Detailed Mandarin manuscript content

Detailed contents of Mandarin handwritten newspapers

In their daily study and work life, many people have come into contact with some of the more classic handwritten newspapers and handwritten newspaper layouts. The arrangement and beautification design should also revolve around the theme, determine the seriousness and liveliness of the form according to the theme and article content, and achieve the unity of form and content. What do those widely used handwritten newspapers look like? Below is the detailed Mandarin handwritten newspaper content that I compiled. Welcome to read and collect it.

The phonetic characteristics of Mandarin

Compared with the phonology of Chinese and other local languages, the phonology of Mandarin is relatively simple. Its initial consonants, finals, and tones are generally It has fewer words than other dialects, making it easier to master.

The characteristics of Mandarin speech are: the initial consonant has no voiced sounds except for the tip of the tongue r fricative, nasal sounds n, m, and the lateral sound l. The finals are often compound vowels, and the nasal finals can be divided into front and back. In addition, Mandarin does not have the contrast between clear and voicing initial consonants, there is no incoming tone, the sharp and consonant consonants merge (without distinguishing the sharp and consonant), there are fewer tones, and the mode is simple. In addition, there are soft sounds and Erhua rhymes.

Compared with Indo-European languages, Mandarin has distinct phonetic characteristics:

1. The syllable structure is simple and the sound is loud. In Mandarin, a syllable has only four phonemes at most. Among them, vowels with loud pronunciation are dominant and are an indispensable component of general syllables. Several vowels (up to three) can appear continuously in one syllable, such as huai (bad), and there are no complex consonants in Mandarin syllables, that is, there is no lightning (lightning) like English. Russian Встреча (encounter) is a phenomenon where several consonants are connected together.

2. The syllables have clear boundaries and a strong sense of rhythm. Chinese syllables are generally composed of three parts: initial consonants, finals, and tones. The initial consonants come first, the finals follow closely, and there is a tone that runs through the entire syllable, so there is a clear syllable boundary. From the perspective of phoneme analysis, consonants and vowels appear regularly and spaced apart from each other, giving people a recurring feeling, making it very convenient to segment syllables.

3. The tone is ups and downs and full of musicality. The tones in Mandarin have distinct changes in high and low, and the distinction between high, rising, turning and falling is obvious, making it sound as beautiful as music.

The evolution of Mandarin

Ancient Chinese people attached great importance to the unification of local dialects, so "Yayan" appeared. "Cihai·Yayan" says: "Yayan, in ancient times, was called '*** Tongyu', which is symmetrical to 'dialect'." Kong Yingda said in "Main Text": "Yayan is also a correct speech." "Yayan" "It is my country's earliest ancient common language, equivalent to today's Mandarin.

According to historical records, the earliest "Yayan" in my country was based on the local language of the Zhou Dynasty. The language in Fenghao (now northwest of Xi'an), the capital of the Zhou Dynasty, was the national Yayan at that time. Confucius was lecturing in the state of Lu. His three thousand disciples came from all over the world. Confucius taught in elegant language. "The Analects of Confucius·Shu'er Seventh" says: "The elegant words of Zi, such as "Poems", "Books", and the conduct of rituals, are all elegant words."

After the Zhou Dynasty, various dynasties moved with the migration of their capitals , the basic dialects of Yayan were also revised, but most of them still used the capital language as the standard. Mandarin is not the authentic ancient Chinese, but a changed version of Chinese.

This is because Mandarin is the official language of the Qing Dynasty and was the exclusive language of the Manchu rulers during the Qing Dynasty.

Among them, man means Manchu. Mandarin was produced when the Manchus learned to speak the Mandarin of the Ming Dynasty from the Han people in Beijing. Its pronunciation is quite different from the Mandarin of the Ming Dynasty, because when the Manchus learned to speak the Mandarin of the Ming Dynasty, they were influenced by Manchu and had a strong The Manchu accent and nondescript pronunciation sounded bad to Beijingers at that time. The official dialect of the Ming Dynasty at that time was Jiangsu dialect and Wu dialect.

When foreign missionaries entered Beijing at that time, they recorded the pinyin of the Ming Dynasty Mandarin spoken by Beijingers, which was a typical feature of Wu dialect.

Textual research by language experts proves that the official language of the Ming Dynasty was Wu dialect. In addition, even if considered from common sense, Zhu Yuanzhang made Nanjing his capital, and he spoke Wu dialect. Of course his son also spoke Wu dialect. After the capital was moved to Beijing, the official dialect of the Ming Dynasty was still Wu dialect, and the people in Beijing at that time also spoke Wu dialect. Mandarin was born out of Wu dialect, the official dialect of the Ming Dynasty, but after being spoken by the Manchus, it was different from Wu dialect, with changes in pronunciation and tone.

