Greenhouse vegetable planting technology

Greenhouse planting is a relatively common vegetable planting technology. It has good heat preservation performance and is very convenient. The emergence of greenhouse planting technology allows people to eat off-season vegetables at any time. . Let’s take a look at the specific greenhouse vegetable growing techniques and some things that need attention. Greenhouse vegetable growing technology

Greenhouse vegetable growing technology:

Greenhouse vegetables mostly use a structural skeleton based on bamboo and steel, and then cover it with one or more layers of thermal insulation plastic film. Such a simple structure creates a complete greenhouse space. Plastic film can effectively prevent the loss of carbon dioxide produced during the growth of vegetables to achieve the required insulation effect in the greenhouse. The greenhouse construction location should be sunny, sheltered from wind, high dryness, well-drained, and free from soil infectious diseases.

Shed type and structure:

There are many types and structures of plastic greenhouses. At present, the two most widely used greenhouses are prefabricated galvanized thin-walled steel pipe greenhouses (referred to as steel pipe greenhouses) and bamboo and wood round arch greenhouses. It is mainly used for early spring cultivation and late winter cultivation of summer vegetables such as tomatoes, sweet (spicy) peppers, eggplants, and cucumbers, as well as seedling cultivation, hybrid seed production, etc. There is also a small bamboo frame shed, which is often used alone or in combination with a greenhouse (that is, a greenhouse within a small shed), which is used for eggplant and melon vegetable seedlings in winter and spring and early spring cultivation.

Greenhouse vegetable cultivation mode:

1. Early maturing cultivation of spring and summer vegetables;

Early maturing cultivation of eggplant and melon vegetables is the most commonly used project in greenhouse cultivation. Open field cultivation[2] is generally planted from late March to mid-April and harvested from early May to July. Greenhouse cultivation can be planted from January to March in advance and harvested from late March to July. It comes to market earlier, has higher yield, extends the flowering and fruiting period, and has obvious economic benefits. In addition, according to market demand, temperature-loving green leafy vegetables such as amaranth, fungus, and water spinach can be sown in advance and put on the market early.

1. Selection of varieties (combinations): Zaofeng, Japanese Dahong×Diaohong are selected as early-maturing tomato varieties; Zheza No. 5, Sukang No. 4, No. 5, etc. are selected as medium-maturing varieties, and ripe varieties are selected as sweet peppers. An excellent variety that is early-growing, disease-resistant, high-yielding and marketable. Peppers: chicken feet × Jilin F1, Zaofeng No. 1; sweet peppers: add No. 3; eggplant: Fujian No. 1, Pingtung Changqie; cucumbers: Jinchun No. 2, No. 3, etc.

2. Colonization: Cover the shed with film 10 days before colonization. Apply 3,000 kilograms of manure or decomposed garbage manure, 2,000 kilograms of human excrement, and 50 kilograms of compound fertilizer per acre. Apply in deep ditches or in full layers and turn them into the soil. For tomatoes, a greenhouse has 4 borders with a ditch of 1.5 meters. It is planted in double rows with a row spacing of 75 cm and a plant spacing of 20-30 cm. 2,500-3,000 plants per acre are planted. 3,000 pepper plants are planted per acre. The distance between eggplant plants is 40-50 cm, and 2,000-2,400 plants are planted per acre. 2,000─2,400 cucumbers are planted per acre.

3. Field management:

(1) Temperature management: No ventilation within a week after planting, focusing on heat preservation. Especially for eggplants and cucumbers, higher temperatures should be maintained appropriately. , to return seedlings with benefit. After the seedlings are restored, the temperature should be maintained at a higher temperature. The suitable temperature for tomato seedling growth is 20-25℃ during the day and 10-15℃ at night. The suitable temperature for eggplant growth is 20-30℃. When the temperature is lower than 15℃, it will cause poor pollination and fertilization. The optimum growth temperature for sweet (spicy) peppers is 25-28℃; for cucumbers is 28-30℃. The night temperature should not be lower than 10℃. In mid-to-late May, the temperature gradually rises. The skirt film can be gradually removed and the film can be removed for ventilation in the seedling stage. The ventilation time is between 9:00 and 10:00, and the door should be closed and covered with film after 15:00 and 16:00.

(2) Fertilizer and water management: After planting and returning seedlings, add seedling fertilizer diluted with human excrement or livestock manure. For tomatoes, ① during the first fruit enlargement period, use 10 kg of compound fertilizer per mu; during the second and third fruit fruit enlarging stages, use 30 kg of compound fertilizer per mu; at the fourth and fifth ear fruit enlargement stages, use 20 kg of compound fertilizer per mu. . ② After applying fertilizer to sweet (spicy) pepper seedlings, keep the field moist during the entire growth period, but not too dry and do not accumulate water, and apply thin fertilizer frequently.

