Crop Straw Collection Mode and Equipment

China has made great progress in the utilization of biomass energy, in which good crop straw is wealth, and poor use is garbage and disaster. Here I want to discuss, exchange and share the storage and transportation modes and equipment of crop straws with you.

I. Status of Crop Straw in China

Biomass resources in China are relatively extensive, and there are a lot of unused resources in forests, grasslands and cultivated land. Tree branches and shrubs (including Caragana korshinskii, Robinia pseudoacacia, bamboo willow, etc. ); Grassland resources are richer than crop straws in cultivated land; According to statistics, the annual output of crop straw in China is 700 million tons, accounting for 24% of the global annual output of 2.9 billion tons, ranking first in the world, accounting for 353 million tons of standard coal. Among them, rice, wheat, soybeans, corn, potatoes and other food crops account for 89% of the total, oil crops such as peanuts, rape, sesame sunflower account for 8% of the total, and cotton and sugarcane stalks account for 3% of the total.

? The meaning of straw. Straw should refer to crop straw with water content below 30%, which is collectively referred to as yellow storage with water content of 30-67%, and silage with water content above 67%. If they are confused, there is a big gap in the estimation of the total amount of straw, which will lead to mistakes in policy making.

For example, there are currently 220 million mu of cultivated land in Heilongjiang. According to the current data of grain-grass ratio, 65.438+37 million tons of straw can be produced. But in fact, Heilongjiang planted nearly 1 100 million mu of corn, with an average yield of 650 kg per mu (666.67 square meters per mu). The actual collected corn stalk is only over 400 kilograms per mu, and the ratio of corn stalk to seed is 1:0.65, which is far lower than the standard calculation of 1: 1.86. The reason for the difference is that when harvesting corn, the moisture content of straw is generally around 55%, and the stubble can not be recycled, so there is a great difference.

Generally, when the moisture content of straw of grain crops is above 30%, it will burn and rot rapidly. According to the current collection situation, the yield of straw collected per mu is 400 kg of corn straw, 200 kg of wheat straw, 300 kg of rice straw and 250 kg of soybean straw. China's grain output is 660 million tons, straw output is 600-700 million tons, and the total recoverable amount is 1: 1.

Straw utilization rate. The utilization rate of straw is not as high as 80% reported elsewhere. It is roughly estimated that at present, fertilizers (15%), feed (15%), new energy sources such as power generation and electrification (4%), industrial raw materials such as building materials (1%) and basic raw materials of edible fungi (1%) are directly returned to the fields in China.

The reason is that there are not many comprehensive utilization ways of straw in China, and the lack of straw collection ability is the bottleneck of the whole industry, which is far from achieving the goal of returning particles to the warehouse like grain collection.

Second, the status of straw collection

At present, the straw treatment is mainly driven by environmental protection and no burning, and the agricultural department focuses on the work, advocating that the straw treatment should focus on agriculture, vigorously returning the straw to the field, and then using the straw for other purposes. Straw treatment methods mainly include "returning to the field" and "leaving the field".

Straw returning to field. Due to the quick and convenient implementation of straw returning to the field, it has been popularized by local governments. However, there are still some problems that have not been well solved. The surface layer of soil is mixed with a large amount of straw, which leads to loose soil, low bulk density and poor structure, forming "straw soil". Straw soil provides a "hotbed" for pests and diseases, which increases the incidence of pests; Affect seed germination and rooting; The phenomenon of "hanging roots" appears, which affects the early growth of crops; Poor drought resistance and lodging resistance; Straw has a high ratio of carbon to nitrogen, and competes with seedlings for nitrogen source when it decomposes. In the north, the long winter can't meet the two basic conditions of temperature and humidity for straw decomposition, and the temperature can't be raised when mulching and mixing are returned to the field, and the humidity can't reach 60%, so it doesn't have the conditions for decomposition. Therefore, even if the straw is returned to the field, it should be collected and processed, and then returned to the field by means of abdomen, composting and carbonization. , will cause harm to agriculture. Agricultural reclamation enterprises can turn over 35 cm deep fields because of large agricultural machinery, but local agriculture does not have this ability, so it is not appropriate to return fields directly.

