Knowledge points in the first volume of eighth grade Chinese

Lead: Knowledge points are the key for us to clarify the learning content. The following are the knowledge points of the first volume of the eighth grade Chinese, welcome to refer to!

I. Unit 1: Memories of War

1, six elements of narrative knowledge: people, time, place, cause, process and result of events.

2. The characteristics and structure of news.

3. Master the methods of portraying characters in novels.

4. Try to find out the meaning and usage of key words and sentences in the text.

Unit 2: Melody of Love

1, understand narrative, description and other expressions, and try to figure out the language characteristics of narrative.

2. Grasp the typical cases to show the characters' personalities in a real, vivid and vivid way, and focus on the part of Shan Hai Jing to understand the meaning of key sentences.

3. Learn the writing methods of A Chang Shan Hai Jing, grasp the character characteristics and portray the characters, and grasp the thoughts and feelings contained in the article.

2. Be familiar with the text and master every new word and literary common sense.

back

1, perceive the content of the text as a whole, taste and try to figure out the language, and write the understanding of key languages.

2. Learn the methods of describing characters, especially action description and portrait description, understand the author's thoughts and feelings, and get inspiration from life.

Explanatory knowledge points:

First, the method of explanation.

There are many ways to explain things, such as definition, classification, examples, comparison, analogy, enumerating numbers, drawing charts, quoting data and so on.

The definition of 1. is an explanatory explanation of the basic characteristics of a concept in concise language. Definition can accurately reveal the essence of things and is a common method in scientific and technological discussion.

2. Classification is to classify things or things according to certain standards and explain them to make them clear.

3. For example, by enumerating examples, we can make things more complicated or abstract clear.

4. Contrast refers to comparing some abstract or unfamiliar things with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison. The characteristics of things often appear in comparison.

For example, it is to compare the similarities between two different things, so as to highlight the characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of explanation.

6。 Enumerating numbers, some things are easy to quantitatively explain the characteristics, and using some numbers to explain them can often make readers understand more accurately and concretely.

7. Drawing charts and explaining things with charts can often make up for the lack of simply expressing things in words and understand things more directly and concretely.

8. Cite materials, covering a wide range, including classic works, famous sayings and aphorisms, formula rules, allusions and proverbs, etc. Citing information for explanation will make the explanation more substantial and specific.

Second, the order of interpretation.

After determining the content of the explanation, we should further consider what kind of order to explain it, so as to make a concrete analysis and highlight the center.

Objective things are varied and complicated, but there are rules to follow and certain organization. When writing expository articles, we should carefully study the characteristics of things and the relationship between things, study the organizational structure of things, and find a reasonable order on this basis, so as to properly reflect the true colors of objective things.

According to the characteristics of the description object, the description order is as follows:

1. Arrange the instructions in chronological order. This order is often used to explain the development process of things. For example, an event, a movement and a production process are usually described in this order. The explanation of ten reliefs in The Immortal People's Hero is obviously the first one to explain one by one in time, taking into account the historical process it reflects.

2. Arrange the explanation order according to the spatial relationship. This order is often used to explain group things. For example, the magnificent Great Hall of the People is explained according to the characteristics of the Great Hall of the People and the law of ordinary people's visits, in the order from far to near, from outside to inside, from main to secondary.

3. Arrange the explanation/preface according to the logical relationship of things. This order is often used to explain things. For example, in Where Does Food Come from, the phenomenon that "a seed can grow into a towering tree and a fish egg can become a huge fish" is analyzed first, and the theory that "all living things need food" is summarized, and then the question of "how to get food" is derived from this theory, which naturally transitions to "two different ways and methods" to get food. When explaining "two different ways and methods"

1, how to grasp the characteristics of the object?

A, topic B, paragraph C, keywords (such as: sentences using interpretation methods, central sentences)

2. Classification and identification of interpretation methods

Classification and function:

First, for example: specifically and truly explain the xx characteristics of things.

Second, classification: clearly describe the xx characteristics of things.

Third, analogy: the image vividly illustrates the xx characteristics of this thing and enhances the interest of the article.

Fourth, list the numbers: specifically and accurately explain the xx characteristics of this thing.

Verb contrast: xx characteristics (status, influence, etc. ) is highlighted.

Definition of intransitive verbs: reveal the essence and connotation of the object of explanation concisely and carefully, so as to make the explanation more rigorous.

Seven, list the chart: intuitively and vividly explain the xx characteristics of things.

8. Citation: Use quotation to illustrate the characteristics of things and enhance persuasiveness, such as quoting ancient poems, proverbs and proverbs.

3. What are the signs of these explanations?

(1) Definition: ... is ..., that is ..., named. ...

(2) Classification: There are several kinds, one is ... and the other is ...

(3) Examples: For example, examples, examples, examples, examples, examples, examples, examples, examples only give some examples.

Compare: To compare with and.

4, explain the order

(1) Spatial order: The shape and structure of things are mostly in the structure of buildings, such as up and down, far and near, left and right, inside and outside, east and west, north and south, etc.

⑵ Time series: explain the development and change of things.

⑶ Logical order: Explain things and explain the internal relations between things.

