Comparative classification. Generally speaking, there is a comparison between the master and the slave. The master is the object to be explained, and the slave is not the object to be explained, but only plays the role of explaining the master. In order to explain people's unfamiliar master, we choose a familiar slave to compare with it, so that people can understand some characteristics of the master more clearly. This is a comparison, while other explanation methods are a big concept, including several small concepts, belonging to the same category.

6. The language features of explanatory text:

The language of explanatory writing requires accuracy and conciseness. Some expositions should pay attention to the plain language, while others should pay attention to the vividness of the language. However, whether it is plain or vivid, it requires accuracy and conciseness, and attention should be paid to the scientific nature of the explanatory text. The accuracy and conciseness of language are reflected in the following aspects:

(1) truthfully reflect objective things, express knowledge scientifically and rigorously, and be accurate in time, space, scope, degree, characteristics, nature and procedures.

② Pay attention to the use of words indicating modification and restriction. Such as "basically", "approximately", "comparison", "average", "rarely" and "most".

(3) The language should be concise, easy to understand, concise, easy to understand, and not procrastinating or vague.

Examples, numbers, comparisons, quotations, metaphors, analogies.