The straw leaves the field. Mainly the bundled collection mode.

1. Hammer-type pick-up baler uses hammer and rotary knife to break the straw on the ground through high-speed rotation of more than 2000 revolutions, and uses negative pressure to pick up the broken straw. This method does not need rake to collect strips, so it can collect clean stubble on the ground, but it has high energy consumption and low efficiency. Generally, it can only collect 1-2 tons per hour, and a single machine can only collect about 30 mu per day. It cannot be used for large-scale operations and is only suitable for small pastures to collect feed.

2. The picking efficiency of elastic teeth is high, and the rake can pick up about 30 mu per hour; The general operation process is: after harvesting the straw, dry it in the sun, collect it with a straw rake, then pick it up and bundle it with a baler, leave it in the field with a bag-picking trailer or a straw grab, and then pile it up in the yard or transport it to the material-using unit. This model is widely used in China because of its high efficiency.

There are several types of balers: small square bales, large round bales and large square bales. Small square bales are relatively inefficient and have low density. Generally, the package weighs 20-30 kg and needs to be picked up and loaded manually. The traction power is about 60 horsepower, which is suitable for small plots and rarely used in the north. The big round baler is the most common. The baler has a diameter of 1.25m and a length of 1.2- 1.5m, and the weight of a single baler is generally 200-300kg. Set with net and rope, and the power is about 130 horsepower. Generally, the price of domestic garden binding machine is about 6.5438+0.8 million yuan, and the imported one needs more than 400,000 yuan. Dafang baler has the highest efficiency, because it can work without stopping, and it is suitable for large plots, and the baler weighs 400 kilograms. The price of the baler is generally between 1 10- 1.7 million yuan, the supporting power is above 230 horsepower, and the overall weight reaches 17 tons, which is not suitable for continuous summer harvest.

At present, the state has a housing subsidy policy, which is generally below 60%.

3. Other collection methods: According to different types of bases and crops, there are some different straw collection methods.

In mountainous and hilly areas, straw collection equipment is not convenient to enter, so it can only be harvested manually.

It's easy to get stuck in a rice field. Some manufacturers use crawler equipment, and some manufacturers are transforming to self-propelled balers to reduce turning radius and improve maneuverability.

Semi-dry yellow storage, some use neck-ear harvesters, which can receive raw materials with low impurity content, but the efficiency is low. Due to the high moisture content, the collected materials are not easy to store, and are usually wrapped or used as raw materials for biogas or fertilizer production.

When silage is collected, a disc harvester is generally used, which is pulverized and sprayed into the receiving trailer and transported to the yard. Some silage is also packaged, wrapped in film and stored by irrigation.

This year, some farmers in Northeast China used grass-collecting cages, pushing or pulling them with forklifts and tractors, and relying on the friction between straw and the ground to put straw into the "cage". This method is difficult to drag and consumes a lot of energy. Moreover, humus soil and residual snow on the ground are mixed in the straw pile, and the quality of straw is very poor. After pushing a cage, I can't lift it anymore, and I haven't really been able to play; Ridged fields, such as rice fields, can't work, and they can't work if they slip in the snow.

Common problems in operation of baler.

The elastic tooth baler is used to collect forage abroad, and it can also be introduced into China to collect wheat straw and rice straw. If corn stalks and bean stalks are collected, the operation efficiency and breakage rate are not satisfactory, not to mention collecting cotton stalks, sunflower stalks and whole corn stalks, especially in the northeast ridge farming state, there are more problems.

First of all, the cost of net rope is high, and there is net rope pollution.

Secondly, due to structural problems, the soil filtration effect is not good. Generally, the soil content is about 15%, and the quality of raw materials is low. A certain amount of topsoil will be taken away, and the soil taken away after 2 ~ 3 times of straw collection is equivalent to a slight soil erosion in the black soil area of Northeast China for one year.

In addition, it is necessary to pick up the bundle for the second time and leave the field, and the land is repeatedly crushed in this process.

In addition, in Northeast China, the straw collection operation time is short, and the equipment will slip or stick because of the melting of snow in winter, so it can't work normally. It only takes five days to work in the wheat producing area, and the use efficiency is low.

