English grammatical clauses

Words that represent names of people, things, places, phenomena or abstract concepts are called nouns. Nouns can be divided into proper nouns and common nouns.

Nouns can do anything except predicates in a sentence, that is, subject, slogan, object (verb object and preposition object), adverbial, object complement, attribute and so on.

Such as tables, stools, chairs, sofas and tables.

2. Articles

The article is a function word, which has no meaning in itself and cannot be used alone. Used before nouns to help express the meaning of nouns. There are only three articles, namely the definite article (the) and the indefinite article (a, an).

I can't give an example because it doesn't make sense.

3. Digital

Words that represent numbers are called numerals. Numbers can be divided into cardinal number and ordinal number.

Numerals can be used as subject, object, attribute, predicative and appositive in sentences (appositive is limited to radix).

Example 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3.

4. Pronouns

Pronouns are parts of speech that replace nouns. Most pronouns have the functions of nouns and adjectives. Pronouns in English can be divided into personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, self pronouns, reciprocal pronoun, interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns and indefinite pronouns according to their meanings, characteristics and functions in sentences.

Like me, you, him, myself.

5. adjectives

Adjectives modify nouns to explain the nature or characteristics of things/people. Generally speaking, adjectives can be divided into qualitative adjectives and descriptive adjectives, and their positions are not necessarily in nouns.

Adjectives can be used as predicative, attributive, object complement and adverbial in sentences. It should be noted that when they are used as attributives to modify nouns, they should be placed in front of nouns. But if an adjective ends in -thing (such as something), it should be placed after these words.

For example, small, big (suffix must be "de" in translation)

6. Adverbs

Adverbs, like describing this, have the function of modification. Adjectives modify nouns and adverbs modify verbs. In addition, adverbs can also modify adjectives and other adverbs. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs or the whole sentence in a sentence. Used to indicate time, place, state, degree, etc.

Adverbs can be used as attributive, adverbial, predicative and object complement in sentences.

For example, be careful, be careful (the end of a word in translation must be "ground")

7. Preposition

Prepositions are function words and cannot be used as sentence components alone. Only when it forms a prepositional phrase with nouns or pronouns or other parts of speech, phrases or clauses equivalent to nouns can it be used as a sentence component.

For example, in, in.

8. Modal verbs

Modal verbs indicate the speaker's attitude towards an action, which he thinks is "possible" and "necessary". Modal verbs are meaningful, but the meaning is incomplete, so the climate must follow the infinitive of "not to" (the prototype of the verb) (except should to). In addition, modal verbs have no changes in number and person.

For example, can, may.

1, subject

The subject indicates the person or thing that the sentence mainly explains, and is generally acted by nouns, pronouns, numerals, infinitives, etc.

Helikeswatch's TV He likes watching TV.

2. Predication

Predicates describe the action, state or characteristics of the subject.

Generally can be divided into two categories:

1), simple predicate

Consists of verbs (or phrasal verbs).

There can be different tenses, voices and moods.

We study for others. We study for the people.

2) Compound predicate: modal verb+infinitive

I can speak English. I can speak a little English.

3. Predicate language

Predicate is a part of predicate, which is located after be and other verbs, indicating the identity, characteristics, attributes or state of the subject. Generally, it is nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, prepositional phrases, etc.

Mysterious mystery. My sister is a nurse.

4. Objectives

The object indicates the object of action, followed by a transitive verb, which can be used as objects such as nouns, pronouns, numerals and infinitives.

welikeenglish。 We like English.

Some transitive verbs can take two objects, often one refers to the person and the other refers to the object. People refer to indirect objects, while things refer to direct objects.

He said. He gave me some ink.

Some transitive verbs need a complement after the object to complete the meaning, and the object and its complement form a compound object. For example:

We made him our master. We elected him monitor.

5. Attribute

The elements that modify nouns or pronouns in a sentence are called attributes.

Adjectives, pronouns, numerals, nouns, adverbs, infinitives and prepositional phrases are mainly used as attributes. Adjectives, pronouns, numerals, nouns, etc. When used as an attribute, it is usually placed in front of the modified word.

Saddam New Studente. He is a freshman.

