Information about disabled people

Disability awareness model and social work methods for the disabled

First, the cognitive model of disability

What services are provided for the disabled? This is closely related to the staff's understanding of disability. There are three basic views on disability, namely:

1, medical mode. This view regards disability as a disease, and thinks that patients' difficulties can be solved by medical means or auxiliary medical methods and instruments. Under the guidance of this model, social workers should have a basic understanding of the progress of modern medical science and technology, and assist the disabled to obtain appropriate services under appropriate circumstances, including referring patients to relevant medical institutions and helping patients apply for financial assistance if necessary.

2. Personal mode. This model regards disability as personal misfortune, and the focus of rehabilitation work is to make individuals adapt to the influence of disability and psychologically accept the reality and limitations of disability. Under the guidance of this model, the role of social workers is to help the sick and wounded overcome obstacles, accept their incomplete reality and re-adapt to the environment. The defects of the personal model are: firstly, it makes the individual in a passive position, makes the patient's response to disability inevitable and fixed, and ignores the specific environmental factors. If social culture and values accept disability and provide adequate protection, patients' response to disability will be relieved a lot. Second, medication and psychological counseling are important in the process of rehabilitation, but it is difficult to solve the problem completely with them after all.

3. Social model. This model shifts the focus of disability from clinical diagnosis or personal adjustment to the objective physical and social environment, and the focus of rehabilitation work is to improve the surrounding environment of the disabled. The task of social workers is not only to help the disabled recover their functions, but also to eliminate the external environment and social factors that restrict them, and to help them obtain equal rights and development opportunities with other citizens, so as to achieve the realm of self-reliance and self-reliance.

Second, the methods of social work for the disabled.

Social work for the disabled not only provides services by using specific methods such as psychological consultation, case work, resource search and referral under the guidance of the above-mentioned medical model and personal model, but also pays more attention to choosing appropriate actions to provide services for the disabled under the guidance of social model. These actions include four levels, which constitute a series of interventions from micro to macro. Specifically, these actions and methods are:

1. Let disabled people make full use of their available resources and abilities.

The staff try their best to understand the existing capabilities and available resources of customers from the disabled and their surroundings, and help the disabled to change their attitudes or learn some problem-solving skills and methods. The specific working method is:

(1) Counseling, that is, staff explain some viewpoints, teach disabled people to build their own will and give play to their potential problem-solving ability.

(2) Support, that is, helping the disabled to know the resources available in their own environment and their ways. Then, in view of the difficulties of the disabled, the staff arranged to provide assistance services, such as domestic helpers and short-term care for disabled patients, to help them tide over the difficulties. During this period, the staff should continue to give encouragement and support, so that the disabled can gain experience and face difficulties.

(3) Protection is a kind of strengthened support to prevent the disabled from being hurt. There are many ways to protect the disabled, and staff should take different prohibition and safety measures according to the situation of the disabled to avoid injury, such as sending the disabled to an institution for care when forced to do so, and arranging relatives and friends, domestic helpers and health nurses to take care of the sick disabled under normal circumstances.

2, reduce the environmental resistance and contradiction of disabled people using resources.

In the process of seeking help, disabled people will not get enough support because of many obstacles and misunderstandings of people and environment around them. For example, family members of disabled people have different opinions on what kind of services they should receive, and institutional personnel do not understand the situation of disabled people. The intervention of the staff is to mediate these contradictions, clarify misunderstandings, and let the disabled get the support and help they deserve. The specific working method is:

(1) Mediation, that is, through mediation, staff members can eliminate or reduce disharmony and conflict among disabled people, their families and service personnel, promote communication and cooperation among all parties, and provide beneficial help to disabled people.

(2) Consultation, consulting and coordinating for the disabled according to their needs, so as to obtain more social resources and services.

3. Develop and effectively use community resources.

In most cases, disabled people need more help than the resources provided by social service institutions. Therefore, staff should explore and mobilize more service resources to serve the disabled and take care of their needs. In order to achieve these goals, the service methods adopted by the staff are:

(1) To mobilize resources, the specific steps are as follows: a. Help the disabled to identify some potential and helpful interpersonal networks and service resources in the community, such as family members, neighbors and volunteers. ; B. encourage and motivate these interpersonal networks to play a role; Mobilize different available resources and support networks to help recipients. For example, for disabled elderly people who live alone and have difficulty in moving, the staff can weave a suitable assistance system for the recipients according to the resources that can be mobilized in the community, such as arranging domestic helpers to help with housework, mobilizing volunteers to make regular home visits and organize activities, and contacting neighbors to provide care for the recipients in times of crisis.