Because the Manchus were the rulers, through the power of the political power, Manchu Mandarin, which was originally only used by the Manchus, was promoted and spread throughout the country, and was later called Guoyu or Putonghua. So Mandarin is Chinese that has been transformed by the Manchus. It was invented by the Manchus.

In southern provinces such as Guangdong, Guangxi, and Fujian, because the sky is high and the emperor is far away, the ancient Chinese language is well preserved and has not been eliminated by Manchu Mandarin, that is, Mandarin. So today’s southerners still speak ancient authentic Chinese before the Ming Dynasty, and northerners actually call it bird language. This is a sign of ignorance. Tang poems and Song lyrics are read in the southern bird language, which is very smooth and the rhyme is very good, but If you read it in Mandarin, there will be a problem. Because the poets and poets of the Tang and Song Dynasties did not speak Mandarin. They speak ancient Chinese. It is the same as, similar to or similar to the southern bird song.

The history of Mandarin is only 400 years ago. 400 years ago, China did not have the so-called "Mandarin" today. Nowadays, Mandarin is the special Chinese language of the Manchus! It was invented by the Manchus. It was deeply marked by the Manchu people. If you don’t believe it, just ask a linguist. Sun Yat-sen hated the Manchu rulers and tried to use Cantonese (ancient Chinese) as the national language (Mandarin), but failed. Because Manchu Mandarin is too powerful.

Later the Republic of China government voted. Mandarin has one more vote than Sichuan dialect to become the national language. In fact, Sichuan dialect and Mandarin are from the same language family, but they have different accents. People who can understand Mandarin can also understand Sichuan dialect.

Beijing dialect was Wu dialect in the Ming Dynasty. Later, it gradually became closer to the influence of Manchu and Qing Mandarin (ie Mandarin). So Beijing dialect and Mandarin are very similar, but not completely similar. They are just close to each other.

Hu Shi taught "History of Chinese Literature" at the Third Mandarin Language Workshop of the Ministry of Education, Nankai School, Nankai University, and the Fourth Mandarin Language Workshop of the Ministry of Education. In April 1927, the Beijing Cultural Society published "History of Chinese Literature" based on Nankai's mimeographed lecture notes. Hu Shi said, "I think China should have Pinyin writing in the future. However, there are too many single sounds in classical Chinese and it can never be turned into Pinyin writing. Therefore, we must first replace classical Chinese writing with vernacular writing, and then turn the vernacular writing into Pinyin writing. ". Hu Shi wrote "On the Literary Revolution of Construction" in 1918, which summarized the goal of the literary revolution in ten characters: "Literature of the Chinese language, literature of the Chinese language" and explained: "The literary revolution we advocate is just to create a new world for China. Only with the literature of the national language can we have a literary national language. Only with a literary national language can our national language be regarded as a true national language. Without literature, the national language has no life, no value, and cannot be established. It cannot be developed.” “The truly effective and powerful Mandarin textbooks are Mandarin literature, which are Mandarin novels, poems, and scripts…The Mandarin used in China’s future new literature will be the future standard Mandarin. The only way to do this is to use vernacular language to create literature. When the true beauty of vernacular literature is recognized by society, the standardized Mandarin language is naturally established. "Ministry of Education Order No. 8" decrees that primary school readers should use ordinary language and avoid using dialect. And pay attention to the formula of grammar. "The Chinese Literature Department of Peking University uses the prose of Hu Shi, Zhou Zuoren, Yu Pingbo and the poetry of Xu Zhimo as teaching materials, which greatly promoted the New Literature Movement. After the May 4th Movement, the literary revolution and the Mandarin Movement took off. The Ministry of Education in Beijing also tried its best to promote Mandarin, and the vernacular genre completely occupied the position of primary education.

In 1924, when the Beijing Provisional Government was established, Zhang Shizhao served as the Chief Justice and the Chief Minister of Education. He opposed the Mandarin Movement and New Literature, and formed a flanking force with the Xueheng School centered on Nanjing Southeast University to attack the Mandarin Movement and the New Literature Movement. . Qian Xuantong's student Wei Jiangong published an article "Down with the Obstacles to the Mandarin Movement" in "Mandarin Weekly".

