History, present situation and development prospect of unmanned helicopter.

CCTV International February 24, 2003 14: 3 1

Speaker profile:

Professor Liang is currently the vice president of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 1987 graduated from Nanjing university of aeronautics and astronautics, majoring in aero-engines, and has been engaged in general aerodynamics and aerospace propulsion system research for a long time. He has won the first prize of China Aerospace Science and Technology Fund for dozens of times. 199 1 was awarded the title of "Doctoral Degree Winner with Outstanding Contribution" by the State Council.

Content introduction:

Looking back on the history of aviation for a hundred years, let's take a look at the development history of military aircraft represented by fighter planes. In the past, it was the era of subsonic flight driven by piston engine, but now it is the era of supersonic flight driven by jet engine, so the future will be the era of unmanned combat aircraft. So what is a drone? UAV is a kind of power-driven, autonomous and reusable unmanned aerial vehicle. There are some similarities between UAV and cruise missile, but there are also great differences. Cruise missiles are weapons that carry warheads to attack the enemy at one time, while drones can carry different equipment, perform different tasks, and can be recycled many times. UAV has the advantages of manned fighter and missile. Like a missile, it has no danger of casualties and capture, and it can last for a long time and fly at high altitude because there is no human physiological restriction. And because of its small target, it has strong penetration ability and survival ability. At the same time, like manned aircraft, it can be used many times, with large activity space and can perform a variety of tasks. Compared with manned aircraft, the cost of drones is much lower.

Let me introduce you to the application of drones. The application of UAV can be roughly divided into four aspects; A kind of unmanned aerial vehicle, which we call soft killing, is also used in electronic countermeasures. Hard kill means no one attacks, whether it is on the ground or in the air, it is hard kill. Then the anti-radiation drone attacked the radar, which was suicide. In reconnaissance, drones are more used in current wars or battlefield reconnaissance. They can be used for optical reconnaissance and are equipped with aerial cameras, CCD cameras and infrared scanners. In addition, it has a wider range of civil uses, such as forest fire prevention, border anti-smuggling, aerial photography, ground exploration and so on. , drones can do it.

In the third aspect, the main key technology of UAV is the take-off and landing technology of UAV. As we all know, manned aircraft take off and land on wheels, and all of them take off and land. Drones are different. Because there is no one up there, there are many ways to do it. For example, there are flying cars, running and taking off, and rocket boosting. Landing technology includes collision recovery and blocking recovery.

The last aspect is to introduce the development trend of drones. In the future, the development of UAV will be in the direction of high altitude, high speed, stealth and long endurance UAV. Because Americans have now put forward the concept of unmanned combat aircraft, they have also developed X-45 and X-47 unmanned combat aircraft, and various countries are also developing unmanned combat aircraft one after another, and soon. In addition, the future war will develop into space and a high level. Therefore, hypersonic UAV technology will also have great development.

UAV (full text)

Hello, teachers and students. Today I want to introduce "unmanned aerial vehicle". 1903 12 17, the Wright brothers of the United States successfully tested "Voyager 1" for four times. In the middle of the last flight, they flew for 59 seconds and the distance was 260 meters, which marked the realization of human dream of flying to the sky.

Looking back on the history of aviation for a hundred years, let's take a look at the development history of military aircraft represented by fighter planes. It should be said that the past was the era of subsonic flight powered by piston engines. At present, it is a supersonic era powered by jet engines. Then the future will be the era of unmanned combat aircraft, or drones. So today we will introduce the development of drones here. What is a drone? You may ask this question. The so-called drone we are talking about is power-driven, can fly autonomously, can be reused, and must be unmanned. It must be an aviation aircraft or an airplane.

First of all, let's look at the difference between drones and manned aircraft. The so-called drone, as I said just now, is first of all unmanned, and the manned plane is of course manned; Then the drone can fly according to our pre-planned route, and the manned aircraft is driven by the driver; Compared with manned aircraft, the performance of unmanned aircraft is relatively simple, while manned aircraft is much more complicated because of its personnel support system and life support system. One picture you can see here is all kinds of instruments in the cockpit, but the drone doesn't have so many instruments; In addition, drones are smaller and lighter. Small UAVs only have10g, so of course there are 1 1 ton UAVs, and manned aircrafts no longer have10g or100kg.

Let's take a look at the main differences between drones and model airplanes. Everyone says that airplane models are also unmanned. It is true that no one flies, but they are completely different. First of all, the drone is self-driving and flying, and there is no one on the model airplane, but the remote controller can program the drone out of sight, and the model airplane is in sight, that is, within our visual range, controlled by our personnel. In addition, in terms of system, the UAV system is complex, while the aircraft model is relatively simple. In addition, for drones, there are high-speed, medium-speed and low-speed drones, and the speed of our eyes and the speed of reflection can't be fast, so the model can't be high-speed, only low-speed. Besides, what's the difference between drones and cruise missiles? Both drones and cruise missiles are unmanned and fly autonomously. But drones can carry different equipment and perform different tasks. Cruise missiles with warheads attack the enemy once and for all. Drones can be reused.

