Laboratory work summary

Collection of six laboratory work summary essays

Summary refers to written materials that summarize and summarize the experience or situation in a certain stage of work, study or thought. It can To elevate the sporadic, superficial, and superficial perceptual cognition to a comprehensive, systematic, and essential rational understanding, you might as well sit down and write a summary. So how should we write a summary? Below are 6 lab work summaries that I have carefully compiled. They are for reference only. I hope they can help everyone.

Summary of Laboratory Work 1

Chemistry experimental teaching is an important part of comprehensively implementing quality education and cultivating students' experimental skills, innovation abilities, and scientific and technological qualities. The chemistry laboratory is an important part of realizing these Therefore, the chemistry laboratory plays an important role in chemistry teaching.

This semester we have played an important role in the chemistry laboratory and achieved an experimental delivery rate of over 100%. The specific performance is as follows:

1. The experiment delivery rate for each grade exceeds 100%, with an average of four experiments per week. Assisted several teachers to complete the city's high-quality courses, school open courses, etc., and successfully completed student group experiments in these classes, so that the teachers perfectly demonstrated their talents. It can be said without shame that without our efforts, there would be no their achievements.

2. Some medicines are about to be used up this semester due to restrictions by the public security department. We have been working hard to make these medicines available to chemistry teachers. Although the ideological report topic has not been successful yet, we have been working hard.

3. Most of the drugs used in chemical experiments are toxic and harmful, and their types are beyond ordinary people’s imagination. However, the management of these drugs was successfully completed this semester.

4. After the experiment, the glass instruments used need to be scrubbed. This process is toxic, because the toxic drugs after the experiment are still in the glass instruments, but we overcame the difficulties to scrub and return these instruments. Although every minute spent in the medicine room and instrument room is harmful, we keep these places neat, tidy, and orderly.

5. There are still deficiencies in the chemical laboratory. The corrosion of chemicals and the dust brought by opening windows every day have made the hygiene of the chemical laboratory a weak point.

In view of the shortcomings of the last semester, we have formulated the plan for the next semester as follows:

1. Ensuring the normal conduct of chemical experiments is the top priority of the chemistry laboratory work.

2. Assist teachers to complete experiments outside the textbook.

3. Submit purchase applications in a timely manner to meet experimental needs.

4. Continue to work hard to install the software required by the Ministry of Public Security to ensure timely procurement of drugs.

5. Clean the instruments in time and arrange them in their proper places.

6. Clean in time to overcome the lack of hygiene in the chemistry laboratory.

7. Do a good job in personal anti-virus work to ensure personal safety.

8. Do other tasks required by the school, such as invigilating exams, dividing books, etc. Summary of Laboratory Work Part 2

The laboratory is an important part of the school. With the continuous development of modern educational science and the continuous updating of educational content and methods, experimental teaching has become an important link in the comprehensive implementation of quality education and the cultivation of students' experimental skills, innovation abilities, and scientific and technological qualities. Quality education also puts forward newer and higher requirements for laboratory management. Our laboratory has just moved from the science and technology building to the current experimental building, and almost all the work has to be started from scratch. However, under the correct guidance of the school leaders and our efforts, we successfully completed the scheduled work goals for this semester. After one semester, the work has achieved certain results, but there are also some shortcomings and areas that need improvement. In order to do a better job in the future, the following summary is made.

1. Establish a complete laboratory management system and ledger system

The rules and regulations of the laboratory include many aspects, such as the system for the use of experimental equipment and drugs, the compensation system for damaged equipment, Our school has also specially formulated relevant systems for our newly built organic chemistry laboratory, including laboratory safety and health systems, experimental teachers' job responsibilities, and dangerous goods use systems. The formulation and improvement of these systems, on the one hand, are conducive to the normalization and standardization of experimental teaching, on the other hand, they also ensure the gradual improvement of the quality of experimental teaching, and are also conducive to increasing the work responsibility of various managers.

We have transitioned the accounting work from manual accounting to computer accounting, which mainly includes: all instruments and drugs general ledger, instrument and drug consumption records, instrument compensation records, dangerous goods collection records, instrument maintenance records, semester Experimental teaching plan, experiment notice, demonstration experimental teaching registration form, group experimental teaching registration form, student group experiment records, etc. Purchased instruments and medicines must be inspected and accepted first, and then recorded in the ledger after passing the inspection. Any equipment that is damaged or normally consumed should be recorded in a timely manner, and expense records should be kept. Detailed registration is also done for the distribution and recycling of dangerous drugs. Check the equipment and medicines on time to ensure that the account items and cards are consistent.