In 1928, Qian Xuantong proposed "a proposal to organize a revision committee for the "Guoyin Dictionary"." On July 12, the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of the Mandarin Language established the "Guoyin Dictionary Revision Committee". Wang Pu, Zhao Yuanren, Qian Xuantong, Li Jinxi, Wang Yi, Bai Zhenying and other six people were drafting committee members to review and revise the "Guoyin Dictionary" word by word. ", officially adopted the local pronunciation of Beiping to compile the "Guoyin Commonly Used Vocabulary" to replace the "Guoyin Dictionary". Later, the national pronunciation formulated by the "Pronunciation Unification Conference" in 1913 was revised to the Beijing pronunciation.

In 1932, the "Vocabulary of Commonly Used Chinese Pronunciation" compiled based on the new Guoyin was published by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China. In the preface of the "Vocabulary", the meaning of the Chinese pronunciation based on the Beijing pronunciation was further explained, which is the so-called modern accurate vocabulary. The standard pronunciation of Beiping pronunciation refers to the 'modern Beiping pronunciation system', and "it does not necessarily mean that every word must respect its native pronunciation." In 1935, the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of the National Language was reorganized into the National Language Promotion Committee and began to carry out the comprehensive popularization and promotion of the national language. Mandarin broadcasts after 1932 all adopted the standard form of "Commonly Used Chinese Vocabulary". In 1937, China's first modern Chinese dictionary "Guoyu Dictionary" was edited by Li Jinxi and Qian Xuantong and published by the China Dictionary Compilation Office.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China

The term "Putonghua" appeared as early as the late Qing Dynasty. In 1902, scholar Wu Rulun went to Japan for inspection. The Japanese suggested to him that China should promote Mandarin education to unify the language. The name "Putonghua" was mentioned in the conversation. In 1904, when Qiu Jin, a modern female revolutionary, studied in Japan, she organized a "speech liaison meeting" with students studying in Japan and drafted a brochure, in which the name "Putonghua" appeared. In 1906, Zhu Wenxiong, a scholar who studied Qieyin characters, divided Chinese into "Guowen" (classical Chinese), "Putonghua" and "Vulgar Language" (dialect) in the book "Jiangsu New Alphabet". He not only proposed the name "Putonghua" , and clearly defined "Putonghua": "the language commonly used in all provinces." Later Qu Qiubai and others also proposed the term "Putonghua". In the 1930s, Qu Qiubai proposed in the article "The War Beyond the Gate of Hell" that " The task of the literary revolution must not be limited to creating some new poetry, novels and dramas. It should establish a modern Mandarin literary style for China. "The new Chinese language of modern Mandarin should be the custom of all regions in China. Used in modern 'human language', polysyllabic, ending..." and argued with Mao Dun about the actual meaning of Mandarin. Through the vernacular movement, popular language movement and Mandarin movement since the May 4th Movement, the status of Beijing pronunciation has been established and consolidated.

In August 1950, the State Publishing Administration established the Xinhua Dictionary Society and began to compile the "Xinhua Dictionary". It was edited by Wei Jiangong, Qian Xuantong's student and director of the Chinese Department of Peking University. The phonetic notation system of the "Xinhua Dictionary" published in 1953 is consistent with that of the "Guoyin Dictionary". In terms of different readings of the text, it pays more attention to spoken pronunciation than the "Guoyin Dictionary".

The definition of "Putonghua" has been unclear in the decades before liberation, and there are also different opinions. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, during the "National Writing Reform Conference" and the "Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese" held in October 1955, the official name of the Han nationality's synonymous language was officially designated as "Putonghua", and at the same time it was determined Its definition is that "Beijing pronunciation is the standard pronunciation and Northern dialect is the basic dialect." On October 26, 1955, "People's Daily" published an editorial titled "Strive to promote the reform of Chinese characters, promote Mandarin, and realize the standardization of Chinese language." The article mentioned: "The most common language of the Han nation is based on Northern dialect. Dialect, Mandarin with Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation."

On November 4, 1955, the General Political Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army issued the "Notice on Promoting Simplification of Chinese Characters, Promoting Mandarin, and Achieving Language Standardization in the Army" to the entire army. On November 17, 1955, the Ministry of Education issued the "Instructions of the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Education on Vigorously Promoting Mandarin in Primary and Secondary Schools and Normal Schools at All Levels."

On February 6, 1956, the State Council issued an instruction on the promotion of Mandarin, adding the definition of Mandarin as “using Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and model modern vernacular works as the grammar. Standard. "This definition clearly stipulates the standards of Mandarin from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. The term "Mandarin" began to be widely used with a clear connotation. The word "common" in "Putonghua" means "universal" and "common". The reason for not using the name Guoyu is to show respect for the languages ??of ethnic minorities.

