Jinzhou city slogan

When it comes to the war of liberation, it is usually said that * * defeated the * * army armed with American planes and cannons with "millet plus rifles".

However, people who have experienced the war years know that "millet plus rifle" is just a metaphor for * * * defeating the enemy of superior equipment with inferior equipment. In a real war, strategy and tactics are very important, and weapons are more important. The people * * * won the brilliant victories in Liaoshen, Huaihai and Ping Jin and liberated all of China, which was inseparable from the large-scale military industrial system established in the Northeast Liberated Area.

From laying Linfen in 72 days to conquering Jinan in 3 days.

1March, 948, Xu commanded the North China Corps to attack Linfen, and the * * * army held the city wall. * * * There are no heavy artillery, so we have to use the methods of digging tunnels and bombing city walls. It took 72 days to win Linfen. But by the end of the year, the situation had changed dramatically. In the battle of Jinan in September, * * * heavy artillery fired, and General Wang was driven out of the tunnel. The solid city of Jinan was conquered in only three days. In the Liaoshen Campaign in June+10, 5438, the Northeast Field Army concentrated more than 500 heavy artillery guns to attack the military town of Jinzhou, and the garrison commander Fan hid. It took only 30 hours to fight this tough battle in the city.

Where did the cannon of * * * come from?

* * * people assert that * * *' s heavy weapons were secretly given to the * * * army when the Soviet army retreated from the northeast. A senior receiver wrote in his memoirs: "Almost all the Japanese and puppet troops in the northeast were captured, and the Russian army acquired countless weapons. At that time, according to Moscow, there were 800,000 rifles, 20,000 light machine guns and 5,000 heavy machine guns on the Songhua River, including 5,000 mortars,/kloc-0.5 million chariots, 600 tanks and 800 planes and ships. What the refugees who escaped from the northeast saw: in addition to supplying troops at any time, the Russian army was continuously transported to Jiamusi, where it was a concentrated place. "

The official's statement is undoubtedly an excuse for the failure of the army. General Liu Yalou, then Chief of Staff of the Four Fields, clarified this issue in his speech at 1962+02+03. He said: "It is generally believed that the Soviets left many weapons in the four fields, which is a misunderstanding. Since this war history (referring to the history of the four fields in preparation) is for archiving, we can write this question clearly. At that time, we not only had no weapons, but also ate many troops. You can also write about Stalin's relationship with * * *.

There is another important problem: at that time, we suggested to the Central Committee that we should ask the Soviet army for some weapons in the name of the Central Committee. Chairman Mao immediately telegraphed that the China Revolution mainly relied on China's own strength, and it was forbidden to ask them for anything in the name of the Central Committee. I have read this telegram, so I need to check it. Later, in the name of the four fields, they exchanged food for some weapons. "

So, how did * * * change from "millet plus rifle" to powerful artillery and large-scale field and attack capabilities?

In addition to the * * * military weapons captured on the battlefield, this important transformation was mainly accomplished by establishing its own military industry. Speaking of military industry, many people have read "Give Everything to the Party" written by Wu Yunduo at the beginning of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC). In this little book, it truly records how the New Fourth Army built its own arsenal from scratch during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. There is the largest military factory of the Eighth Route Army in Yashan, Shandong base area, with more than 100 rooms, producing 8,000 grenades every month, which was not a small output at that time.

At the beginning of the war of liberation, the military industry developed greatly compared with that of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. After the liberation of cities such as Handan, Linyi, Yantai and Dezhou, a number of military factories were built by confiscating enemy and puppet factories, which can produce bullets, grenades and mortar shells. The military factory of East China Military Region in Lunan and Jiaodong can produce1.6000 rounds of bullets,1.3000 rounds of mortars and mountain shells, and 3000 Jin of smokeless gunpowder every month.

This scale is a great progress than before, but it is not enough for the East China Field Army to fight a medium-sized battle. Because there is no heavy artillery, * * * mainly relies on soldiers to attack the front and destroy the fortress and fortifications of the * * * army with explosive charges. This kind of fighting has heavy casualties, slow progress and poor ammunition quality. 1948 In May, when Shandong Corps of East China Field Army attacked Weixian County, it used self-made mortars to attack the city. After the shell leaves the chamber, the tail falls off in flight, and the naked body loses its balance, and half of it falls to the ground. How can this quality ensure the victory of the battle?

