What are people's communes and rural cooperatives?

People's commune is an economic organization under collective ownership of working people formed on the basis of advanced agricultural production cooperatives. In the early days of its establishment, the means of production were owned by a single commune, and the distribution was combined with the wage system and the supply system. The private plots were cancelled, which reduced the sideline of members' families, dampened farmers' enthusiasm for production and affected the development of rural productivity. After many adjustments, 1962, the vast majority of people's communes implemented the system of "three-level ownership and team-oriented", and restored and expanded private plots and family sideline businesses. However, there are still some shortcomings such as too centralized management, too single management mode and egalitarianism in distribution. At the same time, rural people's communes have always implemented the system of "integration of politics and society". In other words, the grass-roots organs of political power (township people's committees) and the leading organs of collective economic organizations (social management committees) are integrated, and they manage various affairs of towns and the whole society in a unified way. Rural Cooperatives Rural cooperatives came into being in the agricultural cooperative movement in the early 1950s. It is an agricultural socialist economic organization. In this organization, in order to carry out the transformation of socialist public ownership, farmers voluntarily unite to collectively own all their means of production (land, large farm tools and livestock), collectively organize agricultural production and management, and collectively work for farmers, according to their ability and distribution according to work. Rural collective economic organizations are different from enterprise legal persons, social organizations and administrative organs, and have their unique political and legal nature.