Who has information on fire safety?

(A) the basic knowledge of combustion

Combustion, commonly known as "fire" and "fire", is a chemical reaction that emits light and heat, which requires the following three conditions:

1. flammable. Any substance that can chemically react with oxygen or other oxidants in the air is called combustible substance. Combustible substances are divided into gas, liquid and solid according to their physical state. (1) There are many kinds of combustible gases, such as gas and methane. (2) Combustible liquids are widely used, such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene and alcohol. (3) There are many kinds of combustible solids, such as wood and paper.

2. There must be combustion-supporting materials. Combustion-supporting substances are mainly oxygen or air, because air contains 2 1% oxygen, and other combustion-supporting substances include various oxidants, such as peroxide, nitric acid and its salts.

3. There is a fire source. The ignition source is mainly heat energy, and the common ones are: (1) open flame. Such as lighter fire, candle fire, match fire, etc. (2) high temperature objects. Such as incandescent light bulbs and automobile exhaust. (3) electrothermal energy. Such as resistance heating, current heating, electric spark, etc.

In some cases, although the three necessary conditions for combustion are met, combustion cannot occur due to insufficient combustible substances, insufficient oxygen or insufficient heat of the fire source. Therefore, combustion should meet the following sufficient conditions: (1) a certain concentration. Combustible mainly refers to flammable gas and flammable liquid vapor. (2) A certain oxygen content. (3) A certain ignition energy.

(B) several basic methods of fire fighting

1. cooling method: it is to reduce the temperature of burning substances to put out the fire. For example, water can be directly sprayed on the combustion products to absorb energy and reduce the temperature below the ignition point, thus extinguishing the flame. Water-repellent items, such as oil, cannot be put out with water.

2. Asphyxiation method: it is to prevent air from flowing into the combustion zone, cut off the combustion-supporting effect of oxygen on combustion products, and finally suffocate the flame. Foam extinguisher and carbon dioxide fire extinguisher are used to extinguish the fire, both of which have suffocation effect.

3. Isolation method: that is, cutting off combustible combustibles. (1) Move flammable materials near the burning point away from the fire source to prevent the fire from spreading. (2) Cut off the combustible liquid flowing to the ignition point. Such as close a valve of a gas pipeline.

4. Suppression method: Spray the fire extinguishing agent with inhibition on the burning object to stop the burning. Such as dry powder, 12 1 1 fire extinguisher, etc.

Second, what should I do if there is a fire?

(a) timely and accurate alarm

When a fire breaks out, it should be reported to the fire brigade as well as to the unit leaders and relevant departments according to the fire situation.

1. Give an alarm to people around you: Try to let people around you know where the fire is and what it is, whether to inform people to put out the fire or to tell people to evacuate urgently. Point out the location of the fire point to the firemen; Indicate the evacuation route and direction to those who need to be evacuated.

2. Alarm to the fire brigade: directly call the fire alarm number 1 19. After dialing the phone, you should be calm and explain clearly: where and near the fire unit, what is the fire, the size of the fire, whether there are people trapped, and whether there are explosive dangerous goods and radioactive substances. It is also necessary to clarify the name, unit and contact number of the alarm person, pay attention to the inquiry of the fire brigade, and give an accurate and concise answer. Immediately after the alarm, send someone to meet the fire truck at the door or intersection of the unit and lead the fire brigade to the fire scene quickly. If the fire has been put out before the fire brigade arrives, it should be explained to the fire brigade in time.

(b) Appears at the beginning of the fire.

The development of fire is divided into five stages: initiation, development, violence, decline and extinction. At the beginning of the fire, the burning area is not large, the flame is not high, the radiation heat is not strong, and the fire develops slowly. If found timely and properly, the fire can be put out quickly with less manpower and simple fire extinguishing equipment. This stage is the best time to put out the fire. While calling the police, we should race against time, seize the time, and strive to eliminate the fire in the early stage.

(3) Self-help in fire

Most of the casualties in the fire occurred upstairs, or because of difficulty in escape, or suffocation due to smoke, or forced to jump off a building, or burned by fire. So how to save yourself in case of fire?

1. If the stairs are on fire, but the fire is not fierce, you can wrap yourself in a warm quilt and blanket and rush through the fire.

2. If the fire is very strong, look for other ways to escape, such as using the balcony to slide down to the next floor, to the adjacent room, to escape from the roof or to fall to the ground along the water pipe.

3. If there is no way to escape, and all rooms are still some distance away from the fire point, you can retreat indoors, close all doors and windows leading to the fire area, spray water on doors and windows when possible, or block the door with rags to delay the spread of the fire and wait for rescue.

4. Try to send a distress signal by flashing a flashlight or throwing a small soft object to avoid being heard by rescuers when shouting.

If the fire is approaching and there is no other way to escape, don't jump off the building in a hurry. You can tie a rope on the window, or temporarily tear the sheets together and slide down the rope.