The significance of promoting Mandarin

The "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Language" stipulates that Mandarin is the national common language. Mandarin uses Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation, Northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular writings as the grammatical standard.

Language is the most important communication tool and information carrier.

In the historical process of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics, vigorously promoting and actively popularizing Mandarin, which is commonly used throughout the country, is conducive to eliminating language barriers and promoting social exchanges, and is of great significance to socialist economic, political, cultural construction and social development.

With the development of reform and opening up and the socialist market economy, society has an increasingly urgent need to popularize Mandarin. Promote the popularization of Mandarin and create a good language environment, which is conducive to promoting personnel exchanges, conducive to commodity circulation and cultivating a unified market.

Our country is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-dialect country with a large population. Promoting and popularizing Mandarin is conducive to enhancing exchanges among various ethnic groups and regions, maintaining national unity, and enhancing the cohesion of the Chinese nation.

Language and writing skills are the basic content of cultural quality, and popularizing Mandarin is an important part of quality education. Promoting the popularization of Mandarin is conducive to the implementation of the strategic policy of education facing modernization, the world, and the future, and is conducive to carrying forward the motherland's excellent traditional culture and patriotism spirit, and improving the scientific and cultural quality of the entire nation.

The level of information technology is one of the indicators to measure the level of national science and technology. Standardization of language and characters is a prerequisite for improving the level of Chinese information processing. Promoting the popularization of Mandarin and implementing the "Hanyu Pinyin Plan" will help promote the development and application of Chinese information processing technology.

In short, the promotion and popularization of Mandarin is conducive to the development of my country's advanced productive forces and advanced culture, and is in line with the fundamental interests of the people of all ethnic groups in the country. It is an important step in implementing the important thinking of the "Three Represents", adhering to people-oriented, and implementing a comprehensive and coordinated , sustainable scientific development concept, and concrete actions to serve the purpose of building a harmonious society and building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way.

The role of Mandarin

Mandarin is the synonym of the modern Han nation and is the language commonly used by all ethnic groups in the country. Mandarin uses Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation, Northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular writings as the grammatical standard. It plays a very important role:

First of all, look at the relationship between language and society. Politics, economy, culture, science and technology, education, etc. are the basic social forms, and language is the most important communication tool and information carrier in human society. It is everywhere and serves society anytime and anywhere. Therefore, on the one hand, the application level of language and characters in society is restricted by economy, culture, science and technology, and education. On the other hand, the application level of language and characters plays a role in promoting, impeding, and retarding social development. Take the standardization and standardization of language and characters as an example. It is a reflection of social changes, and it is also a basic and pilot project for social progress and development. It can play a role in promoting the development of all social forms. Politically, it is conducive to safeguarding the sovereignty and dignity of the country, conducive to national unity, and conducive to the smooth flow of government orders; economically, it is conducive to the formation of a unified national market, eliminating dialect barriers, and promoting the healthy development and continuous development of the market economy. Perfect and prosperous; culturally, it is conducive to inheriting and carrying forward the traditional national culture and enhancing national cohesion; technologically, it directly promotes the development of information industries such as computers and communications, and affects the application and promotion of all other high and new technologies; Educationally, it is conducive to cultivating high-quality talents and providing necessary human resources for social development and progress... Therefore, language and writing work should not only keep pace with social development, but also take precedence.

Secondly, look at the practice since the liberation of our country and the current construction tasks and grand goals. Since liberation, our country's efforts to promote Mandarin, implement the "Hanyu Pinyin Plan" and simplify Chinese characters have greatly promoted national economic development, national unity, and cultural and educational improvements. It has also made forward-looking decisions for the application and promotion of Chinese information processing and other high-tech science and technology. Prepare. In particular, the promotion and use of Chinese Pinyin has greatly advanced the age at which people start to read articles. This is a powerful measure to create more talents, quickly create talents, and catch up with the world's advanced level. Today, the 16th National Congress has set the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way. Specifically, the socialist market economy and commodity exchange require large-scale movement of people. In this way, people consciously demand to learn and use Mandarin. In order to obtain economic benefits, people consciously require the use of various efficient information methods and tools, and put forward increasingly higher requirements for the efficiency of computers in processing Chinese information. All of these require people to improve their quality in language standardization. When workers improve their quality requirements, including language standardization and standardization abilities, they can calmly cope with the storm of the market economy and forge ahead.