Generally, top dressing is applied once every two harvests, with 10 kg/mu of compound fertilizer and an additional 20 kg/mu of fertilizer during the fruiting period. Top dressing for eggplants is similar to that for peppers, and top dressing for cucumbers is once every two harvests.

(3) Frame pruning: Tomatoes and cucumbers should be planted with bamboo to support the plants and lead vines to the shelves to achieve favorable results. Tomatoes should be pruned using the double-pole pruning method. The first lateral bud above the first flower spike should be retained, and all lower axillary buds and branches should be removed. Leave the first eggplant flower and the first branch below the fruit, and remove all others. Sweet (spicy) peppers bloom and bear fruit very regularly. When the growth, flowering and fruiting are excessive and the plant growth is small, the upper flowers and fruits should be removed to facilitate the normal growth of the lower flowers and fruits.

(4) Preserve flowers and fruits: In spring, when the temperature is low, tomatoes, the first and second spikes of flowers need to use hormones to preserve flowers and fruits, in order to increase the yield in the early stage. Use 40PPM anti-falling hormone to spot the peduncles; eggplants are blooming. 1-2 days before (trumpet-shaped), dot flowers or spray with anti-falling agent 15PPM; peppers can also be sprayed with anti-falling agent.

The flower and fruit preservation treatment should be carried out when the temperature is below 15℃, and if it is above 15℃, do not handle it if there is sufficient sunlight. The concentration must be strictly controlled and not too high to avoid side effects.

2. Delayed cultivation of summer vegetables in autumn and winter;

The general harvesting period of delayed cultivation of summer vegetables in autumn and winter is from October to December. If it is stored and kept fresh, it can be extended to the Spring Festival, which is economical High efficiency.

1. Cultivation seasons and varieties:

(1) Tomatoes are sown in early July, seedlings are 30 days old, planted from late August to September, and harvested from October to December. The varieties selected were Zheza No. 7 and Zaofeng.

(2) Cucumber: Live broadcast from the end of July to mid-August, harvest from September to November. The varieties selected include Jinyan No. 4, Jinchun No. 4, Qiu Cucumber No. 1, Xia Feng, etc.

(3) For autumn tomatoes, flowers that bloom before mid-September often fall due to high night temperatures, while flowers that bloom after October are difficult to set fruit due to low temperatures. Therefore, it is necessary to use 10-15PPM anti-dropping agent to spray the flowers, or use a concentration of 40PPM to coat the flower stems to prevent flowers and fruits from falling.

2. Sun-shade and rain-proof seedling cultivation in summer:

Editor: From late June to early August in the southern region, there are strong light and high temperatures as well as thundershowers and typhoons, which seriously affect vegetable production and early morning growth. For autumn vegetable seedlings, the application of shade nets and non-woven fabrics in recent years has promoted the role of greenhouses in summer seedlings and cultivation.

(1) The function of greenhouse shading coverage

Shading function: Shade net can significantly reduce the light intensity in the greenhouse. The larger the density specification, the better the shading effect. The black ratio of the same specification Silver gray sunshade effect is good. Generally, the shading rate of black is 42{bf}─65{bf}, and that of silver gray is 30{bf}─42{bf}.

Cooling effect: The temperature inside the greenhouse has dropped due to the sunshade net covering, especially the surface and soil cultivation layer have the largest cooling rate. From 10 am to 2 pm, the temperature in the upper part of the greenhouse is as high as 37─40℃, while The temperature around surface plants is between 22-26℃ and the soil temperature is between 18-22℃, which is suitable for crop growth.

(2) Preserve moisture and prevent heavy rain: evaporation in the shed is reduced, the soil moisture content is higher than that in the open field, and the topsoil is moist. Since the sunshade net has a certain mechanical strength and is relatively dense, it can decompose heavy rain into drizzle to prevent vegetable leaves from being damaged by heavy rain, and the soil is not easy to compact, has large voids, and has good ventilation. Cover the sunshade net with a plastic film in the greenhouse. , the effect is better.

(3) Precautions for sunshade cover cultivation

Choose a sunshade net with appropriate specifications according to the type of vegetables. Usually, black sunshade nets are used for short-term cover cultivation of green leafy vegetables in summer and autumn, and for summer seedlings of autumn and winter vegetables. Use silver-gray sunshade net to avoid aphids. When saving seeds or delaying cultivation of solanaceous fruits, it is best to use mesh and film together.

Covering period: Generally from July to August, the light intensity at other times is suitable for vegetable growth. If there is no heavy rain, there is no need to cover.