(4) Evacuation in case of fire

Evacuation is to evacuate people and materials threatened by fire to a safe place, which is an important measure to reduce casualties and material losses. Pay attention to the following points when evacuating:

1. Evacuees should give priority to the elderly, children and the sick and disabled who are inconvenient to walk.

2. The evacuation of materials should give priority to those important and valuable raw materials, products, equipment, files and materials.

3. Articles and equipment with explosion danger should also be evacuated or safety measures should be taken first.

4. Combustible substances accumulated between the burning area and other buildings must also be evacuated first, because they may become the medium of fire spread.

Third, the use of fire extinguishers.

(1) dry powder fire extinguisher

Dry powder fire extinguishers are portable and pressure stored.

Its properties can be divided into ordinary (BC) and ordinary (ABC) dry powder. The dry powder in the dry powder fire extinguisher barrel is sprayed from the nozzle under pressure when in use.

Dry powder fire extinguishers are suitable for extinguishing liquid fires and live equipment fires, especially gas fires. This is unmatched by other fire extinguishers. It can also put out the instrument fire, but it is not suitable for the powder left after the precision instrument fire is put out.

Usage and precautions:

1. When the portable dry powder fire extinguisher is used, one is to pull up the pull ring and the other is to press the handle, and then spray dry powder. However, it should be noted that the safety pin must be pulled out first, otherwise no dry powder will be sprayed out.

2. The spraying time of portable dry powder fire extinguisher is very short, so before use, aim the powder spraying hose at the flame first, and then open the valve. The spraying distance of portable dry powder fire extinguisher is also very short, so the operator should be as close to the fire source as possible when using it. And according to the combustion range, choose the appropriate specifications of fire extinguishers. If the combustion range is large and the specifications of the fire extinguisher are small, all previous efforts will be in vain.

3. Portable dry powder fire extinguisher does not need to be used upside down, but if the cylinder is tossed up and down several times before use to make the dry powder loose, the spraying effect will be better.

4. Dry powder injection has no concentrated jet, which is easy to disperse after injection, so the operator should stand in the windward direction of the fire source when spraying.

5. Dry powder fire extinguishers should not be fired at the flame from above, but should be fired at the root of the flame, from near to far, pushing forward and sweeping left and right, so as not to let the flame flee back.

6. When fighting a liquid fire, the dry powder fire extinguisher has a strong impact, and it is not allowed to directly hit the liquid surface to prevent the burning liquid from overflowing and expanding the fire.

7. Dry powder fire extinguishers are generally valid for 3-5 years, but they should be checked once a year.

8. Dry powder fire extinguishers should be placed in a convenient, ventilated, cool and dry place to prevent cylinders from getting wet and dry powder from caking. Dry powder fire extinguishers should not be exposed to high temperature, sunlight or below-10 degrees Celsius.

9. Once the valve of dry powder fire extinguisher is opened for use, whether it is used up or not, it should be refilled for powder change.

(2) 12 1 1 fire extinguisher

12 1 1 fire extinguishers are portable and cart-type.

12 1 1 Fire extinguishing agent is liquid when put into the fire extinguisher cylinder, and it will turn into gas when sprayed at high temperature. It is non-conductive, non-corrosive and leaves no trace after fire extinguishing. It has a wide range of applications, but it is more expensive.

12 1 1 The fire extinguisher can extinguish liquid and gas fires and live equipment fires, and is especially suitable for extinguishing fires of precision instruments, archives and cultural relics.

Usage and precautions:

1. When using the portable 12 1 1 fire extinguisher, unplug the safety pin first, and then open the valve with the knob tightly, and the fire extinguishing agent will be sprayed immediately. Release the handle, the valve will automatically close and the fire extinguishing agent will stop spraying. So this kind of fire extinguisher can be used intermittently for sporadic small fires.

2. 12 1 1 The fire extinguishing method of the fire extinguisher is the same as that of the dry powder fire extinguisher, aiming horizontally at the flame root. The fire extinguisher of 12 1 1 has short spraying time and short spraying distance, so the dry fire extinguisher should be used, and the operator should be fully prepared before opening the valve. At the same time, it is necessary to choose a suitable fire extinguisher according to the combustion range. If the combustion range is large and the specifications of the fire extinguisher are small, then the previous efforts will be in vain.

3. Use 12 1 1 fire extinguisher to put out the liquid fire. Can't spray directly on the liquid surface. People should stand on the flame and spray in the wind. Immediately after putting out the fire, release the handle and stop spraying. The remaining 12 1 1 extinguishing agent can be used to put out other fires.

4. 12 1 1 fire extinguishing agent is slightly toxic. After being used in a poorly ventilated place, people should evacuate to prevent poisoning.

5. 12 1 1 The fire extinguisher can be stored for a long time without failure. But fire extinguishing agent and nitrogen will leak. So, check it every six months. Always check whether the nozzle of 12 1 1 fire extinguisher is blocked, and remove the sundries in the nozzle in time.