A, always say first and then say: total score; Points-total; Grand total-Subtotal

B, first big and then small.

C, the reason before the result.

D, from phenomenon to essence.

E. From performance to function.

F, from general to special.

G, from the whole to the part.

5. Explain the characteristics of the language.

⑴ Descriptive language features: accuracy, plainness and conciseness (scientific sketch: vividness).

6. Classification of explanatory texts

(1) According to the object of explanation, it can be divided into physical explanation and logical explanation (explaining the principle or usage of things, etc. ).

(2) According to the characteristics of language, it can be divided into plain exposition and literary exposition (scientific sketch or knowledge sketch) (vivid exposition is often description).

Second, the third unit: classical Chinese knowledge

& Taohuayuan

1, basic knowledge

2. Common sense of literature

This article is selected from Tao Yuanming's anthology. Tao Yuanming, also known as Qian, has a cheerful personality and is known as Mr. Jingjie in the world. Xunyang Chai Sang (now Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province) was a famous pastoral poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Dissatisfied with the reality at that time, he abandoned his post and retired. Peach Blossom Garden and Gui Xi Ci are both masterpieces handed down from ancient times. We also learned that he had returned to the garden.

3. Classical Chinese vocabulary

General words

Along, along. [between the two sides of the strait] Clips, on both sides. Some. Fragrant flowers. [Falling English] Falling Flowers. For example, the first flower. English, flowers. [Colorful] Various appearances. Here we go again. [as if] vaguely, describe the appearance that you can't really see. Only [only]. [Flat] Flat and open. A neat appearance. Class [genus]. [building] field path. [Well-informed and salty] All, all. [Blonde] refers to the elderly. [crying] refers to a child. [Yi Ran] describes joy. [is] unexpected. [detailed]. [Inquiry] Asking for information. [cloud] said. [Sigh] Sigh and surprise. Sigh, surprise, surprise. Send out an invitation. [Yu] Tell. [Help] All the way, all the way. In the past, I was old. [and] to. [Idea] Yes. Pie [pie] pie. Happy expression. Plan. [fruit] enlightenment.

polysemy

Within 1 year. (Jintaiyuan) No.2 Middle School. (There are no miscellaneous trees in it)

[Pool] 1 mark. (looking for ambition) 2 marks. (everywhere)

[Wei] ①(wéi) as (fishing is a profession) ②(wèi) pair, Xiang. (not human)

[Search] 1 Search. (looking for ambition) Right away, soon. (seeking the end of the disease)

I heard. I heard of this man in the village. (with words and sounds)

[Give up] ①(shě) Give up and put it down. (boathouse) ② (house). (The house looks like)

[Do] 1 work. (Among them, the current planting) 2 Do it. (setting wine to kill chickens for food)

Different meanings of ancient and modern times

[Delicious] Ancient: bright and beautiful. Today: The food tastes good.

[Cheerful] Ancient: The place is open and the light is sufficient. Today: optimistic, carefree, not gloomy.

[Transportation] Ancient times: staggered. Today: all kinds of transportation, posts and telecommunications.

[Wife] Gu: Wife and children. Today: A man's spouse.

[Put all your eggs in one basket] Ancient: an isolated place. Today: There is no way out.

[Whatever] Gu: Forget it, forget it. Today: conjunctions indicate different conditions but the same result.

[So] Gu: Like this. Today: Like this.

[Insufficient] Ancient times: Not worth it. Today: not enough; Dissatisfaction.

Flexible use of parts of speech

Surprise. Exhausted means exhausted or exhausted. After [doing], the text means disappearing.

Common words

[Invitation] Invite, invite.

idiom

Describe suddenly enlightened 】 【 from narrow darkness to open light. It is also a metaphor for thinking about a certain truth for a long time and then suddenly understanding it. Suddenly enlightened.

"Nobody cares" means that no one asks about the price or situation. Tianjin, ferry.

[happy] describes happiness and satisfaction.

"Xanadu" refers to a utopian beautiful world divorced from reality.

Understanding of 1

(1) original sentence answer:

1. The sentence describing the beauty of the peach blossom forest is: the grass is fragrant and the English is colorful.

2. The sentence describing the social environment of Taohuayuan is: the traffic on each floor, chickens and dogs hear each other.

3. The sentences describing the hospitality of Taohuayuan people are as follows: invite them to their homes and put wine to kill chickens for food; When the village heard about this man, Xian came to inquire. The others went home, eating and drinking.

The land is flat and spacious, the houses are the same, and there are fertile fields and beautiful ponds. The traffic in the building is so busy that chickens and dogs hear each other.

5. Sentences that express people's comfortable life: farming; The yellow hair hangs low and enjoys itself.

6. The expression of the fisherman's overall feeling: suddenly enlightened.

7. The sentence that explains why Taohuayuan people come to Taohuayuan: ancestors avoid Qin, which is chaotic.

8. Sentence indicating fisherman's treachery: It can be said that it is easy to be too defensive.

(2) Summarize the answer in your own words:

1. What is the role of the first paragraph in describing the peach blossom forest?

Rendered a mysterious and beautiful atmosphere, suggesting that there will be a fairyland, paving the way for writing the beauty of the Peach Blossom Garden.