* * * Instruct the Northeast to establish a large-scale military industry.

* * * focused on the northeast. This was the most developed industrial area in China at that time. * * *1July, 947 10, Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan specifically instructed in the "One-year Operation Summary and Future Plan" instructions to the liberated areas: "The Northeast Army industry should fully assist the customs. In the first year, you must strive to build a large-scale military industry. " Within four months, he telegraphed DongBeiJu three times to strengthen military construction. The urgency is beyond words.

After the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army entered the Northeast at the end of 1945, they originally intended to acquire Japanese weapons and equipment with the help of Soviet troops. However, the Soviet army had an agreement with * * * *, and the Northeast was handed over to * * * *, which restricted the action of the Eighth Route Army. The Soviet army transported the main factory equipment, weapons and a large amount of property seized in the northeast of China back to the Soviet Union as "trophies". Our army's wishes have basically failed. With 65,438+10,000 troops in the northeast, the situation is quite difficult without guns, money, winter clothes and base areas.

At that time, all the troops were trying their best to collect the materials left by the Soviet Union and had no time to take them away. Weapons and military supplies abandoned by the Japanese army can be seen everywhere in small and medium-sized cities and rural areas in northeast China. Zhu Rui, who is responsible for the preparation of the artillery school, made a decisive decision: disperse the cadres of the artillery school and collect materials. From the gun school to the headmaster, down to the chefs and grooms, they are all sent out, whether in cities, villages, ravines or wilderness, as long as there are guns. We should also go to places where we have never heard of guns and see if we can find unexpected gains.

Once I received a report from my fellow villagers that when the Japanese retreated, they pushed several cannons into Jingbo Lake. After learning about this, Zhu Rui personally led a company to the lake to search. Everyone dug up the ice with a pickaxe and found the gun body. Zhu Rui shouted happily, "Go and find the rope and pull it up!" " "Everyone tightened the rope and shouted, and Jixin pulled three cannons together.

The secret warehouse of the Japanese army was also found in this area, and150,000 shells were found at once. By February 1947, Zhu Rui led the artillery school to collect more than 700 guns. There are 49 cannon howitzers, 97 field guns, 108 mountain guns, 14 1 infantry guns, about 300 mortars and 137 anti-aircraft guns (including anti-aircraft guns and aviation guns). There are 65 tanks and tractors. After repair, these guns became the basis of the artillery units of the Northeast Field Army.

Self-collected weapons and ammunition became the main source of the Northeast Democratic Coalition in its first two years of operations.

Stalin helped Dongye acquire some weapons.

After the summer offensive of 1947, with the continuous growth of * *, the scale of the campaign is getting bigger and bigger, and it is far from enough to rely solely on the collected ammunition. In June of that year, * * * captured Siping, and the * * * army stubbornly resisted under the command of Chen Mingren. * * * concentrated seven main divisions and hundreds of artillery pieces, and attacked for half a month without winning. Later, Lin Biao learned that the artillery had only 8,000 shells, so the firepower was not dominant.

To this end, on June 25th, Lin Biao wrote a letter to Stalin in his own name, stressing: "The only condition lacking at present is the shortage of weapons, especially ammunition (especially artillery shells). To this end, I ask you to help us with weapons and ammunition, and give us the Japanese weapons and ammunition seized by the Red Army in the Far East, and hope that German weapons and ammunition can be distributed to us as much as possible. "

Soon, Stalin instructed the Soviet army to distribute some of the captured Japanese weapons to * * *. He Changgong recalled: 1947 10, he just became the minister of military industry, and Li Fuchun gave him an important task. At that time, a large number of weapons were stored in Manchuria on the Sino-Soviet border. These weapons were seized by the Soviet army and were ready to be transported back to the Soviet Union for steelmaking. These weapons are scrap iron for the Soviet Union, but they are urgently needed. He Changgong to negotiate with him, began to talk impassability.