However, when adverbs, infinitives and prepositional phrases are used as attributes, they are placed after the modified words.

Thebikeintheroomismine。

6. Adverbial

Verbs, adjectives, adverbs and sentence elements that modify the whole sentence are called adverbials. Adverbs, prepositional phrases, infinitives and clauses are usually used as adverbials. Adverbials are usually placed after modifiers or at the end of sentences. Adverbs as adverbials can be placed before modifiers or at the beginning of sentences.

Hollis Hinton.

sentence constituent

There are six common sentence elements in modern Chinese, namely subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial and object.

English has six basic components: subject, predicate and predicate.

(predicative), object (object), attribute and adverbial.

Some English sentence elements have morphological markers. If the first personal pronoun is the subject, use the nominative "I".

Use the objective case "I" as the object and the possessive case "my" as the attribute. These morphological changes are very important for the analysis and identification of components.

Very helpful.

On the surface, Chinese and English are similar in sentence composition, but in fact there are many differences. For example:

Xiao Li went to bed as soon as he got home.

Xiao Li went to bed as soon as he got home.

I'll go after dinner.

I'll go after dinner.

In English, the same subject cannot be omitted when it appears for the second time, and the object stated by each predicate must be expressed. In Chinese, the same subject can be omitted when it appears in a sentence for the second time.

A little. For example, in (1), Chinese says "Xiao Li goes to bed immediately after he gets home", omitting the second clause.

Subjects can avoid misunderstanding. If you fill in the theme that appears for the second time, say "Xiao Li returns"

When he got home, he went to bed at once. The listener may mistake "he" for another person.

The basic structure of English sentences can be summarized as five basic sentence patterns and their expansion, combination, omission or inversion. Mastering these five basic sentence patterns is the basis of mastering various English sentence structures.

The five basic English sentence patterns are as follows:

Basic sentence pattern 1: SV (subject+predicate)

Basic sentence pattern 2: SVP (subject+predicate+table)

Basic sentence pattern 3: SVO (subject+predicate+object)

Basic sentence pattern 4: SVoO (subject+predicate+indirect object+direct object)

Basic sentence pattern 5: SVOC (subject+predicate+object+object complement)

Basic sentence pattern 1

The sentences of this sentence pattern have a common feature, that is, the predicate verb of the sentence can express the complete meaning.

This kind of verb is called intransitive verb, which can be followed by adverbs, prepositional phrases, adverbial clauses and so on.

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┃ ┃┃ s │ v (intransitive verb) ┃

┠———————————————┼———————————————┨

1.The sun is shining. ┃

2. The moon has risen. ┃

┃3. The universe still exists. ┃

We all breathe, eat and drink. ┃

5. Who cares? ┃

It doesn't matter what he said. ┃

They talked for half an hour. ┃

┃8.pen│writessmoothly┃

1. The sun shines brightly. The moon has risen.

3. The universe will last forever. We all breathe, eat and drink.

5. Who cares? What he said has nothing to do with it.

7. They talked for half an hour. 8. This pen writes smoothly.

Basic sentence pattern 2

The sentences of this sentence pattern have a common feature: the predicate verbs of the sentences cannot express the complete meaning.

It is believed that a predicative indicating the subject's identity or state must be added to form a compound predicate and express a complete *.

Meaning. This verb is called a conjunction verb. Connective verbs are divided into two categories: be, look, keep, seem, etc.

A class that represents a situation; Get, grow, become, turn, etc. belong to another category, indicating change. Not by itself *

What's the point? It only serves as a link between the subject and the predicative. Other verbs still retain some meanings.

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┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃

┠———————┼———————┼———————————————┨

1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary. ┃

2. Dinner smells delicious. ┃

He fell in love. ┃

Everything looks different. ┃

He is tall and strong. ┃

The problem is that they are short of money. ┃

7. Our well has dried up. ┃

8. His face turned red. ┃

┗━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. Lunch smells good.

He's in love. Everything seems different.

He is tall and strong. The problem is that they are short of money.

7. Our well has dried up. 8. His face turned red.

Basic sentence pattern 3

The * * * feature of this sentence pattern is that the predicate verbs all have substantive meanings and are actions produced by the subject.

