Ethiopians have gone home to defend their country. What kind of predicament is Athens in?

Ethiopians have returned home to defend their country, and Athens has fallen into the dilemma of land and sea isolation. It is more difficult than the situation in 338 BC or 335 BC, and it is not dealing with Philip and Alexander (who are willing to reconcile and cooperate), but a Macedonian general who is determined to eradicate his resistance. Antipat concentrated his troops in Biotia. Athens restored Madd Daisy's citizenship and sent him, Fuxing and others to make peace. The condition put forward by Antipat was that if Athens surrendered unconditionally, it would not send troops to invade Attica.

His conditions were accepted by the people's congress. In the middle of September 332 BC, at the beginning of the mysterious Ilyushus ceremony, a Macedonian garrison entered the city and occupied Munisia. Oropos has been returned to Biotia by Athens. Samos' future was decided by Paldi Kush, who expelled military immigrants from Athens and recalled Samos.

Athens had to pay reparations, and Antipat established an oligarchy. He stipulated that only those whose wealth exceeded 20 minas had citizenship. Their number was confirmed to be 9000. The remaining 22,000 people lost all their political rights. Those speakers who advocated Athens' participation in the war were handed over to Antipat. At the initiative of Mad Daisy, the People's Congress passed a resolution to sentence Hipari, Demestini and others to death for treason, but they all fled Athens. Antipat's people carried out this sentence. Demosthenes was found in the temple of poseidon in Calaruria. He was poisoned and prepared to leave the temple so as not to defile the altar, but he fell to the ground and died in front of it. In this way, the freedom of Athens ended in 322 BC, which was even more tragic than 404 BC.

Antipat continued from Athens to the Peloponnesus, where pro-Macedonian parties had gained power in the country. An Athenian orator named Dinagos was appointed as the Governor of Macedonia in Corinth and had the right to rule the entire Peloponnesus. His gentleness was indeed praised, but his arrival marked the establishment of Macedonia's protectorate. Ethiopians resisted more tenaciously than Athenians. Their 10000 troops fled into the deep mountains and fought hard with the enemy twice their size. Antipat wants to be in 322 BC? They starved to death in the winter of 32 1 year, but Paldi kus's activities in Asia hindered him. He negotiated peace with the Ethiopian League on generous terms, thus ending all wars in lamia.

Personal freedom, because it is based on self-esteem, may be absolute in thought or mind. Civil liberty, because it is based on political self-expression, is relative to the needs and rights of other citizens. As for a country's freedom based on self-determination, it is relative to the needs and rights of other countries. For example, in Athens, citizens of all classes enjoyed political freedom until the end of the war of Lamia, of which only 404 BC? Except for the first 403 years, Macedonians enjoyed political freedom until Rome enforced the treaty in BC 197. By 338 BC, the main Greek city-states in the 4th century BC still believed that the political freedom among the city-states meant the sovereignty over weaker countries, such as installing puppet governments, sending troops, collecting tribute money, and even giving absolute punishment to the Holocaust in extreme cases.

Sparta, Athens and Thebes care less about autonomy than about "hegemony", that is, the control over other city-states. At the same time, however, a different concept of freedom has been developed, which holds that all countries can freely cooperate and handle their own internal affairs without imposing or accepting puppet governments, garrisons and tributes. What about the bigger America, and when the Second Athens League started and in 362 BC? Before 36 1 year, the "city-state alliance" realized this new ideal in a broad field. After the victory, Philip led Chalonia a step forward. He gave the Greek states a charter of free self-government under the conditions of cooperation and mutual respect, and Alexander followed his example in 336 BC. Some castles do have garrisons, but these measures have been recognized by the Greek Union Council, which plays the role of an autonomous government agency in Greece.

In 335 BC, Thebes demanded the old-fashioned freedom, that is, the right to rule other city-states in Biotia. Because it insisted on this, its "Chief Beotia" rejected Alexander's peace conditions. The "Holocaust" in Thebes was decided by the Greek Union Parliament, especially those city-states that suffered from the freedom of Thebes in the past, and voted most enthusiastically in the parliament. In the Lamia War, Athens and Etoria also claimed to be fighting for "the freedom of the Greek state".

If people think that Macedonian generals are trying to overthrow the policies of Philip and Alexander, and Athens and Ethiopia are advocating the freedom of mutual cooperation and respect between countries, they will get universal support. In fact, few people answered. People remember Samos' experience vividly, and they are afraid that Athens will once again fiddle with the old freedom. They would rather fight for the freedom of cooperation given to them by the Pope and Alexander.

