Xi 'an's history and culture

Xi is the first batch of national historical and cultural cities announced by the State Council. In history, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui and Tang dynasties 13 established their capitals here. It is one of the four ancient capitals in the world, and once served as the capital and political, economic and cultural center of China for over 1 100 years. As early as 6.5438 million years ago, Lantian ancients built settlements here; During the Yangshao culture period 7000 years ago, the prototype of the city wall appeared here; In 2008, the late Neolithic city site unearthed in Yangguanzhai, An 'gaoling, Xi 'an was selected as the first archaeological discovery in China that year. This is the earliest urban site discovered in China so far, and it also pushed the urban history of Xi 'an to the late Neolithic Age more than 6,000 years ago. Since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), more than 200 heads of state and politicians in the world have visited the ancient capital Xi 'an, including the United Nations Secretary-General, the President of the United States, the President of Russia, the German Chancellor, the President of France, the Queen of England, the Japanese Emperor and the President of South Korea.

In ancient times, "Lantian Ape Man" thrived here; The Neolithic ancestors of Banpo established tribes here. Agricultural production occupies a very important position in the economic life of Banpo people. They burned trees, reclaimed farmland and planted dryland crops, such as millet. At that time, the tools people used in production activities were made of stones, animal bones, antlers and pottery fragments. In addition to food production, Banpo people also began to grow vegetables. At that time, there was a livestock breeding industry. At that time, there were two kinds of domestic animals, pigs and dogs, with pigs as the main ones. Hunting and fishing was also an important production activity at that time.

On the basis of 1957 archaeological excavation, Xi' an Banpo Museum was built on the spot. It was completed in April 1958 and officially opened to the outside world. It is the first Neolithic site museum in China and the first prehistoric settlement site museum in New China. The museum covers an area of about 3,000 square meters, with semi-crypt houses, earth pits, fences, Dawei ditches for protection and flood discharge and other relics. The original appearance of Banpo primitive social village is relatively intact.

Xi 'an was called "Gao Feng" in the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Feng Hao" is the collective name of Feng Jing and Hao Jing built in Zhou Wenwang and Zhou Wuwang respectively. ? Ji Chang (Zhou Wenwang) of the Western Zhou Dynasty built Fengjing in the southwest of Xi 'an, and moved his subjects from Qishan Joo Won? to this place. He also ordered Ji Fa (Zhou Wuwang) to build Haojing on the east bank of Fengshui. The latter is the political center, and the former is the religious and cultural center, collectively known as "Zhou Zong", which is the beginning of the establishment of Xi 'an. After the King of Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty, Gao Feng was the capital, which was the beginning of Xi 'an as the capital.

The "rule of Cheng Kang" in the early Western Zhou Dynasty marked the heyday of slavery society in China. In 84 1 BC, Haojing "China Uprising" was the earliest large-scale uprising to expel the king in the history of China.

Most of the capitals Xianyang and Epang Palace are located in Xi 'an today, and the Terracotta Warriors and the Qin Tombs are located in Xi 'an today (located in Lintong District, Xi 'an). The ancestral temple of Qin was on the south bank of Weihe River, and Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin, which happened in Qinzhangtai Palace (later the front hall of Han Weiyang Palace). Lin Xiangru, Lian Po and the king of Qin sat on the stage. The layout of palaces in Qin dynasty has not yet formed the layout of Miyagi, Imperial City and Three Great Halls. Xianyang City, Qin Dynasty spans the Weihe River north and south.

In 202 BC, Liu Bang seized power and established the Western Han Dynasty in Chang 'an (now the northwest suburb of Xi City). Liu Bang made Guanzhong his capital and named it Chang 'an, which means "long-term stability".

Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty is located in Guanzhong Plain south of Weihe River, covering an area of about 36 square kilometers. During the Western Han Dynasty, Chang 'an, as the capital, has always been the political, economic and cultural center of the whole country, and it is also the first large city with many residents in the history of China. Chang 'an in Han Dynasty was founded on the site of Xianyang in Qin Dynasty. According to historical records, "Chang 'an in Han Dynasty is also the site of Xianyang in Qin Dynasty", Zhang Heng's Xijing Fu says that Chang 'an in the Western Han Dynasty "crossed the Zhou Dynasty to explore the Qin system", and Huang Tu's Preface to Three Fu also says: "Wu Zhao governs Xianyang and takes Han as its capital". "Old Tang Book Geography" said: "The capital is Xianyang, Qin and Chang 'an, Han. "After King Qin Huiwen, Xianyang continued to expand to the south, and built buildings such as Zhangtai, Xingle Palace, Ganquan Palace, Xin Palace, Epang Palace and Seven Temples in the south of Weihe River. After Liu Bang won the world, under the persuasion of Lou Jing and Sean, he built Chang 'an as his capital. Restoration of Xingle Palace in Qin Dynasty was changed to Changle Palace, and Weiyang Palace was built on the basis of Qin Zhangtai. That is to say, Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty was established on the basis of Xianyang, Qin Dou, indicating that the location of the capital was determined by Han Dynasty and Qin Dynasty. The Ques Palace in the Han Dynasty is located in Xi 'an Hancheng Reserve, north of the North Second Ring Road, and the mausoleum of Emperor Jingdi of the Han Dynasty is located in Xianyang. After the opening of the Silk Road, Chang 'an became the center of oriental civilization, known as "Rome in the west and Chang 'an in the east".

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, in 9 AD, Sima Wangmang officially proclaimed himself emperor, and once changed the capital Chang 'an to Chang 'an.