The delivery rate is low. In the case of ridge farming in Northeast China, there are always 2-4 ridges and furrows where straw can't be picked up, which forms the basis of farmers' appellation and still affects soil preparation and sowing.

The equipment structure is complex and easy to be damaged. The baler has complex structure and many moving parts, and the dust is large when working in the ridge. Traditional cage and cam mechanism are easy to be damaged, and normal operation will not be guaranteed without repair ability.

Third, the new straw storage and transportation mode

In view of the appeal, it is necessary to find more suitable straw collection methods and equipment for China. This paper introduces a new method of straw collection.

1, the basic requirements are:

1) The collection efficiency is high, and the single machine needs more than 300 mu per day (10 hour).

2) The collection cost is low, and the collection cost per mu is below 12 yuan.

3) The net yield is high, and the straw residue per mu is below 0.8%.

4) The impurity content is low, and the impurity content (soil content) of straw should be below 5%.

5) Low failure rate, no major failure after continuous working for 70 hours, simple maintenance and no delay in farming time.

6) Various straws can be collected, including short wheat and soybean, tall corn, cotton stalks and sunflower stalks.

7) You can leave the site at one time, without taking the bundle twice.

Straw collection should conform to the principle of high-density field production, and it is best to produce high-quality raw materials in the field.

2. The following modes can be used for reference:

1) field granulation mode. Crony company in Germany has produced a trailer that can be collected and granulated in the field. At the same time of collection, the straw particles are squeezed by the roller, and the output reaches 5 tons per hour. This way can be called the ultimate straw collection. However, there are also some problems, that is, the equipment is expensive and straw with high water content and impurities cannot be formed on site. It takes a lot of energy to collect and granulate with heavy vehicles underground.

2) Loose grass collection mode. It is more reasonable when the distance between the grassland and the yard is very close. At present, biomass power plants such as Wuchang Niujia Chenneng and Jilin Nong 'an Huaneng in Northeast China give priority to collecting bulk materials. The advantages of bulk materials are low purchase price, convenient inspection and no unpacking. A trailer with a length of 17.5m is compacted by a loader, and each trailer can load 19 tons of loose straw, which is more than a pallet truck with a weight of 16 tons and only 73 bales. In the future, the location of straw collection and utilization will be closer and closer, and the bulk materials can be directly processed and utilized after collection, especially in biomass briquetting and granulation projects.

3) loose grass picking+field bundling mode. When the distance between the straw collection place and the use place is more than 10 km, the straw can be quickly transported to the field by a loose turf truck, and then the high-density square bales can be directly pressed by a mobile baler. Generally, the weight of each bundle reaches 400 kg and the density reaches 250 kg/m3, which is convenient for storage and transportation. The general baler can press more than 60 tons every day; The baler produces 100 tons of baled grass every day. During transportation, each trailer with a length of17.5m can carry 35 tons of straw, which greatly reduces the transportation cost.

Several pine picking equipment:

1, straw collector (straw pickup trailer)

1) Device function. The carriage of straw collector (trailer) is mainly 40 cubic meters, and the straw collector consists of pickup truck, trailer and unloading device.

Pickup: patented product, characterized by no cam and no cage structure. This structure has no precedent in the world at present. This structure can arrange the spring teeth in a spiral shape and work stably and reliably. Can also be made into dense teeth to pick up crushed straw; The drum-type pickup is specially designed for cleaning the straw in the northern ridges and ditches at one time. The main advantages of the new pickup truck are increased pickup truck capacity, low failure rate and convenient maintenance. It only takes 2 minutes to replace the spring teeth (the original minimum is 20 minutes).

The feed roller is equipped with elastic shock-absorbing filter to filter dust and snow to the maximum extent. The filter function allows the straw collector (trailer) to work in the snow, which can work for a long time in winter and receive five times of straw (baler) in autumn. Because it is not afraid of pressing the ground after freezing, the soil content is low, and high-quality straw can be collected, which has high economic value.