Next, let's take a look at the composition of the drone system. First of all, it is an airplane platform. Drone, it must have an aircraft corresponding to it. Second, it has radio remote control and telemetry devices. All of us can see two pictures from this picture. One is the main control station, and the other is the antenna, which is used for remote control and telemetry of aircraft. Then the picture on the right shows some equipment in the main control station. In this main control station, we can plan the route of the UAV, operate the UAV, remotely control and measure the whole flight attitude of the UAV, grasp the attitude and flight state of the aircraft in the air at any time, and perform corresponding tasks. There is a launch and recovery system in the middle of the composition system of UAV. Then the plane will go to heaven and come back. Because it has been used many times, it has a corresponding launch system and recovery system. In addition, if the drone wants to perform corresponding tasks, such as battlefield reconnaissance, battlefield evaluation, ground attack, etc. Then you need to bring the corresponding, usually called task equipment. So on drones, we usually use several indicators to evaluate drones. In addition to its flight parameters, one is the mission load, that is, how much mission equipment can hold and how long it can fly, which is what we usually say. Endurance.

Let's look at the classification of drones. Simply put, drones can be divided into two categories: military and civilian drones. Then military drones can be divided into unmanned reconnaissance planes, unmanned fighters, drones, micro drones, and unmanned helicopters. Next, we will learn about all kinds of planes one by one.

What you see here is the "Heron" drone developed by Israel. Its wingspan is16.6m and its length is 8.5m. The ceiling means that its flying height is 7500m to13500m, its takeoff weight is1100kg and its cruising speed is 165438+. This is the "Searcher" drone, which was also developed by Israel. Its wingspan is 7.22 meters, its captain is 5. 15 meters, its maximum takeoff weight is 372 kilograms, it can fly 14 hours, and its mission weight is 63 kilograms. This is also a strategic drone. As you can see, it is a "nano-mosquito" in the United States, with a wingspan of 12.8 meters, a captain of 5.75 meters, a ceiling of 7,600 meters, a takeoff weight of more than 600 kilograms, a maximum speed of 259 kilometers per hour and a cruising time of 40 hours in the air, so it is also used for reconnaissance and surveillance. On the basis of this aircraft, the United States developed the Predator UAV. As can be seen from the picture, this shape is very similar, and there are many similarities with nano-mosquitoes, that is, predators developed on this basis. Then you can see that the head of the predator is bigger than that of the nano-mosquito. Why? This is because there is a satellite antenna in this plane. Everyone may be concerned about this, and many students know it. This is the Global Hawk unmanned reconnaissance plane. This is about unmanned reconnaissance aircraft. I just showed you some photos. In China, there are also corresponding unmanned reconnaissance planes, especially tactical unmanned reconnaissance planes, such as Aisheng series, YUNDI and Yunyan. And there are also corresponding drones.

As for unmanned combat aircraft, the United States has X-45 and X-47. So what you see here is the X-45, with a wingspan of10.36m, a takeoff weight of 6,804kg, a maximum speed of 213km and a payload of 907kg. This is the X-47 unmanned fighter. You can see that the picture is the first flight lens of X-47. X-47 has a wingspan of 7.62 meters, a captain of 8.53 meters, a takeoff weight of 2,495 kilograms and an effective weight of 252 kilograms. As you can see, this plane is about to land. It is all-wheeled. Because this kind of wheeled take-off and landing is a popular take-off and landing technology in the middle of UAV development. UAV is a kind of UAV series. So what we are seeing now is a shooting of the unmanned aerial vehicle "Sky One" developed by China. Then this drone has a wingspan of 7.5 meters, a captain of 6.98 meters, a ceiling of 18000 kilometers, a takeoff weight of 2345 kilograms and a maximum speed of 920 kilometers per hour.

Micro UAV is a kind of micro UAV that appeared in recent years, or in the 1990s. This is the test flight of a micro drone in the United States. Then you can see that micro drones are relatively simple. It can go out as soon as it throws its handle, and then carry out its autonomous control and flight control. Attention, everyone, this is not a model airplane. As I just said, it still flies on its own.

This is an unmanned helicopter, and this is the flight footage of the "Xiangniao" unmanned helicopter. So this place, we all saw, has a captain of 7.07 meters. The so-called captain refers to the length of the rotor, the ceiling is 3000 kilometers, the cruising speed is 150 kilometers/hour, the payload is 50 kilograms, and the cruising time is four hours. This is a brief introduction about drones.