Shade management: Shade nets cannot be covered on the scaffolding for a long time, especially black shade nets. Only at noon on sunny days in summer and autumn will the light intensity under the net reach nearly saturation, preferably at 10 a.m. ─11:00 to build the net, 4-5:00 pm to open the net.

3-4 days before uncovering the net, the net covering time should be gradually shortened so that the seedlings and plants can gradually adapt to the open field environment.

3. Cultivation of leafy vegetables;

In addition to tall vegetables such as melons and eggplants, greenhouses can also cultivate leafy vegetables with high economic value, such as agaric, water spinach, and spinach. For celery, lettuce, etc., spring is advanced, autumn is delayed, and overwintering cultivation is carried out to avoid freezing damage, promote growth, increase yield and extend supply, and go on the market in off-season, with good economic benefits.

Temperature-loving and heat-resistant leafy vegetables, such as fungus, water spinach and other greenhouse cultivation, can be sown in September-October. In the later period, insulation coverage is implemented, and they are put on the market in advance. Together with conventional cultivation, the annual supply can basically be achieved. . Vegetables such as lettuce, which like cold weather but are less tolerant to frost, are best sown in the open field from late August to early September and from March to April in spring. If they are sown from November to March of the following year, they can be cultivated in a greenhouse.

Prevention (correction) of pests and diseases and physiological disorders

Vegetables are grown in greenhouses most of the time, especially in winter, which provides suitable ecological conditions for the overwintering and reproduction of pests and diseases. and physiological disorders are becoming increasingly serious. Therefore, the prevention and control of pests and diseases and overcoming physiological obstacles of crops are the keys to the success of greenhouse cultivation of vegetables.

In addition to timely prevention and control of pests and diseases in various cultivated varieties and periods, fumigation with chlorothalonil is used from time to time to eliminate pathogens. Use carbofuran to control underground pests.

1. Physiological obstacles in greenhouse cultivation and their corrective measures

1. High temperature physiological obstacles

The main manifestations are affecting the differentiation of flower buds, such as cucumbers under high temperature and long sunshine The number of male flowers increases and the differentiation of female flowers decreases; when tomato and pepper flower buds are differentiated and exposed to high temperatures, the flowers become smaller and stunted.

(1) Sunburn: The main symptom is that the leaves initially fade and then turn to milky white, and finally turn yellow and die.

(2) Flowers and fruits drop, and deformed fruits appear: High temperature, especially high temperature at night, not only delays the differentiation of female flowers in the first inflorescence of tomatoes, but also affects the normal physiological functions of stamens, preventing normal pollination, causing flower and fruit drop. .

(3) Affecting normal pigment formation: The harm of high temperature during fruit maturity is manifested in poor coloration. When tomatoes mature, if the temperature exceeds 30°C, the formation of lycopene is slow; if the temperature exceeds 35°C, lycopene is difficult to form, and the fruit will appear variegated with yellow and red colors.

Preventive measures: The main thing is to strengthen ventilation to reduce the leaf surface temperature. Cover it with a shading net, or spray it with cold water to lower the temperature of the shed.

2. Toxic gas physiological disorders

Ammonia poisoning: When ammonia reaches a concentration of 0.1{bf}─0.8{bf} in the air, it can harm vegetables. If it is sunny, The temperature is high and the ammonia volatilization concentration is high, which can cause the death of cucumber plants in 1-2 hours.

Prevention and control measures: Organic fertilizers should be fully cooked and applied, and chemical fertilizers should be applied in small amounts and frequently.

2. Typical physiological disorder symptoms and corrective measures of cucumbers and tomatoes

1. Leggy cucumber vines

The flowers are topping, and the internodes near the growing point are shortened, forming In flower clusters that are heterozygous for both sexes, the tops of the melon seedlings do not produce heart leaves and appear as hooded flowers; yellowing leaves and acute wilting.

Cause of growth: partial application of nitrogen fertilizer. Low temperature in early spring, large temperature difference between day and night, insufficient sunlight, poor root activity, and insufficient soil nutrients when raising seedlings.

Prevention and control measures: timely transplant, and build a small shed in the early stage to increase the temperature. Strengthen ventilation, fertilize correctly, and manage moisture, temperature, and sunlight.

2. Deformed fruits of cucumbers and tomatoes

During the flowering period of tomatoes, there are too many nutrients and too much nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, especially in winter or early spring, before and after the flower buds differentiate, when there are a few days of 6─ Deformed fruits will appear at a low temperature of 8℃. If the hormone is treated with too high a concentration, or the temperature is too low during the treatment, the light is insufficient, the air is dry, or the nutritional conditions are extremely poor, the flowers that were originally going to fall will be inhibited by hormone treatment. Separation layer, but less photosynthetic products are obtained, forming granular fruits, pointed fruits and sour berries.