(2) To create new resources, the staff will help develop and set up some new mutual aid or support groups to strengthen the care and support for the disabled. These groups can take the following different forms:

Mutual aid or support groups formed by disabled people who encounter similar difficulties and problems, such as mutual aid groups for disabled elderly people and self-improvement groups for disabled women;

B. Caregiver groups, such as support groups for the disabled and parents' groups for the mentally handicapped;

C. service volunteer organizations;

D. Advocacy groups, such as associations for promoting the rights and interests of the disabled, caring groups for the disabled, etc.

(3) Community liaison refers to establishing and maintaining cooperative networks and relationships with different organizations and people in the community, so as to create a good resource and personnel environment for solving the problems of the disabled. There are two forms of communication and cooperation:

A. Short-term contact and cooperation for solving some disabled people, events or problems;

B. Long-term and continuous contact and establishment of working relationship, such as regular contact and meeting, referral, joint service plan for the disabled, etc.

No matter what form of communication and cooperation, employees should have a full understanding of the community, including:

A. what are the characteristics of the community? What are the community structure, motivation and resources?

B.how many disabled people are there in the community? What is the distribution?

C. how do these disabled people live in the community? What's the difficulty? What are the special needs?

D. How does the community care about these people? Are enthusiastic residents involved in informal care? who the hell are all these people？

E. What service organizations and social groups are there in the community? How do they view the disabled and their related problems? What services are provided?

4. Promote the rights and interests of the disabled.

Many times, due to the lack of social resources and the neglect of social people, the difficulties and needs of the disabled may not always attract the attention of the society and can be fully solved. In this regard, social workers can adopt two methods:

(1) Advocacy is to strive for reasonable care and welfare for some neglected disabled people, which includes staff striving for better service provision for disabled people in institutions and communities, proposing reasonable policy revisions to the society, and improving the plight of disabled people.

(2) Community education. The purpose of community education is to educate people in the community to understand and appreciate the plight of some disabled people in distress, so as to eliminate their prejudice and discrimination against disabled people and win more community support and participate in the work of helping the disabled. Community education includes staff's direct explanation and lobbying, as well as organizing publicity activities of community education to enhance the atmosphere of mutual assistance and tolerance in the community. In order to better illustrate the above working methods, this section provides a service example of a service organization in Hong Kong as a reference.

An Example of Social Work —— Community Rehabilitation Work

First, the service concept

Facing the community, it is hoped that the rehabilitation work will achieve community integration and provide care and support for the disabled in need through the participation of the disabled themselves, their family members, neighbors, community leaders and even the whole community.

Second, the service object

Liangjing Village in Tuen Mun was used as a pilot project. The village is a newly-built public housing village with a total population of about 52,000. Most residents living there are compassionate people, and they will arrange to stay. Among them, single elderly people, disabled people, mentally recovered people and single-parent families account for the majority.

Due to limited manpower (a trained social worker, a welfare worker and a civilian), the task force can only focus on serving single elderly and disabled people. Apart from the above two types of clients, the mentally handicapped are also the clients of this scheme.

Three. Planning objectives and priorities

It is expected that through effective work, the following aspects will be positively improved:

1, changes in behavior and social function of the disabled;

2. Life satisfaction of disabled families;

3. The relationship between the disabled and their neighbors;

4. Community acceptance of the disabled.

According to the above objectives, there are the following priorities:

A. Personal training: provide simple self-care skills and rehabilitation skills training for disabled people, and also help them develop their personal talents.

B. Training and development of volunteers: recruit a group of people who are interested in rehabilitation through different forms and provide them with basic training so that they can visit regularly or provide services for the disabled. Volunteers can come from different ages and classes.

C establishing and strengthening informal networks in the community: helping disabled people to establish social networks and helping their family members to establish mutual assistance networks.

D. Mobilizing community resources: Community resources include local leaders, community facilities, business people and economic support. It is expected to meet and solve the needs and difficulties of the disabled through the cooperation of different resources.