Next, I want to tell you about the development of drones. When and under what circumstances did the first drone come into being? At the beginning, 1935, Germany, under the leadership of Hitler, ordered his air force to carry out rocket research in order to launch World War II. One aspect is to study rockets that look like airplanes. The second is the rocket research with parabolic trajectory, and the Penemende test site was built on Utzelton Island in the Baltic Sea for test flight. Then in June of 1942, the project was put forward again, and the first flight of 1942 was realized on February 24th. What you see in this place is an unmanned bomber named V- 1, which was developed by wernher von braun Company. So who's wernher von braun? After World War II, he went to the United States and later presided over the American Apollo space program. Then, after further development, the V-2 UAV was formed. It should be said that the appearance of V-2 UAV is a milestone of UAV technology. At the same time, the development of drones gave birth to missiles, because the first unmanned bomber, during World War II, the Germans launched 5,000 V- 1 drones to London, England. As we all know, the original UAV technology level can't be compared with the current UAV technology level, so it can't be compared with it in terms of strike accuracy or anything. What would it be like if 5000 bombers were put into operation now? I think London may not be like this now.

With the first drone, let's take a look at the development of drones, which is divided into three stages: the first stage is the development period of drones in the 1950 s and 1960 s, so we call it the drone era for short. Then in the 1950s and 1960s, the world was in a state of cold war, and some superpowers were stepping up their arms race and developed a number of high-performance aircraft and missiles. How to test and identify the performance of these aircraft and missiles is also something we must test by shooting when designing and finalizing aviation equipment. What's there to argue about? Therefore, in order to meet the needs of aviation equipment and weapon equipment identification, the development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was put forward, and UAV was born and developed at this time.

The first type of UAV is the American "Huo Feng 1" UAV, which is a turbojet propulsion, high subsonic speed and all-metal fuselage structure. The captain is about seven meters, the wingspan is 3.93 meters, the take-off weight is 1 134 kg, and the maximum horizontal flight speed is112km/h. Here is the first unmanned aerial vehicle in China. This is a long-range UAV developed by our school. This drone is 8.4 meters long, with a take-off weight of 2,060 kilograms, a maximum horizontal flight speed of 920 km/h, and a relative ground height ranging from 50 meters to18,000 meters.

The second stage is the birth of unmanned reconnaissance aircraft. During the Vietnam War, manned military reconnaissance planes were widely used, especially American U-2 reconnaissance planes, SR-7 1 and other manned reconnaissance planes. However, during this period, the U-2 reconnaissance plane was shot down over Vietnam, the former Soviet Union and China. It should be said that the losses are very heavy, and Americans are also very passive in diplomacy. So the Americans proposed to develop unmanned reconnaissance aircraft. Then in this case, we can reduce casualties. So the Americans first converted the Firebee drone into an unmanned reconnaissance plane and called it Ryan 147. So this is Ryan 147 unmanned reconnaissance plane. Its length is 8.8m, its wingspan is 3.93m, its takeoff weight is 1430kg, its maximum horizontal flight speed is 6 12m/s, and its altitude reaches 18000m. So what was China's first unmanned reconnaissance plane like? You can see that this is Changhong UAV. Its captain is 8.97 meters, its wingspan is 9.76 meters, and its takeoff weight is 1085 kg. This unmanned reconnaissance plane is hung under this wing through the mother machine and launched in the air, so it should be said that there are not too many drones launched.

The third stage is the rapid development stage of UAV. That is, after 90, what are the characteristics of this period? The first is that drones are widely used in the middle of modern wars. It can be said that the UAV has changed from assisting and supporting such battles to the main battle, that is to say, it is mainly combat weapons and equipment, which is a great change and a leap change. The second kind of small drones appeared, especially in the Middle East war. It should be said that it has a good demonstration role. In the middle of the battle of Bekaa Valley, Israel used small unmanned aircraft to induce air defense and dike radar to start, which is a typical war example. The development of the third type of UAV is serialized, and there are three development hotspots. One is long-endurance UAV, unmanned combat aircraft and micro UAV. At this time, the American "Global Hawk" was also developed. Another feature is that countries have set up special units for drones. Then it was not used by special forces before, but by the air force or which unit, so later a special drone force was formed. This is about the three development stages of drones.