Carriage part: agricultural rigid semi-axle with wide tires is suspended independently to prevent the car from sinking and not pressing the ground, which is suitable for farmland operation. The pickup can be raised more than 60 cm, which is convenient for ridge crossing and is especially suitable for collecting straw in rice fields. The car is equipped with a hydraulic chain plate transmission mechanism, which has a compaction effect when pushing the straw through back pressure, and it only takes 1 minute to unload the car; The whole vehicle operation is controlled by PLC, and the operation only needs 1 person.

Unloading device: the hydraulic motor drives the chain plate to unload, and the unloading time per vehicle is only 1 minute.

2) Collection efficiency: The straw collector has high efficiency because it does not stop and entangle the net during operation, and it can collect corn straw 120 tons per day (calculated by 10 hour), with an operation area of 300 mu; It only takes more than ten minutes to pick up a cart of straw (40 cubic meters). When the water content is 30%, the weight is 5 tons, which is equivalent to 20 bales.

3) Collection capacity: because we can work in the snow in winter, we can get10.2 million tons of straw by bicycle in 100 day, which is equivalent to more than 20,000 mu of land, which is 5-6 times of that of the baler (2,000 tons and 4,000 mu for each operation in autumn), which can save a lot of equipment procurement costs.

4) Activity cost: The straw collector (trailer) collects bulk materials in the field, and the fuel consumption per mu is 4-5 yuan, labor 1.5 yuan/mu. If equipment depreciation is ignored, the cost per mu is only 6-7 yuan, and the cost per ton is less than 20 yuan, which is the lowest cost of straw leaving the field. The round baler collects straw into the field, with a ton around 70 yuan.

5) Equipment price: The current price of straw harvester (trailer) is 200,000 yuan. If it can be supported by government subsidies, it will be better popularized and applied. The car can be used as an agricultural vehicle all year round.

6) Other advantages: no net pollution; You can clear the field, avoid the second bag picking operation, and immediately prepare the soil in autumn, so you don't miss the farming season. Winter vacation homework can ease the busy farming.

2. Straw picking, filtering and kneading machine. The equipment has the functions of picking up, feeding, filtering and kneading. The picked straw was filtered and kneaded, and the feed-grade straw was sprayed out. Efficiency is greater than 10 ton/hour. By adjusting the fixed knife of filter roller, the impurity content of straw is reduced, and the fixed knife of kneading machine is adjusted to adjust the kneading fineness. It is an efficient equipment for manufacturing feed-grade raw materials.

3. Move the hydraulic baler. It can be driven by diesel engine, motor and tractor, and can be operated on site. It can produce high-density large square ladle on site, operate remotely, feed bin and prepress bin, cancel the cutter, and press a bundle at a time by the main cylinder, with high efficiency; The machine equipped with bagging can press straw 100 tons every day.

Fix the round baler. Large round bales can be pressed on the ground of forage yard, reaching 120 tons/day.

Using straw collector, straw picking, filtering and kneading machine, mobile hydraulic baler and other equipment, a mobile factory can be formed to produce high-quality loose grass and high-density straw bales in the field, and briquetting and granulating on the spot. This model can treat crop straw efficiently, economically and with high quality.

Fourth, the direction of development

The operation of the straw collection, storage and transportation system will be the same as that of the grain system. When collecting straw, there will be a perfect cross-regional service team, a sound broker system, market-oriented allocation of social resources, a straw resource platform and straw online banking.

Straw collection conforms to the principle of high-density field leaving. According to the requirements of high efficiency, low cost, complete equipment, low equipment maintenance rate, high straw quality and high net straw yield, new equipment and suitable collection, storage and transportation methods are applied. Realize the mechanization of the whole process of straw collection, storage and transportation.

Simplify the straw collection process, pick up the trailer and clear the ground immediately. Straw processing localization, processing in the field, including bundling and briquetting (granulation).

To establish a perfect straw storage and transportation system, due to the low density of straw and different grain storage, it is necessary to set up yards, village-level storage points and township-level storage centers on site, and schedule them in a planned way according to the needs of material units.

Village-level equipment, so that every village has a set of straw recycling equipment, and every county-level area has straw processing and utilization enterprises.

Harbin Vanke biomass technology co., ltd

Tel: 1335 1783333 (with the same number on WeChat)

Website: www.wktzc.com