2. Scientific management of instruments and medicines

Middle school chemical instruments can be roughly divided into three categories: precision instruments, glass instruments, iron and porcelain instruments. We actively and conscientiously do earthquake-proof, moisture-return, anti-corrosion, and dust-proof work, keep the equipment ready for use, actively repair damage, require students to actively experiment, protect instruments, and also require students to standardize experimental operating procedures to prevent unnecessary damage and eliminate Experimental accident.

Chemicals can be classified according to elements, oxides, acids, bases, salts and organic matter. And because a small part of chemicals are dangerous goods, we must pay special attention to safety protection work, pay attention to the storage of dangerous goods, ensure double locks, and conduct regular inspections.

3. Experimental Development

In this school year, all grades have done all the experiments listed in the textbook. Due to the limitations of the textbook, some experiments cannot achieve the desired results according to the requirements of the textbook. If the results are good, we will actively improve the experiment, such as changing the reagent concentration, changing the experimental conditions, changing the equipment, etc. In short, we do everything possible to make the experiment run as smoothly as possible. Summary of Laboratory Work 3

On June 22, the company undertook the automobile transportation comprehensive laboratory project and the highway bridge safety inspection and reinforcement laboratory project (hereinafter referred to as the "Bridge Laboratory Project"). According to the company's overall Deployed and established the "Third Branch". This year is the first year of the establishment of the branch. It is a critical year to lay the foundation and practice internal skills. The branch closely follows the pace of the company's reform and carries out various tasks in a down-to-earth manner in accordance with the requirements of "three benefits", so that the unit's business operations, quality production, safe and civilized construction and stable work have a good start.

1. Production and operation situation

In XX, under the correct leadership of the company and with the support of various functional departments, the branch emancipated the mind, changed concepts, kept pace with the times, and conscientiously Complete various production and operation goals and tasks assigned by the company. Through the efforts of all employees, as of the end of December, the branch had completed an output value of more than 15 million yuan and a new contract value of 135,000 yuan, which created good economic benefits for the company and also received praise from customers.

(1) Cost management work

Strengthening project cost management can effectively reduce project costs, improve the efficiency of fund use, and enhance the survival competitiveness and profitability of enterprises. The bridge laboratory project is the first project contracted by the branch, using a cut-and-cut contracting model. Therefore, if the branch company wants to achieve the contracting indicators set by the company and have a certain profit, it is impossible to achieve the goal without making great efforts to reduce project costs and do everything possible to tap cost potential and increase profits. As one of the key points of the project department's management work, cost management mainly focuses on the following links:

1. Material cost management

The quality of material management is directly related to the project The overall cost is high or low.

The project department paid close attention to material management when entering the site. According to the company's requirements, it first started with material management and insisted on market research and price inquiry of materials. From the selection of suppliers to the measurement and acceptance of materials entering the site and the exit of turnover materials, we have gained a certain amount of experience, accumulated a certain amount of resources, and established some trustworthy partners. The branch company has formulated a corresponding reward and punishment system based on material needs and material use. The rewards and punishments are clear and "whoever provides the materials is responsible." Strengthen the management of on-site use of materials, reduce material procurement costs, and reduce waste during material use.

2. Strengthen construction period management

On the premise of ensuring quality and safety, the construction period should be compressed as much as possible. The purpose is to reduce project cost expenditures, while strengthening on-site management, formulating scientific plans, rationally allocating limited resources, and reducing construction waste.

For example, bridge laboratory foundation construction. This project is an independent column and strip foundation (some basements are box-shaped), and there is a ground beam between independent columns at about ±0.00. The design is to backfill soil first and then pour the ground beam concrete. However, the strip foundation around the basement cannot be backfilled due to the progress of the basement. If the construction is carried out according to the requirements of the drawings, the progress of the basement will enter a critical process, affecting the structural construction period of the entire project. . In order to prevent the construction period from being greatly affected, the project department proactively negotiated with the design unit and did a lot of work. Finally, the design agreed that the ground tie beams in this part could be supported by formwork to pour concrete, and then backfilled after the formwork was removed. In this way, the total construction period of the structure is no longer affected by the progress of the basement and is advanced by about one month.