But it cannot express the complete meaning, and it must follow an object, that is, the receiver of the action, in order to make the meaning complete.

The whole. These verbs are called transitive verbs.

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┃ de ┃ s ┃S│V (transitive verb) ┃ o ┃

┠———————┼———————┼———————————————┨

┃ 1. Who knows the answer? ┃

She smiled her thanks. ┃

He refused to help them. ┃

He likes reading. ┃

They ate the leftovers. ┃

He said "good morning".

7. I want to have a cup of tea. ┃

He admitted that he was wrong. ┃

┗━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1. Who knows the answer? She smiled her thanks.

He refused to help them. He likes reading books.

5. They eat leftovers. 6. He said, "Good morning!"

7. I want to have a cup of tea. He admitted that he had made a mistake.

Basic sentence pattern 4

The sentences of this sentence pattern have the same feature: the predicate verb must have two objects to express itself completely.

The meaning of. One of these two objects is the direct receiver of the action and the other is the indirect receiver of the action.

Usually, this indirect recipient is connected by prepositions, when the indirect recipient of the action is among the direct recipients of the action.

This preposition is often omitted when the receiver comes before it.

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┃ S ┃ S ┃S│V (transitive) ┃ O (polyreferent) ┃ O (polyreferent) ┃

┠————┼—————┼———————┼————————————┨

1. She ordered a new suit for herself. ┃

She cooked a delicious meal for her husband. ┃

He brought you a dictionary. ┃

He denies her nothing. ┃

I showed him my photo. ┃

I washed my car. ┃

I told him that the bus was late. ┃

He taught me how to operate this machine. ┃

┗━━━━┷━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

1. She made herself a new suit. She cooked a delicious meal for her husband.

He brought you a dictionary. He refused her nothing.

I showed him my photo. 6. I washed my car.

I told him that the bus was late. He taught me to operate the machine.

Basic sentence pattern 5

The same feature of this sentence pattern is that although the verb is a transitive verb, it returns with only one object.

If you can't express the complete meaning, you must add a supplementary component to supplement the object to make the meaning complete.

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┃ S ┃ V (transitive) ┃ O (object) ┃ C (object complement) ┃

┠————┼—————┼———————┼————————————┨

1.They appointed him manager. ┃

They painted the door green. ┃

This caused them to think. ┃

They found the house empty. ┃

5. What makes him think so? ┃

6. We sent him out. ┃

7. He asked me to come back early. ┃

I saw them get on the bus. ┃

┗━━━━┷━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

1. They appointed him as the manager. They painted the door green.

This made them think it over. They found the house unoccupied.

5. What makes him think so? 6. Let's send him out.

7. He told me to come back early. I saw them get on the bus.

But the commonly used English sentences, except the basic ones, are not all as short as the basic ones.

Components are immutable, and some modifiers are usually added before or after these components.

Expand it. These modifiers can be words (mainly adjectives, adverbs and numerals) or

Various types of phrases (mainly prepositional phrases, infinitive phrases and participle phrases). Let's use basic sentences.

For example, type five:

We found the hall full.

We found the auditorium full.

We found the hall full of students and teachers.

We found the auditorium full of students and teachers.

We found the hall full of students and teachers, who were listening-

Listen to an important report.

We found the auditorium full of students and teachers, listening to an important report.

We found the hall full of students and teachers, who were listening-

A comrade of People's Daily made an important report.

Eastern European current affairs daily.

We found the auditorium full of students and teachers, listening to a comrade of People's Daily.

An important report on the situation in eastern Europe.

Different verbs use different sentence patterns, so when learning verbs, we should master the types of verbs.

Type. Take get as an example:

He was angry. (South Africa)

He went through the window. (S V M)

You will get a surprise. (narrator)

He got his shoes and socks wet. (S V O C)

He got himself into trouble. (S V O M)

He bought her a beautiful present. (S V o O)

Part of speech and the position of words in sentences also affect sentence patterns and meanings:

I found this book easily. I found this book easily. (S V O M)

I find this book easy. I think this book is easy. (S V O C)

I have to do something. I have to do something.