He Changgong insisted on the other side: "These weapons of the Kwantung Army were bought with the blood and lives of the people of China. Why don't you give them to us? You can't take it away. We exchange scrap steel, one ton for one ton. " Card Valov still don't promise. He Changgong was in a hurry and shouted at him, "You are a conservative and have no internationalism. If you don't promise, I'll have to rob you. I push you to the front, and the Soviet soldiers guarding the weapons will shoot you first. If you insist on taking it away, I will fight you to death. I will call Stalin and tell you that you have no internationalism. " Seeing that the people of China were not easy to bully, Ka Valov softened his attitude and finally agreed to hand over these weapons.

Data-filtered = "filtered" He Changgong.

According to Lin Biao's letter to Stalin on February 28th, 1947, 1947, "We equipped 30 infantry regiments and 2 mountain artillery battalions with the weapons you gave us." At that time, in order to have a strategic decisive battle with the * * * army, Dongye formed a second-line corps of 300,000 people. Lin Biao asked Stalin for more weapons support. "Try to solve 20 divisions with 200,000 rifles,150,000 light machine guns, 7,000 heavy machine guns, 700 regimental mortars, 1000 company mortars, 100 anti-aircraft guns, 200 Shan Ye guns and a large number of ammunition and communication equipment (mainly radio stations). These weapons are expected to be extracted from Japanese weapons seized by the heroic Red Army. If there are not many Japanese weapons, it is expected to be extracted from German trophies. "

However, Stalin did not reply. Lessons from time to time show that Soviet aid is unreliable. To win the final victory of the war of liberation, we still have to rely on our own strength. Therefore, the Northeast Bureau decided to vigorously strengthen the construction of the military production system. Li Fuchun said: "In the past, we relied on the shells left by the Japanese, but now we need to build them ourselves."

Start from scratch and make every effort to create your own military enterprise.

1at the end of 945, when we marched into the northeast, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China sent a group of military cadres from Yan 'an and the liberated areas to work in the northeast. They have collected some machinery and equipment in Shenyang, Anshan, Tonghua and other cities, and intend to establish a military base in Tonghua. /kloc-in the summer of 0/946, the * * * army attacked Nanman on a large scale and occupied Tonghua and Dandong. Han, then Minister of Military Industry of Northeast China, led the group to transport machinery and materials to North Korea, as well as a group of workers and technicians recruited along the way.

At the end of July, they arrived in Hunchun, a small town at the junction of China, North Korea and the Soviet Union. Hunchun is an intermountain basin, where Tumen River and Hunchun River meet, facing North Korea across the river, with convenient transportation. It is only 30 miles from here to the Soviet border, and only 10 miles to North Korea. There are roads and railways. Everyone thinks that the hidden conditions here are good, and the resources, electricity and transportation conditions are also good. Decided to build a military base in northeast China here.

According to the existing conditions, Han decided to concentrate on producing bullets, grenades and mortars urgently needed by the army. The gun production technology is too complicated to be realized in a short time. They first built a machine factory, a bullet factory, a Grenade factory, an ironmaking factory, a pharmaceutical factory and a timber factory in Hunchun. These six factories are the earliest military bases in the Northeast Liberated Area.

The bullet factory was established on the basis of the factory left by the Japanese, located in the suburb of Yanji. There used to be more than 300 machines with a daily output of 400,000 rounds. After the end of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the factory was destroyed and the machine was stolen, leaving little. The Korean organization moved the rest of the factory to Hunchun, with 14 bullet machine, 3 million semi-finished warheads, 20 million empty shells and more than 20 Japanese skilled workers. After a month of intense installation and trial production, the first batch of bullets were produced in September. According to the statistics of the first month, * * * produced nearly 654.38+0.3 million rounds of three types of bullets. This is indeed a remarkable achievement.

After solving the problems of cadres, equipment and raw materials, the most important thing is the problem of workers and technicians. The workers and technicians in Hunchun Base come from China, North Korea and Japan, and there are many complicated political and policy problems. Military cadres have spent a lot of effort on ideological and political work, even more than production.

But there were only 240 workers at that time, and even fewer people really understood technology. Anyone who has a skill is highly valued by the leaders, and let them be the heads of production departments at all levels. Some of these skilled workers were brought from Anshan, Benxi and Tonghua, and some were recruited locally. Yu Zhenmi, the head of the bullet factory, is a hired mechanic and enjoys a salary. He saw * * * cadres in the supply system, they are still working in the front. He was very moved and offered to cancel his salary. Like cadres, he ate a supply system and worked well as a section chief.