3. Optimize construction plans

When formulating construction plans that have a greater impact on project costs, we adopt the method of comparative analysis of economics and quality of different plans. Through collective discussion, priority will be given to construction plans that can ensure certain quality requirements, are feasible and have low cost.

For example: When formulating the construction plan of frame beam and column formwork, there are 4 plans proposed:

　⑴ All use wooden formwork;

⑵ Use of columns The fixed combination steel formwork is used, and the wooden formwork is used for the beams;

⑶Municipal steel formwork is used, and some parts are attached with ordinary small steel formwork and wooden formwork;

⑷All ordinary small steel formwork is used. The results of the economic and quality comparative analysis of the above four options are:

The first option achieves better quality results. All formwork needs to be purchased, and due to the small cross-sections of the beams and columns of the frame of this project, the remaining formwork after the completion of the project will be very small and cannot be used in future projects. Discussion result: The quality of this solution meets the requirements, but the economic investment is too great. The template is used once and has no residual value. This solution will not be adopted.

The quality effect achieved by the second solution. The fixed combination steel formwork is for rent, only the beam wood formwork needs to be purchased, and the investment in the formwork is relatively small. However, the stereotyped combined steel mold has a large weight, and a tower crane (or truck crane) is required for mold entry, mold removal and vertical transportation. Discussion results: The quality of this solution meets the requirements, and the formwork investment is not large, but it requires an increase in the cost of large-scale lifting equipment. The solution is not feasible and this solution will not be adopted.

The third option can meet the quality requirements to a minimum. The municipal steel formwork is rented, and the wooden formwork is purchased in small quantities and the investment is not large. Discussion results: The quality meets the requirements, the economy is good, the solution is feasible, and it is decided to adopt it.

The fourth option cannot meet the quality requirements. The small steel mold is rented, with minimal investment. Discussion results: Although this solution is economical, it cannot meet the quality requirements and will not be adopted.

4. Adapt measures to local conditions and make use of all available resources

Due to the high mobility of construction, the geographical areas and construction environments of each project are different. If it is beneficial to Utilizing environmental resources can reduce certain project costs.

The favorable environment for bridge laboratory engineering is:

⑴ It is located in a suburban county. There are a large number of small excavation and transportation machinery in the suburbs. They are characterized by flexibility, low price, and no entry and exit fees. They are suitable for sub-projects of earthwork with small amount of earthwork and low construction period requirements.

In this project, we used this type of machinery in sub-projects such as artificial lakes and backfill, which saved a lot of machinery costs.

⑵ This project is located in the highway test site of the Ministry of Transport. We made full use of the original hardware facilities of the test site during the construction:

a. Temporary water use for construction. In the past, we generally used municipal tap water for temporary water during construction, which was expensive. In this project, in addition to using tap water for domestic water, all other project water uses the existing green water wells in the test site. Since well water charges are low and do not count flow, you only need to pay a smaller one-time payment after construction is completed.

b. All temporary office heating in winter uses heating, and we directly connect it from the heating pipe network of the test site. In the past, for temporary heating in projects, we usually used electric heaters or set up boilers for heating, which required high investment costs and had safety risks. The radiators and pipes used in the temporary office facilities of this project are all radiators and pipes purchased in advance for formal engineering use (can be directly used in the bridge laboratory project after heating is completed), and the one-time investment is almost zero. The heating fee charged by the test site is less than 10,000 yuan. Summary of Laboratory Work 4

1. Management of laboratories and instrument rooms:

In this issue, according to the relevant arrangements for "Public Practice" work, laboratory management and The use has been standardized. In teaching, experiments that can be done must be done, and experiments that the conditions are not met should be done as much as possible by teachers using self-made simple teaching aids, so that the school's experiments can fully play their role. In terms of instrument room management, experimental equipment is cleaned once a week. If any damage occurs, the cause is promptly identified and compensation is provided according to regulations. Report damaged items in a timely manner and record them in the account, so that the account can be settled daily and monthly, so as to regularize the supervision of the use of teaching equipment. Contact the school and relevant departments in a timely manner for missing items, and ensure the normal development of experimental teaching through matching and purchasing.