I have something to do. I have something to do.

The predicative clause means "a predicative sentence is a sentence". Similarly, the object clause and the attributive clause are understood in this way.

The predicative clause is placed after the connecting verb and acts as the predicative/

The following are the materials I found for your reference.

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basic concept

1. Definition: A clause used as a predicative is called a predicative clause.

2. Composition: related words+simple sentences

3. Types of related words that guide predicative clauses:

(1) subordinate conjunction that. For example:

The trouble is that I have lost his address. The trouble is that I have lost his address.

(2) Subordinate conjunctions such as, for example, as if. For example:

He looks the same as he did ten years ago. He still looks the same as ten years ago.

The question is where they can help us. The question is whether they can help us.

Note: the subordinate conjunction if is generally not used to guide predicative clauses, but if can guide predicative clauses, such as:

All this happened more than twenty years ago, but what about it? It seems as if it happened yesterday.

That was more than 20 years ago, but it seems like yesterday.

The predicate verbs that can follow predicative clauses are generally the copula verbs be, seem, look, etc. For example:

It looks as if it will rain. It looks like rain.

(3) connecting pronouns who, who, who, what, which, who, what, which.

Connect adverbs where, when, how and why.

The question is who can we find to replace her. The question is who can we find to replace her.

The question is how he did it. The question is how he did it.

This is what she did when she arrived at the attic this morning. This is what she did in the attic this morning.

the key to the question

1. Because conjunctions can guide predicative clauses. For example:

I think it's because you do too much. I think it's because you do too much.

2. In some predicative clauses after nouns expressing "suggestions, persuasion and orders", the predicate verbs use subjunctive mood. The prototype of the verb Should+ indicates that Should can be omitted. For example:

My suggestion is that we start early tomorrow. My suggestion is that we start early tomorrow morning.

The Basic Six Tenses of English

First, the general present tense:

Use the verb prototype, but add -s after the singular third person, and pay attention to add -s at the end of the word:

1. General situation: plus sign -s Example: read, write and speak.

2. Add -es to the words ending in S, X, ch and sh: teach, wash and guess.

3. The word ending in the consonant +y is changed from Y to I, and then -es:try-tries, carry-carries is added.

This tense interrogative sentence is generally composed of the auxiliary verbs do and does at the beginning of the sentence. There should be a prototype verb be before the verb in the sentence;

Do you know that?/You know what?

Are you students?

Does she have a pen?

1. The general present tense indicates a regular or habitual action:

We always care about each other and help each other.

They go to work by bike every day.

2. The present feature or state:

He loves sports.

Do you sing? A little.

I majored in English.

3. Experience the truth:

Light travels faster than sound.

Two plus four equals six.

The moon moves around the earth.

Some verbs expressing state and feeling are commonly used in the simple present tense: be, love, like, hate, want, hope, need, prefer, wish, know, understand, remember, believe, believe, recognize, guess, impossible, mean, mean, Believe, think, Feel, envy, envy, doubt, remain, consist, contain, see, fit, suit, own, own, hear, find, suggest, propose, allow, show (describe), prove, mind (care).

I feel a sharp pain in my chest.

This soup contains too much salt.

Do you understand what I mean?

This coat suits you very well.

What do you think of this book?

Some verbs expressing actions can use this tense from time to time to express actions at the moment. Because the action duration is short, it is unnatural to use the progressive tense:

I extend my best wishes to you.

I admire your courage.

Now I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to you.

In spoken English, this tense is used to indicate what happens according to regulations, plans or arrangements (this is an adverbial indicating future time):

What time does the train leave (stop in Jinan)?

The plane took off at 6: 438 in the morning.

Tomorrow is Saturday.

Is there a company performance tonight?

But this is limited to a few verbs, such as begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, dine, end, stop, department, open, close, be and so on. In addition, in time or conditional clauses, future actions or states are often expressed in this tense:

Tell her that when she comes.

Please turn off the lights before you leave.

As soon as you are ready, we will start.

In spoken English, this tense can sometimes be used to indicate an action that has happened (the time when this action happened is in a very unimportant position in the speaker's mind):

They said Xiao Wu came back. Is it true?/You don't say.