Due to the lack of middle and senior technicians, military factories can only be selected from the retained Japanese. In Hunchun's military factory, the Japanese are all key technical jobs. For example, there are more than 60 Japanese in the Grenade factory, almost all of whom are in important technical positions. The head of the manufacturing department is a small capitalist who originally opened a factory in Japan. Before coming to China to make a living, American troops bombed his factory. He is an expert in Grenade manufacturing technology. The main process of Grenade assembly is to attract firepower. The head of the Fine Drugs Unit is also a Japanese old man. His thoughts are stubborn, but he works very hard and has a good knowledge of drawing fire technology. The assembly workers of Jingyao Group are all Japanese.

Due to life difficulties and depression, these Japanese people often brew together to return to China and go slow. 1in August, 947, Japanese nationals were repatriated to China from the northeast. After the Japanese got the news, they held a secret meeting and wrote a slogan in the factory: "We will go back to China, and you will go home!" Because of the language barrier, a lot of truth has been said, but the effect is very small. Cadres combine hard and soft, give orders without listening to advice, establish a strict statistical system in the workshop, praise people with high output every day, and criticize people with low output or poor quality. Severely criticize the activities of bad people at the conference and prohibit the rise of fascist ideas. The Japanese have a strong sense of obedience, so they will not make trouble.

Gunfire broke out in the three major battles.

1946 was spent in hard struggle. By 1947, the military production in the northeast had begun to take shape, and the troops supplemented their ammunition. Hunchun base led by Han is the largest base in Beiman area, and there are several military factories in other places. Luo Ronghuan's political commissar personally grasped the work of military production. 1In August, 947, Dongbeiju appointed Huang Kecheng as the deputy commander and logistics commander of the Northeast Democratic Allied Forces, in charge of logistics supply, military industry and military supplies. In September, Dongbeiju held the Northeast Military Industry Conference in Harbin, with He Changgong as the Minister of Military Industry and Wu Xiuquan as the political commissar. Han and Wang Fengyuan are both vice ministers. Northeast military production bid farewell to decentralized small-scale operation and entered a period of great development.

1947 output: 50,000 grenades were produced every month, and 65,438+10,000 mortars were fired throughout the year. Using old cartridge cases to reload bullets, 5 million rounds were completed. The output of Grenade launcher is 6.5438+10,000 rounds, which lays the foundation for steelmaking and chemical plant production next year.

In order to complete the military production task of 1948, the Northeast Bureau allocated180,000 yuan, equivalent to 90,000 tons of grain. We will deploy a group of cadres to strengthen the military department. This important military meeting unified the military production in Northeast China and formed a joint production department with leadership and planning. Set up offices in places with military factories, directly under the leadership of the Ministry of Military Industry. At that time, nine offices were established in Hunchun, Xingshan, Jixi, Dong 'an, Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Jilin, Harbin and Dalian.

The northeast military industry produced enough ammunition, which provided material guarantee for the northeast field army to carry out large-scale battles. Therefore, the Northeast took the lead in a strategic decisive battle, annihilated this heavily armed group and liberated the whole Northeast. However, due to the long distance, the ammunition produced by Beiman cannot meet the operational needs in the customs. The Central Military Commission made a decision to build a military production base in Dalian.

The establishment of military industrial systems in Beiman and Dalian laid an important material foundation for the victory of the War of Liberation. * * * Artillery ammunition is sufficient, which has changed the long-standing basic situation that the enemy is strong and we are weak. In the three major battles at the end of 1948, the artillery fire of * * * exerted great power. After the Liaoshen Campaign, * * * took over several large arsenals and ammunition depots in Shenyang, and obtained a large number of ammunition, which greatly enhanced the production capacity.

With the liberation of the Northeast and the completion of the railway line, trains loaded with materials and ammunition are transported to the customs around the clock to support the Central Plains and cross the river. In the Huai Hai Campaign, the Central Plains Field Army surrounded the Huang Wei Corps. Stevie hoang, which has many American cannons, has shrunk into a circle, making it impossible for * * * to enter with intensive firepower. He claims to be a difficult person. The East China Field Army mobilized heavy artillery and finally smashed this "hard walnut". General Su Yu said with emotion: "The victory of Huaihai Campaign was due to the small carts of Shandong villagers and the big shells of Dalian." (China com)