2. Laboratory file collection and archiving work:

On the basis of the previous file arrangement, the files were re-standardized in accordance with provincial training requirements. File according to the filing requirements of provincial inspection and acceptance. It promotes the continuity of experimental teaching work and also provides a basis for ensuring the normal development of experimental teaching.

3. Instrument borrowing and management:

Instrument borrowing is a prerequisite to ensure the development of experimental teaching. In this issue, through school meetings and teaching and research meetings, teachers are required to use whatever equipment the school has. Borrow when possible. During the borrowing process, the food lent by the teacher is registered in a timely manner, and teachers are urged to return it in time according to the usage in teaching. We will improve the relevant borrowing procedures. If there is any damage caused by human factors, we will report it to the school in a timely manner and compensate according to regulations, and make it open to teachers and students around the clock.

4. Management of dangerous drugs:

Several experiments in this issue used dangerous drugs. During use, the "Regulations on the Management of Dangerous Drugs" shall be strictly followed, and use shall be made only with the consent of the principal. Unused medicines shall be reasonably disposed of or recycled according to the situation. In this period, no dangerous drug safety accidents occurred in our school.

5. The development of students’ extracurricular experimental activities:

In this issue, extracurricular observations and extracurricular investigations will be carried out under the guidance of experimental teachers and laboratory managers. Certain results have been achieved. For experiments that students failed to do well in class, the number of students taking the initiative to experiment in the laboratory increased, and the results were also improved compared to the previous period. There are strict requirements in the management of extracurricular activities, and no student injury has occurred.

6. Training of experimental teachers:

In this period, the "Experimental Teacher Training Plan" formulated by the school was strictly implemented, and all mathematics teachers were trained, so that most of them Mathematics teachers will learn mathematical instruments. The training for full-time chemistry teachers is more stringent. Chemistry teachers who have passed the training can use chemistry-related experimental instruments.

7. Discussion work on experimental teaching:

In the experimental teaching work, when some problems arise, the laboratory always discusses the existing problems in a timely manner.

In this issue, the carbon dioxide production method and its improvements were discussed twice and tested in experiments, achieving good results. In addition, some other aspects were also discussed to ensure the further development of experimental teaching. Improve and improve.

8. Laboratory culture construction:

In order to create a good educational atmosphere, in this period, our school invested in various aspects and arranged slogans and experimental demonstrations in the experiment Contents such as flow charts and instrument icons create a good educational atmosphere in our school’s laboratory. Walking into the lab is like being part of an experiment.

9. Existing problems and plans

In this period of experimental teaching, although certain results have been achieved, there are also many problems, mainly reflected in the following: Aspects:

1. The borrowing of instruments is not sufficient and needs to be strengthened.

2. The conditions for extracurricular activities need to be improved, especially relevant equipment needs to be purchased to ensure the smooth development of extracurricular experiments.

3. Experimental teaching and research still need to be strengthened. There is insufficient awareness of teaching and research serving teaching, and there is a shortcoming of research for the sake of research and insufficient practice.

4. The awareness of self-training in teacher training needs to be strengthened.

5. Laboratory managers need to learn more about instrument maintenance.

6. Experimental teaching should be optimized and integrated with other disciplines, so that other disciplines can promote experimental teaching, and experimental teaching can promote the teaching of other disciplines.

In short, laboratory work is still unsatisfactory. In future work, we must pay attention to checking for deficiencies, standardizing management, actively publicizing, improving our own service awareness, and improving the experimental teaching of our school. Summary of work in a new Taiwan laboratory 5

Looking back on the past year, with the great help and support of laboratory colleagues, I used the knowledge I have mastered to study the business and set high standards for myself. In his own position, he performed his duties conscientiously and completed his job well. Now I will summarize my work this year from the following aspects.

1. Re-learn and constantly improve yourself

From the moment the bell rang in 20___, I have deeply felt that the burden of work in the new year has already been fulfilled. Pressing me ruthlessly, the conflict between the customer's requirements on product specifications and the existing knowledge of our laboratory personnel has invisibly tightened the strings for the laboratory personnel! The already tense nerves were severely affected again!