2. What kind of mood does the word "suddenly" in "Suddenly Encountering Peach Blossom Forest" show the fisherman?

This happened by accident, unexpectedly.

3. What does the word "poor" in Want to Be Poor in the Forest express the fisherman's psychology?

Because it is "very different", I want to find out.

4. What does "suddenly enlightened" take care of?

Only by being narrow at first can we understand people.

5. Why are the villagers "surprised to see the fisherman"?

The villagers were surprised at the appearance of strangers, which showed that Taohuayuan had been isolated from the world for a long time.

6. "The ancestors avoided the chaos of the Qin Dynasty and led their wives to this desperate situation" explains what the social environment of the ancestors was like?

Social unrest, frequent wars and people's poverty.

7. What is the natural environment, social environment, people's living conditions and mental state of Taohuayuan?

Natural environment: beautiful and rich; ② Social environment: stability and peace; 3 living conditions: live and work in peace and contentment; 4 mental state: freedom and happiness.

8. "This man heard everything", from which we can infer what the fisherman said to the people in the Peach Blossom Garden.

Outside the Peach Blossom Garden, dynasties change, social unrest, and people's lives are miserable.

9. Why do people in the Peach Blossom Garden sigh? Why didn't the author write out what the fisherman said one by one?

I feel sorry for the changes of the times, the turmoil outside the Peach Blossom Garden, and the pain of people's lives.

This article is mainly about the beauty of the Peach Blossom Garden, not the war in the outside world; In addition, things outside the Peach Blossom Garden are well known to the world, and there is no need to write them out one by one.

10. What is the reason why Taohuayuan people "don't come back"?

Generations have suffered from war, and people in the Peach Blossom Garden don't want to return to the dark society and live a miserable life.

1 1. Why do villagers say that "others are not humane enough"?

Be wary of fishermen, for fear that outsiders will destroy their calm and stable life when they know about it.

12. Why did the author write "If you look for what you want, you will never find the way"?

It shows that Peach Blossom Garden is an unreal world that seems real, but actually does not exist. Also expressed the author's regret.

13. Why did the author write that Liu Ziji's search for the Peach Blossom Garden was "unsuccessful"?

It shows that the Peach Blossom Garden is just out of reach, adding a strange color to the Peach Blossom Garden. It also shows that the Peach Blossom Garden does not exist in real life. It implies the author's helplessness in changing social reality.

14. What are the characteristics of the Peach Blossom Garden written by the author? What kind of life does the author pursue? )

Beautiful environment, people's stability and happiness, simple folk customs; There is no class, no exploitation, no oppression, no war, and everyone is self-reliant and lives and works in peace.

15. Why does the author make up a beautiful world that is opposite to reality?

Entrust their own political ideals and reflect the wishes of the broad masses of people; Yearning for a better life and criticizing the dark society.

16. Write the overall idea of the article.

(Fisherman) Discover, visit and leave Taoyuan.

1 Migration and expansion

1. What is an idiom similar to the artistic conception of "the mountains are heavy and the waters are heavy, but there is no road to doubt, and the willow blossoms are bright and the village is bright"?

Suddenly enlightened.

2. What do you think of the ideal society written by Tao Yuanming?

The sharp contrast with the dark society at that time was a spiritual sustenance of the author's dissatisfaction with the reality at that time, a criticism of the dark society at that time, and objectively reflected the wishes of the broad masses of the people, which had certain positive significance; However, it has traces of primitive farming and a certain tendency of retro, which can only be a fantasy in class society and cannot be realized.

3. What kind of person is the fisherman? What's the use of writing about fishermen?

Fishermen are treacherous and fail to keep their promises.

On the one hand, compared with the simple hospitality of people in Taohuayuan, it deepens people's understanding of the society outside Taohuayuan and highlights that Taohuayuan is an ideal society; On the other hand, this paper takes the whereabouts of the fisherman in and out of the Peach Blossom Garden as a clue, and writing about the fisherman is the need of organizing materials.

4. Make a short comment on the second paragraph.

This passage is a combination of prose and prose poetry, catchy, three sentences and four sentences coherent and smooth, refined and artistic. "Yellow Hair Hanging Eyes" also uses metonymy rhetoric to enhance language expression.

From the beginning, it is extremely narrow, and only people can pass. What life truths or inspirations can you think of?

Answer around "On the road of life, you must go through some hardships to make a difference".

6. In what ways did the author describe the second paragraph? Please write two words of appreciation at the beginning of "Peach Blossom Garden is beautiful ...".

The beauty of Peach Blossom Garden is the beauty in the natural environment, and the beauty of Peach Blossom Garden is the quietness in social life.

7. What do you think of the behavior of Taohuayuan people who take refuge in Taohuayuan and never return?

Taohuayuan people were very lucky at that time, able to avoid disasters and live a stable life; But in a positive sense, avoidance is not forever, and we should rise up and fight. (only talk about your own ideas)

8. Everyone has his own ideal kingdom. What is your ideal kingdom? Describe it in vivid language.

(Answer by yourself)