E. Building and strengthening community rights initiatives: helping people with disabilities to express their needs and helping them to deal with local political groups.

Fourth, the work strategy

1, the first stage

The task force first promoted itself in the region. Therefore, before the formal implementation of this service, we set up a district steering committee with members including district board members, members of the Regional Council, representatives of the Social Welfare Department, principals of special schools, principals of secondary schools, directors of pre-school training centers, community leaders and so on. The main task of the Committee is to assist the strategic work, provide advice and seek financial support. As members come from different service units, they can collect opinions from many sides.

There is a working group under the Steering Committee, and the members of the working group are not only several employed staff members of the working group, but also representatives from different departments of Yan 'an Guild Hall (an assistance organization). The working group mainly discusses the service target, plans the work strategy and implements the service.

After the establishment of the working group, the service was formally implemented. At first, the task force recruited a group of young colleagues in the area and conducted a door-to-door questionnaire survey in the housing village in order to find some potential customers. While understanding the local situation, we also inadvertently publicized the work of the task force to the residents. In addition to identifying the clients through questionnaires, the task force also received assistance from the Housing Department and provided some information about disabled residents.

Based on the preliminary information obtained from the questionnaire survey, the task force conducted home visits to gain a deeper understanding of the disabilities and needs of the clients. At this stage, the staff established a preliminary relationship with customers through phased home visits.

At the same time, the task force also began to recruit some housewives from the village to join the volunteer group. At first, the participants' main mentality was to kill time. Secondly, they think that the disabled and the elderly living alone are more worthy of sympathy. In addition, customers are also local residents, some even their neighbors, so they are very willing to provide services for the disabled in this area. The staff trained the team members in service skills and explained some rehabilitation knowledge. After that, the team members began to go home with the staff to understand the needs and living conditions of the clients. Team members also began to organize some entertainment activities and invite tourists to participate, thus establishing a preliminary relationship with each other. The team members also solve some difficulties in daily life for individual disabled people and elderly people living alone, such as shopping, assisting medical treatment and cleaning.

In addition to attracting women in this district to join the ranks of voluntary work, the task force also tried to attract some young volunteers through publicity in this district, mainly by actively contacting middle schools in this district. Finally, the task force successfully recruited a group of young students. The main motivation of the participants is to sympathize with the disabled and think that they are a neglected group in society, so they are willing to provide services for them.

The task force's direction of developing youth volunteer groups is different from that of developing women volunteer groups. Most members of women volunteer groups come from the villages where they serve. They have a sense of belonging to the village where they live, so it is easy to cultivate the spirit of mutual assistance. Most members of the youth volunteer group come from outside the village. They don't know much about the community they serve, and may only participate briefly in unstable times. Therefore, the development direction of the group focuses on organizing some community education work, so that community members can better understand each other through different types of activities.

In addition to young and women volunteers, the task force also explored the strategies and implementation of some potential elderly volunteers to help participate in activities. The main reason for the development of elderly volunteers is that there are many elderly people living alone among the clients, and there will be more topics for the elderly to share and it will be easier for them to understand each other's needs. Therefore, training elderly leaders is of great help to the implementation of services.

The strategy of professionals is also very important for the implementation of regional rehabilitation plans, especially in the rehabilitation process of the disabled. Therefore, the task force has also tried to invite doctors, physiotherapists and dentists from some regions to help organize some rehabilitation activities and provide free professional guidance and treatment for people with disabilities in need.

On the whole, in the initial stage of service implementation, the task force mainly focused on discovering clients and understanding their needs, so as to develop effective human resources and provide appropriate services to those in need.

2. The second stage

The main working strategy at this stage is to help customers build community support networks; Carry out community education to make people in this area know more about the disabled; Strengthen the connection of community resources in the region.

At this stage, customers have taken the initiative to seek help and are willing to open themselves up, so the task force began to help them organize and establish a support network. For the disabled, the community support network can include neighbors, friends, voluntary groups and service-providing organizations. Because most of the disabled people served by the task force are single, and a community support network has been established in the living area.