In order to complete the work tasks with high quality and quantity, I can only re-learn and deepen my understanding of the relevant knowledge of laboratory tests based on the past. Make it more systematic and comprehensive, raising the professional level of laboratory testing to a new starting point. With a new starting point, the next step is how to make it work in practice. Under the premise of serious shortage of personnel and increasing workload, there are only two solutions to avoid being overwhelmed. One is to strengthen on-the-job training. , increase one's own proficiency in all aspects of the experiment, thereby improving work efficiency. First, strengthen unity and cooperation among internal personnel, cooperate closely with each other, and fully tap the collective potential.

In daily work, we must face reality. Not only can we bury our heads and work selflessly at work, but we must also be able to check every detail of the work when we look back. , summarize and analyze the work experience, from how to save time, how to improve efficiency, try to make the work as programmed, systematic, organized and streamlined as possible!

"The edge of a sword comes from sharpening, and the fragrance of plum blossoms comes from the bitter cold." Opportunities always belong to those who are prepared. It is precisely because of my hard work over the past six months that I have achieved such impressive results. However, the achievement of these achievements is inseparable from the training, support and encouragement of the leaders, teachers and comrades of the company and laboratory. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to you!

No gold is pure, and no man is perfect.

While affirming my achievements, I am also clearly aware that I have some shortcomings: due to the difference between my major and the industry I am engaged in, I cannot say that I am 100% aware of all aspects of product performance indicators, but I have confidence and believe that hard work can make up for weakness. With my youth, my ability to accept new things and my quick thinking, with the help and care of my comrades in my future work, I will overcome my shortcomings and do a better job. good.

2. Strengthen safety education and improve safety awareness

As the saying goes: Safety is higher than life, and responsibility is heavier than Mount Tai. Some of the large-scale analytical instruments in the laboratory require the use of high-pressure cylinders. High-pressure cylinders must be well managed. The storage of high-pressure cylinders such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen must meet the requirements of experimental environmental conditions. Establish certain procedures and systems for the storage and distribution of flammable, explosive and toxic substances, and be familiar with accident handling methods.

3. Position yourself correctly, be a supporting role, and be a good consultant

First of all, you must do your duty to the work in your office, provide reasonable suggestions and suggestions to the leader, and help the leader make correct decisions. decision making. Secondly, we must have the awareness of overall planning and be a good consultant and assistant so that the decisions made are in line with the wishes of the majority of people. When leaders go out, they must stick to their posts, properly handle internal affairs, and be able to stand alone and solve various problems smoothly. All in all, we must fulfill our duties without overstepping our authority, help without causing trouble, and make up for the situation without destroying it.

4. Unite comrades, learn with humility, and develop collaboratively

The weather is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as the people. Unity is strength. Only through unity can we work together to form a synergy. Assist leaders to broaden and clear democratic channels, discuss with everyone when encountering problems, listen to comrades' opinions humbly and sincerely, be strict with oneself, treat others sincerely, respect comrades, care for comrades, put yourself in the shoes of comrades, and strive to create a relaxed, harmonious and pleasant working environment. Listening to both is enlightening, trusting is concealing, do a good job in coordination between leaders and comrades, and comrades and comrades, exchange ideas and feelings with everyone more, be everyone's close friend, and strive to create a working atmosphere of mutual trust, mutual help, and comfort. .

5. Make full use of the advantages of computers, be enterprising and innovative

Society is progressing and technology is developing. Since I have some advanced computer theory, I can use computers to search for technical information and conduct technical exchanges among peers. In this way, I walked into this year from being infinitely busy, and today, when new work and new challenges come to me, I just want to say, come on, I have grown up from work! Summary of Laboratory Work Part 6

All aspects of experimental teaching can be carried out smoothly. Here is a summary of the work in the past semester.

1. Biological experiment teaching work

Strict experiment preparation system. Each teacher must demonstrate the experiment one day before the experiment according to the experiment plan, and submit the experiment notice to the experiment two days before the group experiment. In the laboratory, I fully prepared the instruments and medicines according to the notice, making sure they were accurate, clean, complete and timely to ensure the success of the experiment the first time. For some experiments, experimental teachers also personally test them in advance. If there are improved experiments or self-made teaching aids are used for teaching, they will promptly explain the usage methods and precautions to the teachers to ensure that nothing goes wrong. Any damaged instruments during the experiment will be punished strictly in accordance with the teaching instrument compensation system. When the experiment is completed, ask the instructor to fill in the experiment record sheet in a timely and truthful manner. Complete teaching work with high quality and quantity, actively cooperate with biological interest groups to carry out activities, actively participate in teachers' research teaching, and strive to improve students' initiative and participation. This semester, I also cooperated with the Academic Affairs Office to successfully complete the experimental examination for the second grade of junior high school.

