Earth excavation plan

Earth excavation construction includes processes such as loosening, crushing, excavation and loading, and transportation and slag removal. When excavating stone, except for soft rock which can be excavated using a ripper by chiseling, blasting is generally used to loosen and break it. Manual and semi-mechanized excavation, using simple tools such as spade picks, pneumatic picks, and pneumatic drills, together with lifting or simple small transportation tools, is suitable for small water conservancy projects. Some irrigation and drainage ditches are constructed directly using trenching machines, which can be formed in one go. The excavation of earth and stone for large and medium-sized water conservancy projects is mostly carried out by machinery. ①Open excavation. In addition to using various rock drilling and drilling machines to drill holes and carry out blasting operations, we mainly use: excavation machinery, such as various single-bucket excavators or multi-bucket excavators; scraping machinery, such as bulldozers, scrapers and loaders. ; Tracked transport machinery, such as locomotives pulling mine cars; Trackless transport machinery, such as dump trucks, etc. According to different conditions, various cooperation methods are used to carry out various operations such as excavation, loading, transportation and unloading. According to the project scale and construction conditions, appropriate construction machinery and corresponding construction methods should be reasonably selected, and special attention should be paid to the matching and coordination of mechanical equipment to avoid weak links. Under certain conditions, hydraulic excavation can be used to excavate earth; blasting excavation can also be used, that is, throwing blasting or sublation blasting technology is used to not only break the earth and rock, but also throw it away in whole or in part outside the design boundary. . ②Dig holes. Generally, drilling and blasting methods are commonly used for excavation, and machinery is used for excavation, loading, and transportation operations; full-section tunnel boring machines can also be used to excavate tunnels; shield tunneling methods can be used for construction in soil or soft rock formations (tunnel excavation, underground factory excavation ). ③Underwater excavation. Onshore excavation machinery such as rope shovels and grabs can be used, but various types of dredgers are usually used in conjunction with water transportation equipment such as tugs and barges for joint operations (dredging).

The preparation of the construction plan is based on the conditions of meeting the design requirements, project quality, construction safety and construction period requirements, and through technical and economic comparison, the optimal selection of the construction plan is carried out. When preparing a construction plan, generally consider: ① The excavation method and construction method can meet the requirements of the excavation progress, be connected with the pre- and post-processes such as construction diversion and concrete pouring, and meet the requirements for flood control and flood relief. ② According to hydrology, season and construction conditions, the construction sequence should be reasonably arranged, rapid construction and balanced production. ③ Select appropriate construction machinery and equipment based on the scale of the excavation project, soil and rock properties, working conditions, and construction methods, and all equipment for excavation, loading, transportation, and unloading must be reasonably matched. ④According to local conditions, arrange transportation routes and general construction layout, as well as wind, water, electricity and other systems. ⑤ Carry out a balanced allocation of earth and stone, and pay attention to the combination of excavation and mining, and the combination of abandonment and filling to avoid repeated misfortunes. Waste residue and soil sites should occupy as little farmland as possible, and reclaim as much land as possible. Waste residues should avoid encroaching on river channels, impeding flood flow or raising the tail water level of the power station and affecting power generation efficiency. ⑥ Take construction drainage measures well to drain rainwater, surface water, groundwater and construction wastewater that hinder construction operations and project quality out of the site to create good construction conditions for the project. ⑦ Ensure construction quality according to the requirements of design and construction technical specifications. For problems that may be encountered during construction, such as quicksand phenomenon, slope stability, tunnel collapse, etc., technical analysis must be conducted and solutions must be proposed. ⑧ Pay attention to construction safety and formulate construction safety technical measures in accordance with regulations on safety, fire prevention, environmental protection, industrial hygiene and other aspects.