Again, from the perspective of the importance of Chinese culture to the world. China is a country with an ancient civilization, and it plays an increasingly important role in the peaceful development of the world today. Chinese is one of the six working languages ??stipulated by the United Nations. The Chinese text of United Nations documents uses standardized Chinese characters including simplified characters. Since the reform and opening up, my country's comprehensive national strength has increased rapidly. Economic exchanges and cultural, educational, and scientific and technological exchanges with other countries around the world have continued to expand and increase. Chinese culture has become increasingly attractive and influential to the world. Language is the carrier of culture. Therefore, promoting the standardization and standardization of Chinese characters and improving their level of standardization and standardization are not only the wishes of the Chinese people, but also the requirements of people around the world.

The origin of Mandarin

Mandarin is a modern Han language that “takes Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation, Northern dialect as the basic dialect, and model modern vernacular works as the grammatical standard.” Same language. This was determined at the National Writing Reform Conference and the Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese in 1955. This definition essentially puts forward the standards for Mandarin from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.

"Using Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation" refers to the pronunciation system of Beijing dialect as the standard, but it does not copy all the pronunciations of Beijing dialect. Mandarin is not the same as Beijing dialect, let alone the earliest. Beijing dialect.

As far as vocabulary standards are concerned, Mandarin is "based on Northern dialect", which means that it is based on the common sayings in the vast Northern dialect area. At the same time, it must also absorb the required words from other dialects.

The grammatical standard of Mandarin is "taking typical modern vernacular works as grammatical standards". This standard includes four meanings: "model" means excluding non-standard modern vernacular works as grammatical standards; "vernacular" It means excluding classical Chinese; "modern vernacular" means excluding early vernacular before the May Fourth Movement; "writing" refers to the written form of Mandarin, which is based on spoken language, but it is not equal to ordinary spoken language, but processed and refined language. .

Promote Mandarin slogans

Speaking Mandarin well and using standardized words well are requirements for the construction of spiritual civilization on any primary school campus. We may know that popularizing Mandarin and standardizing word usage is an important national language policy and an important part of building socialist spiritual civilization.

Therefore, it is urgent for schools to popularize Mandarin and standardize word usage, strengthen the construction of spiritual civilization on campus, and improve the language quality and comprehensive humanistic quality of teachers and students!

Write standardized words well and speak Mandarin well

Speak Mandarin, write standard words, be a civilized person, and innovate trends

Putonghua speaks to the world

Beautiful youth, charming language

The state promotes Mandarin, which is commonly used throughout the country

Actively popularize the national synonyms and enhance the cohesion of the Chinese nation

Patriotic flag , sing the national anthem, speak Mandarin

The four seas have the same sound, and we are united

Mandarin: the sound of China, the love of China

Popularize Mandarin, the four seas are one family

Facing modernization, promote Mandarin

Actively popularize Mandarin and work together to build a well-off society

Establish awareness of language norms and improve national cultural quality

Civil servants should take the lead in promoting Mandarin

News media should be role models in promoting Mandarin

Mandarin is our campus language

I am a Chinese kid and love to speak Mandarin

Mandarin: the bond of emotion and the bridge of communication

Speak Mandarin to welcome guests from all over the world; use civilized language to express true feelings

Communication - Start with Mandarin

Speak Mandarin well, it will be convenient for you and me.

Speak Mandarin well, start with me

Speak Mandarin well, and you will have friends all over the world

Speak Mandarin well, make you and me dependable Closer

Putonghua - the needs of the times, the pursuit of fashion

Putonghua - makes life more exciting and makes society warmer

Putonghua joins hands with youth, Civilized language and fashion go hand in hand

Write standard Chinese and speak Mandarin well

Speak Mandarin, write standard words, be a civilized person, and innovate fashion

Mandarin, speak Mandarin well The world

The state promotes Mandarin, which is commonly used throughout the country

Actively popularize the synonyms of ethnic minorities and enhance the cohesion of the Chinese nation

The four seas have the same pronunciation, and everyone is united

< p> Mandarin: Shenzhou sounds, Chinese sentiment

Popularize Mandarin, we are one family across the world

Facing modernization, promote Mandarin

Actively popularize Mandarin, and work together to build a well-off society< /p>

Establish awareness of language norms and improve national cultural quality

I am a Chinese child and love to speak Mandarin

Mandarin: the bond of emotion and the bridge of communication

Speak Mandarin to welcome guests from all over the world; use civilized language to express true feelings

Communication - start with Mandarin;