6. 12 1 1 The fire extinguisher should be placed in a convenient, ventilated and dry place to prevent moisture and corrosion; Don't put it in the open air, close to high temperature or below-10 degrees Celsius. Portable 12 1 1 fire extinguishers should be placed upright and not upside down.

7. 12 1 1 once the fire extinguisher is put into use, whether it is sprayed with chemicals or not, it should be refilled and replaced with powder.

Attention should be paid to home life:

1. What tests should I do before going to bed and going out?

Check whether the electricity and gas are turned off and whether the fireworks are extinguished.

Second, how to do the escape plan at home?

1, be familiar with the escape route of the floor where you live and be ready for rapid evacuation at any time.

2. On weekdays, simulate with your family in advance how to escape in case of fire and reach the agreed meeting place.

3, should be familiar with the fire fighting equipment in the floor and its use.

Third, what fire safety should the kitchen pay attention to?

1, wear short sleeves or appropriate long sleeves when cooking to avoid burning clothes by fireworks.

When cooking, don't leave at will, and turn off the fireworks before you leave.

Don't let the children play in the kitchen.

Fourth, what kind of public places should you try not to consume?

1. A place with only one entrance and exit.

2. It is located underground.

3. Places decorated with flammable materials.

4, fire safety equipment unqualified places.

5, fire damaged places.

The following are the important reasons that affect your escape. Don't go to this public place to spend?

1. The security door is locked.

2. The security door that should normally be closed is always open.

The safety door leading to the roof platform is locked.

4, safety ladder, channel (such as walking lang), stairs, etc.

6. For your own safety, what should you know first when you enter a strange place?

1, escape direction.

2, the location of the security door, ladder, and whether it is closed, whether it is locked.

3. Check the location of fire fighting and refuge equipment such as fire hydrants, descenders and life-saving kits.

Seven, how to report the case after the disaster?

1. Stay calm and call 1 19.

2. State the detailed disaster location or nearby targets.

3. Briefly describe the disaster situation.

Leave your phone number and address for further contact.

8. What should I pay attention to in case of fire?

1, avoid panic, judge the fire source and escape in the opposite direction to the fire source.

Never use lifting equipment (elevator) to escape.

Never go back to the house to get valuables.

4. When there is a fire at night, you should wake up the sleeping people first, don't just think about your own escape, but shout as loudly as possible to remind others to escape.

Nine, how to deal with the fire in the oil pan when cooking?

1. Don't put out the fire with water.

2. Fire extinguishers can be used to put out fires.

3, you can cover the lid and then cover it with a wet towel to block the air to extinguish the fire.

4. Turn off the air switch quickly.

X. how to use the fire hydrant?

1. Open the fire hydrant box.

2. Extend the hose.

3. Open the water stop valve.

XI。 How to use dry powder fire extinguisher?

1. Pull the safety pin.

2. The hose faces the fire source.

3. Press the handle hard, choose the upwind position near the ignition point, and spray the dry powder into the flame base.

4. After quenching, cool with water to eliminate smoke.

12. What are the main points of using the descent control machine?

1. Take the descent control device out of the box.

2. Open the hook joint.

3, hanging on the fixed frame.

4. Put the safety rope under your armpit and fasten the harness on your chest.

5. Tighten the two ropes under the mediator.

6. Climb out of the window and face the wall.

7. Let go of your hands, open your arms, and be careful not to hit the wall when you fall.

8. Remove the safety rope immediately after descending.

9. Pull the rope to the top so that the next person can use it.

Thirteen, how to avoid the danger of fire and smoke in escape?

1. Cover your nose and mouth with a wet towel to breathe, and lower your posture to reduce smoke inhalation.

2. Cover your head with a transparent plastic bag filled with air where there is no smoke to avoid inhaling toxic smoke or gas.

3. If you pass through the flame area on the way to escape, you should first wet your clothes or wrap your body with wet quilts and blankets, and pass quickly to avoid fire.

4. In the smoky atmosphere, there is still surplus air available 30 cm from the ground, so you can escape with a low posture. When crawling, keep your palms, elbows and knees close to the ground and escape along the wall to avoid missing the direction.

5. In the process of fire escape, close all the doors behind you, which can slow down the spread of fire and smoke.

Fourteen, how to prevent smoke from coming in through the door after the fire?

Block the door with adhesive tape or wet towels, sheets, clothes, etc.

15. What should I do if my clothes catch fire?

It is best to take off or lie down on the spot, cover your face with your hands and roll over to put out the fire, or jump into the nearest pool to put out the fire.

Sixteen, if a fire is trapped indoors, how to put it out?

1, go to a place that is easy to be rescued (such as a window near the main road or a room near the door). ).

2. Try to inform people outside (tell 1 19 by phone or mobile phone where you are trapped, or call directly from the window with clothes and lights).

3. Prevent smoke from flowing in.