First of all, the task force set up a mutual aid group for the disabled in the form of a building, so the members of the group all come from the same building. On the one hand, the purpose of the group is to help members expand their life and social circle, on the other hand, it is to cultivate the spirit of mutual assistance among members. Not all the members of this group are disabled, but some of them are in good health. As the team members are residents of the same building, they have more contact opportunities and are more likely to help each other in case of emergency. Facts have proved that this type of group is very popular with the clients. Some members with service potential can be found in the group, and some of them can actively help members solve their difficulties in life.

The task force not only helps people with disabilities to set up a mutual aid network, but also helps them to set up a mutual aid foundation at the neighborhood level, so the "mutual aid clock" plan appeared. The purpose is to install distress bells for some disabled people and elderly people living alone in the village. When there is a crisis or accident in the victim's home, the neighbors can be informed immediately through the distress signal sent by the help bell so as to get help as soon as possible. Of course, before installing this equipment, neighbors should know the purpose and significance of this equipment in order to play its role. And the average neighbor expressed his willingness to help when he heard the emergency bell ring. It can be seen that this arrangement can help the disabled to establish a mutual aid network from the neighbor level.

Community education is very important for people in the community to have a better understanding and acceptance of the disabled. The task force also promotes different forms of community education in the district, such as exhibitions of rehabilitation materials, essay competitions, slogan creation competitions and fun days. The task force also understands that recreational activities in some units alone may not make participants know more about people with disabilities. Therefore, the working group also pays attention to some more in-depth educational activities, which means that the activities will be more coherent, focusing not only on cognition, but also on the participation of disabled and healthy people.

It is a long-term educational work to let people in the community know more about the disabled and accept them as normal members of the community. The object of education should be community people of any age, not just adults. Establishing a correct attitude towards the disabled can be cultivated from an early age. Therefore, the task force tried to contact the primary schools within its jurisdiction, invited them to cooperate, and encouraged primary six students to participate in some activities for the disabled and healthy people, so as to understand the situation of the disabled through information introduction, field visits and * * *. Participants will naturally have a deeper impression after personal contact, and they may pass on the information to their family or friends. This radiation mode can transmit information more effectively and play an educational role.

At this stage, the task force will more actively contact different types of service organizations in the district and invite them to jointly organize some services for the disabled. Initially, these organizations provided experimental services in the form of cooperation. For example, volunteer groups in youth centers try to organize outdoor activities for disabled people, and some volunteer groups also clean homes for elderly people living alone and disabled people. These services and their successful examples and good experiences will often make these institutions more willing to continue to provide services for the disabled in the future.

3. The third stage

The third stage of the plan can be said to be the consolidation period and review period of the service. During this period, the staff began to train the service team how to plan their own services, how to make the team's annual work plan according to the needs of the clients, and train the team to operate independently. Obviously, the group has been able to fully grasp the characteristics and needs of customers at this time, and can carry out some routine services on its own.

Reward some outstanding volunteers through the praise program, so that their spirit of mutual assistance can be raised to a higher level, thus affirming their past contributions. Customers and volunteers not only shared their feelings at the end of the project, but also put forward specific opinions on the evaluation of the whole project.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) is difficult

1. Rehabilitation often involves a lot of professional medical knowledge, which cannot be answered by a social worker. Especially when determining the rehabilitation needs of the disabled, the intervention of professional medical workers is the most appropriate, and their families, neighbors, friends and even volunteers can only provide some simple care and spiritual support. So it is very necessary for a rehabilitation team to join some medical professionals.

2. At the initial stage of service implementation, due to the high mobility of personnel, the team has been unable to establish a good relationship with the clients, the trial plan is limited by time, and the staff is under great work pressure.

3. Because this is a non-government funded project, and the sponsorship fee of the Jockey Club does not predict that the team will have its own office or center, the staff can only borrow the place of other service units, which makes it difficult for customers to contact or contact with the staff. Sometimes, some services need to be shelved because of improper venue arrangement.

4. Because this scheme needs to take care of three different types of customers at the same time, the resources are scattered.

Seven. abstract

Community rehabilitation plan can be said to be a non-institutional work orientation, and most of the resources needed by the clients can be met from different levels of the community. However, whether the community can provide care for the disabled in need depends on the degree to which the community accepts the disabled and is willing to take responsibility. Therefore, community education is very important. Only when the society pays attention to the needs of the disabled can they get the allocation of resources, the disabled can get equal participation and their personal potential can be fully exerted.