Historians may think that one form of freedom is superior to another, depending on their evaluation of military strength, humanitarian measures, economic prosperity, artistic talent and social justice, or their ideals, such as pacifism, "democracy" and federalism.

However, politicians are faced with a more urgent and realistic task, that is, how to protect their own interests in a world with many foreign countries, which requires not only a clear understanding of their own interests, but also the interests of other foreign countries. Of course, Thebes politicians in 335 BC knew little or completely misunderstood Alexander's influence, and they also misjudged their feelings for the Greek States. In 338 BC? In the first 323 years, the politicians in Athens were not unified. Fuxing and others believed that Athens' interest at that time was to cooperate with the Greek Union and Macedonia.

Demosthenes, Hipari Thebes and others are all attached to the old freedom of Athens, that is, the freedom to rule others. They also believe that the world situation at that time can provide opportunities for success. In 323 BC, their estimate was finally proved wrong. Their actions did not receive general support. They misjudged their own strength. Lack of unity at home, lack of discipline on the battlefield, dependence on mercenaries and easy admission of defeat all make them far from being rivals of Macedonian forces. That Demosthenes was in 338 BC? It is obviously unreasonable that Biju changed in the first 332 years to qualify as a politician.

In the crisis period of democratic politics, there is often a leader who seems to be greater than his own quality. Demosthenes has been such a leader all his life: he has no scruples about his ambitions, hates his opponents, has a smooth life, quarrels endlessly for his own interests, has artistic talent and intelligence, but has no military courage, does not believe in strength, hopes on luck, is determined to safeguard the traditional "freedom" in Athens, and is willing to accept any sacrifice to achieve his goal, even at the expense of others.

His early speeches frankly showed the concept of freedom that Athens has practiced or will practice in the contemporary world. 350 BC? In the first 338 years, he fought tenaciously, bravely and tactfully for this freedom. He tried to maintain the "razor edge" policy of expelling Philip without open war.

On Philip's ultimate goal and freedom, he holds different views from Aubreus, Eskini and the integration school. But his policy may be based on a deep understanding of the ultimate effect of Macedonia's rule of the contemporary world. When Philip did not deprive Athens of its autonomy, or even infringe on its fleet, army or finances, Demosthenes and his supporters could not make them change their minds. He shouted, "Philip's sympathy from now on is just a disguise. You lucky people can also get some benefits from it, but I have to consider other issues."

In 330 BC, when Lycurgus said that Greek freedom had been buried in Chalonia with the fallen soldiers, Demosthenes's ideas and the kind of freedom he talked about were not within the system of the Greek Union.

In 338 BC? 322 years ago, Demosthenes faced a new world, because Macedonian power could no longer be denied. Either cooperate with the freedom of the Greek alliance and the cause of conquering Persia, or resist the Greek alliance and Macedonia and cause disaster. In 335 BC, Demosthenes persuaded the leaders of Thebes and the people of Athens to resist.

Then Thebes fell, but Athens was treated with "kindness" at that time and later. Demosthenes still advocated resistance, first with a much more cautious attitude among the people than his unknown supporters, and finally in 323 BC, he was as presumptuous and stupid as them. This time, there is no sympathy for Demosthenes and Athens. Antipat imitated Sparta in 404 BC to express Macedonia's victory and freedom, but even so, it was not as cruel as Athens to Milos, Cestus and Samos.

In these years, a more important issue has been decided than the scope of freedom in Athens. Philip adopted a new concept of freedom, together with its principles of autonomy and cooperation, and extended it to the Greek States. Alexander wants to do the same thing in the East. At the initial stage of their policy implementation, certain military protection is necessary; Because the world will not automatically turn to a new concept and new measures.

They almost succeeded, but death interfered with the great cause. Greece and Macedonia have similar origins and cultures; If they unite under the leadership of Philip and the King of Macedonia as the "leaders" of the Greek Union, the Greek-Macedonian era will be a reality rather than a slogan of historians. If Alexander lives to be a hundred years old, the cooperation between Macedonia and Iran may flourish, and his genius may even realize the cooperation between Macedonia and Greece to resist the Roman force. The result is just the opposite. Macedonian generals abandoned the policies of Philip and Alexander in 322 BC. Antipat, as Alexander's agent in 33 1 BC, handed over the rebellion to the Greek Union Parliament.

In 322 BC, he ignored it. The alliance perished with the policies that gave birth to it. Antipater's handling of Athens and Macedonian troops stationed in the Peloponnesus show that the Greeks, as a nation, have enjoyed freedom for thousands of years and have come to an end.