Xiaoyu told me that you are going abroad.

Oh, I forget where he lives.

Yes, you answered very well.

In addition, the present tense is often used in newspapers, movies, TV reviews and other occasions.

Second, the present continuous tense

The present continuous tense is formed by adding the personal form of the auxiliary verb be to the present participle, and its affirmative, negative and interrogative forms are as follows:

I'm working.

I'm not working.

Am I working?

The present continuous tense mainly indicates the action that is being done now or at this stage.

Where do they hold the basketball match?

They are putting up scaffolding.

He is showing a foreign guest around the city.

In many cases, there is no such word as "Zheng" in Chinese sentences, but they must be translated into English progressive tense:

How is your work going?

The work is going quite smoothly.

You have made rapid progress.

The wind is blowing hard.

Who are you waiting for?

Whenever I see her, she works in the garden. Every time I see her, she always works in the garden.

Verbs indicating state and feeling listed in the present tense can't be used in the progressive tense, because they can't indicate ongoing actions. But if the meaning changes, it can indicate an ongoing action, which can be used in the progressive tense. Try to compare the following sentences:

Do you see anyone over there? Do you see anyone there?

Are you seeing someone off? Are you seeing someone off?

I heard someone singing. I heard someone singing.

They are listening to the English report? They are listening to the English report.

what do you think of it ? What do you think of this?

What are you thinking about? What are you thinking about?

In addition, verbs indicating unsustainable actions are generally not suitable for continuous tense, but some can be used in this tense to indicate repetition, impending occurrence and so on.

He is jumping up and down. She jumped up and down.

The train will arrive soon. The train is coming into the station.

The old man is dying. The old man is in critical condition.

The present continuous tense can sometimes be used to indicate actions planned or arranged in the near future (this is an adverbial indicating future time):

We leave on Friday.

Are you going anywhere tomorrow?

A foreign guest will give a speech in English this afternoon.

Xiaohong! Here we are.

Who will translate for you?

We will have a holiday next Monday.

But this is limited to a few verbs, such as walking, coming, walking, starting, arriving, lunch, returning, eating, working, sleeping, staying, playing, doing, having, wearing and so on.

In addition, the structure of "being+infinitive" is often used to indicate something about to happen or do:

I'm afraid it will rain.

It will be quite cold tomorrow.

She is not going to speak at the meeting.

In this structure, many people used to disapprove of using the verbs go and come, which made them feel uncomfortable. Do they advocate not asking where you are going tomorrow? Say where you are going tomorrow? Don't say she will come, say she will? But now more and more people use two verbs in this structure, and this usage is basically accepted by everyone.

In addition, in the adverbial clauses of time and condition, the present continuous tense can also be used occasionally to indicate the future situation or general situation:

Don't mention it when you talk to him.

Remember, when you are resting, others are always working.

If she is still sleeping, don't wake her.

The present continuous tense is sometimes used instead of the simple present tense to express a regular action or state, or to express an emotion (a) such as admiration and boredom, or to emphasize the temporality of the situation (b).

A.how do you feel today? How do you feel today? More cordial)

Xiao Hua is doing well in school. (Better than Xiao Hua in school. More praise)

He is always thinking about his work. express consent

He always leaves his things about. She always throws things about. (expressing dissatisfaction)

He always talks big. He always talks big. (expressing boredom)

He is sleeping in the next room now. He is sleeping in the next room now.

The professor was typing his own letter when his secretary was ill.

Where does he work? Where does he work now? (Probably just changed jobs)

We will start work at 7:30 this week.

He walks to work because his bike is being repaired.

Be can sometimes be used in the continuous tense to indicate a temporary performance:

You are not modest.

He's being silly.

She is very friendly.

Xiaohong is a good girl today.

Don't talk nonsense. I mean it.

Note: In the sentences caused by there and here, the simple present tense can often be used instead of the present continuous tense:

Here comes the bus. Here comes the bus. )

The bell is ringing. The bell is ringing. )

In some cases, both cases can be used without much difference:

I don't know how to answer.

Does your leg hurt? Do your legs hurt? )

It itches badly.

My back hurts.

I am writing to inform you.