Let me introduce the background and reasons for promoting the rapid development of drones. The first reason I want to introduce to you is political. In the middle of the Vietnam War, as we all know, the United States lost miserably in the middle of the Vietnam War. So let's not talk about the ground forces. Let's talk about what the air force was like during the Vietnam War. More than 2,600 planes were shot down, and more than 5,000 pilots were captured or died in the war. It should be said that this loss is very large, and it can be said that the loss is heavy. People are war-weary and anti-war. So it caused a political crisis, which is a problem that it must solve politically. How to reduce casualties must be unmanned, which puts forward the idea of developing drones. The second economic consideration. What I show you is the cost of a manned plane, not the unit price of various manned planes. As you can see, this is a double growth. F22 has reached the price of 1 100 million dollars, and the single machine price. Then the bomber, the price is even more amazing. Like the B2 stealth bomber, its cost is 450 million dollars. Then we made a simple comparison. The construction of the second Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge cost 3.35 billion yuan. These two prices, namely the price of B2 stealth bomber, are almost the same as the cost of building the Yangtze River Bridge.

In addition, the use cost of drones is relatively low, because drones are relatively small in size and light in weight, so the construction cost is very low, some are reduced by one third, and some can be said to be an order of magnitude. In addition, drones, especially unmanned combat aircraft, can be stored in warehouses for a long time, ten years or even longer. In this case, the use and maintenance costs are greatly reduced. According to military estimates, it can be reduced by 80%. In addition, in flying, you may have said that you don't need it. How can you train? The training of drones is different from that of manned aircraft. For a manned plane, the pilot must fly in the air. It costs 40,000 dollars for a flight and 40,000 dollars for an hour, including personnel maintenance and so on. The UAV can be trained in the virtual cabin. Because I'm not on the plane, I'm manipulating the keyboard. In that case, I can use the virtual training system, which greatly reduces the cost. At the same time, drones, one person can control several or even dozens of drones at the same time, and the driver can't fly two planes in the air alone. Therefore, the cost of training pilots can also be greatly reduced, so the use cost of drones is very low.

In addition, the development of drones, I personally think that the demand of war is a driving force for the rapid development of drones. During the cold war, drones were formed. During the Vietnam War, the unmanned reconnaissance plane was born again. Small UAVs appeared in the Middle East War and were widely used in the Gulf War. In the middle of the Kosovo war, long-endurance drones appeared. In the middle of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, this power was even stronger. In the middle of the war in Afghanistan, Predator launched missiles for the first time, and it was also the first time that drones launched missiles to attack the ground. So in the future, you can see that high-altitude, high-speed, stealth and long-endurance drones are a big demand. In addition, the demand for unmanned combat aircraft, hypersonic drones and micro drones is also great. Therefore, the demand for war is a driving force for the development of drones. In addition, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the characteristics of long endurance, especially small UAVs, which are fast in maneuvering and good in concealment. You can look at this picture. We can see that soldiers can use drones to see the situation on enemy positions at the forefront of the battlefield, and even see which soldier of the other side is using what equipment and which direction to fire. It will be clear and real-time. So what we can see in this picture is the schematic diagram of the application of micro UAV in the middle of street fighting. Then soldiers can throw drones out of this place. When it went to another street to see what the enemy infantry looked like, it should be said that the very mobile performance of the drone made it develop rapidly.

The fourth one introduces you to the application of drones. I have a table here, as you can see, the application of drones can be roughly divided into four aspects; A kind of unmanned aerial vehicle, which we call soft killing, is also used in electronic countermeasures. Then in the middle of soft killing, we see that radar signal jamming can be carried out. For example, after my aluminum foil arrived, it scattered in the air, so the other party's radar would see that there might be no bright spot on the screen at that time, just a messy signal that interfered with the enemy's radar. Then you can also bring some jammers. I'm not letting anything go. The electromagnetic signal I emitted has the same frequency and frequency band as your radar, so you can't receive it and find our plane. In this case, you can attack under cover. In addition, there are photoelectric interference, such as flash, laser and so on, which is soft killing. what is the purpose? To buy yourself more time. It can be said that even a few seconds in the middle of the battle is very critical.

Then hard kill will have unmanned combat aircraft. As we all know, it is difficult to kill anyone on the ground or in the air. Then the anti-radiation drone attacked the radar, which was suicide. In terms of reconnaissance, it should be said that drones are more used in war or battlefield. They can use aerial cameras, CCD cameras and infrared scanners for optical reconnaissance. The so-called infrared ray scanner can detect through its infrared characteristics, whether it is day or night, whether you are hidden or not, and know the enemy's situation, especially using more battlefield evaluation. What is battlefield assessment? Did we stop the missile when it hit the target we wanted to hit? What was the damage after the collision? At this time, we will send drones for reconnaissance to find out what the situation is after the collision, and then decide whether to strike again. It's called battlefield assessment. Therefore, the application of drones, I am only citing military purposes here. That's even wider in civil use. UAV can be used for forest fire prevention, border smuggling, aerial photography, ground exploration and so on. Just now, the application of UAV has been briefly introduced.

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