In 582 AD, Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty issued a decree to establish a new capital, Daxing City, in Xi 'an, southeast of Chang 'an City in Han Dynasty. At the beginning of the founding of the Sui Dynasty, the capital was still in Chang 'an Old Town, which was destroyed by war. So Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abandoned the old Chang 'an City north of Longshouyuan and chose a new site south of Longshouyuan and southeast of Han Chang 'an City, and established a new city-Daxing City.

After the Tang Dynasty made Chang 'an its capital, Daxing City in Sui Dynasty was changed to Chang 'an City, and it was rebuilt and expanded. In the eighth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (AD 634), Daming Palace was built on the site of the former Longshou in the northeast of Guo Cheng. After that, the city walls, towers, Xingqing Palace and other buildings were continuously built. Miyagi completely coincides with Xi 'an today, and the palace coincides with Xi 'an Ming City Wall today. Most tombs of Tang emperors, such as Zhaoling and Ganling, are located in Xianyang city today. The eighteen tombs in the Tang Dynasty were all in the county under the jurisdiction of Jingzhao Prefecture, and Ganling was Fengtian County of Jingzhao Prefecture.

It took 72 years from the second year of Wendi (AD 582) to the fifth year of Tang Gaozong Yonghui (AD 654). The urban area is 84. 1 km2, with neat layout and strict east-west symmetry. It is divided into three parts: Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer City. The layout of urban structure fully embodies the grandeur of the heyday of feudal society, and has epoch-making influence in the architectural history and urban history of China.

In the Five Dynasties, the Houliang changed Jingzhao House to Yongzhou and set up Da 'an House. In the later Tang Dynasty, Da 'an House was changed to Jingzhao House. Shaanxi Road was set up in Song Dynasty, followed by Yongxing Army Road. After Zhao Kuangyin unified China, it had planned to move the capital to Chang 'an. Finally, due to the opposition of his subordinates, he had to give up the rulers and change Yongxing Army Road to Jingzhaofu Road.

At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the scope of Chang 'an still followed the "new town" of Han Jian and the name of Jingzhao House. In the 9th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 1272), Yuan Shizu named his third son, Busy Brother, as the King of Anxi, guarding his land and establishing the King of Anxi. In the 16th year of Zhiyuan (AD 1279), the name of Jingzhao House was Anxi Road. Later, due to the rebellion of King Anxi, Anxi was withdrawn. In the first year of Qing Dynasty (A.D. 13 12), Anxi Road was changed to Fengyuan Road. According to the "Fengyuan City Map" painted by Li Haowen in the "Chang 'an Map", there is only one door on all sides, with a south gate in the east and a north gate in the west. The east and west doors are also asymmetrical, and the buildings in the city are also asymmetrical. Markets are concentrated in the northwest corner of the city, including Horse Market, Yang Market and Qinchuan Post. In the northeast corner, there are Prince's Mansion (Ming and Qing Palace), City God Temple and chayuan. Kelpolo traveled here in the 12th year of Yuan Dynasty (1275), and wrote: "The city is magnificent, and it is the capital of Beijing and Zhao ... This city is developed in industry and commerce, producing a lot of silk, and people live here to make all kinds of gold thread ... All the necessities of life are found in the city, and the value is very low. "

The Ming Dynasty formed the pattern of Xi 'an today, and Xi 'an's name also originated from the Ming Dynasty. In March of the second year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1369), General Xu Da marched into Fengyuan Road, and the Ming government changed Fengyuan Road to Xi 'an Anfu.

In the third year of Hongwu (AD 1370), Zhu Yuanzhang made his second son, Zhu Shang, the king of Qin. In the same year, Qin Gong was built in the northeast corner of Anfu City. The palace in the Qin dynasty was called "the imperial city" and later renamed "the imperial city". Ming Hongwu seven to eleven years, the new wall. In the 13th year of Hongwu (A.D. 1380) and 17th year of Hongwu (A.D. 1384), the Drum Tower and Bell Tower were built respectively, and their locations were the same as those of Shi Jing Tower and Bell Tower in Yuan Dynasty.

In the 24th year of Hongwu (A.D. 139 1), Zhu Biao proposed to move the capital to Xi 'an after visiting Xi 'an in the west, but died after returning to Nanjing.

In Qing Dynasty, the setting of security remained unchanged, but a Manchu garrison city was built in the northeast of the city, a Han garrison city was built in the southeast of the city, and the governor's office was added in the southwest of the bell tower. During the boxer rebellion, Cixi and Guangxu fled to xi 'an for one year.

1911010 On October 22nd, after the Revolution of 1911, an armed uprising broke out in Xi 'an. The whole city, accounting for about a quarter of the city's total area, was captured and burned by the rebels and became a dead corner of Xi 'an.

192 1 year, Feng Yuxiang supervised Shaanxi for the first time and changed his residence to An Lushan in the former Qinwangfucheng (Eight Banners Teaching Field).

On the eve of the Anti-Japanese War, the National Government established the Preparatory Committee for Xijing of the National Government.

During the Anti-Japanese War, Henan and Anhui fell, and a large number of refugees poured into Xi along Longhai Road, mainly concentrated in the railway station and Ren Shang Road (now Jiefang Road). Ren Shang Road has rapidly developed into a new business district, and Xi 'an's commercial center of gravity has also begun to concentrate to the east of the city.

After the Long March, northern Shaanxi became a Soviet area, and xi 'an became an important position of the Kuomintang, where the Xi 'an incident happened.

Xi 'an was liberated on May 20th, 1949, which belongs to the municipality directly under the Central Government of Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region.

1950 was under the leadership of the Northwest Military and Political Committee, 1953 was under the jurisdiction of the Northwest Administrative Committee, and Xi 'an was the Northwest Administrative Committee.

In March 1953 and 12, it was changed into a municipality directly under the central government and became one of the municipalities directly under the central government in China 12; 1954 June19 changed to provincial capital city.