2. Laboratory management

Develop a set of effective methods for the collection and return of drugs and instruments in biological laboratories, and always implement them well. It plays a decisive role in ensuring the quality of medicines and maintaining equipment, avoiding unnecessary waste of medicines and damage to equipment. Strengthen the daily care and maintenance of medicines and instruments, extend their lifespan, and contribute to the school's cost savings.

For example, for precision teaching instruments such as microscopes and dissectors, regular inspection, dust removal, rust prevention, and maintenance are carried out. Specimens are regularly inspected and moth-proofed, and properly managed. Store flammable, explosive, and toxic chemicals independently, implement double locks for two persons, strictly control their use, and conduct strict registration to ensure the safe use of such drugs.

Ensure that shopping is registered, accounts are clear, and accounts, items, and cards are matched. The borrowing of teaching equipment shall be registered strictly in accordance with the teaching equipment borrowing system, and shall be returned as scheduled, refunded, etc. Have a full understanding of the performance, use, and operating methods of new experimental instruments and be able to operate them skillfully. He also actively participated in the guidance of students' experimental operations, further exercised his hands-on ability, and better cooperated with the teaching work of the experimental teacher.

Provide corresponding compensation for damage to glassware and slide specimens. Damage to biological instruments and equipment shall be reported and scrapped in a timely manner and registered. At the end of the academic year, the damage report and scrapping shall be submitted to the General Affairs Office in a timely manner. Record sheets, and at the same time apply for the purchase of missing biological instruments and required chemicals to ensure the normal development of teaching work in the next school year. We should conscientiously do a good job in water and electricity management, fire prevention, and anti-virus work in the laboratory, eliminate safety hazards in a timely manner, and at the same time improve students' safety awareness and implement laboratory safety work. Regularly clean the biology laboratory and do a good job in laboratory cleaning to integrate it with the beautiful environment of the school.

3. Complete the experimental link carefully and pay attention to operational guidance

In the experimental teaching work, whether the experimenter prepares the experiment, the teacher demonstrates the experiment, or guides the students to experiment, as well as the attitude towards the experiment In terms of strict attitude and other aspects, teachers' words and deeds must be reflected everywhere, all the time, and everything. Only when teachers teach solidly can students learn solidly. Therefore, strictly completing the "preparation, teaching, and guidance" of experimental classes is an indispensable basic link in giving a good experimental class.

1. Preparing for experimental classes is the first prerequisite for taking good experimental classes

No matter whether the experiments required in the textbook are simple or complex, you must prepare for them well. Write a practical lesson plan and do it yourself before the experimental class, that is, prepare for the experiment. Only when teachers do this can they guide students how to deal with possible problems in every detail during the operation, see experimental phenomena, learn real experimental methods and scientific knowledge, and cultivate students' ability to discover and solve problems; if they do not prepare lessons, If you don't do experiments in person, just imagine and do experiments on the blackboard, there will be no obvious results, let alone convincing. There may even be phenomena that should not happen, such as all students failing experiments.

2. Pay attention to experimental guidance

Know that when students experiment, they must be face-to-face and guide them in detail. At the same time, they must be careful not to do everything for them. From the selection of experimental materials, the assembly of instruments to the operating steps and techniques, it must be scientific and standardized, but also closely combined with specific reality. While respecting the dominant position of students, the guiding role of teachers should be given full play to ensure that the phenomena are clear and the results are correct. For example, when doing experiments on "extraction and separation of chlorophyll", different materials can be used in different seasons.

3. Pay attention to the analysis and summary of experimental results

Students are required to fill in the experimental report truthfully. When an experiment fails, we should analyze the reasons for the failure truthfully with the students and make up for it after class. If a student's experiment fails, we will help the student master the operating skills through demonstration and achieve success, or help analyze the reasons for the failure and let the student redo it until they succeed. It cannot be left to its own devices, otherwise, the purpose of the experimental lesson will not be achieved. ;