Information about Zhu Yuanzhang

Zhu Yuanzhang's word Guorui

YearNo. Hongwu

TempleNo. Taizu

Emperor posthumous title's reign was from 1328 to 1398.

Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang (Ming Taizu)

Zhu Yuanzhang was born at the end of September 18th (1328), the first year of Tianshun Emperor's calendar in Yuan Dynasty. Father Zhu Shizhen. Mother Chen. Zhu Yuanzhang's ancestral home was Pei County, Jiangsu Province, and his father and father settled in Haozhou (now Fengyang, Anhui Province). When he was born, his parents were 88 years old, so he was originally named Zhu Chongba and later renamed Zhu Xingzong. After participating in the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty, it was renamed Zhu Yuanzhang, with the word Guorui. Zhu Yuanzhang used to herd cattle for the landlord when he was young. In the fourth year of Zhengzheng (1344), when there was a drought in Huaibei, Zhu Yuanzhang's father, mother and brother died one after another, and he had to enter the Huangjue Temple as a monk.

In the 12th year of Zhengzheng (1352), he was persuaded by his good friend Tang He to join the Red Scarf Army and take refuge in Guo Zixing. Because of his good command, he was gradually promoted from a small officer to a marshal and married his adopted daughter Ma Shi as the queen. In the 16th year of Zhengzheng (1356), Zhu Yuanzhang captured Jiqing, took it as his base and renamed it Yingtianfu. Zhu Yuanzhang took Zhu Sheng's suggestion of "building a wall high, accumulating grain widely, and being king slowly" and took steady offensive measures to defeat the forces of Xu Shouhui and Chen Youliang. In the twenty-first year of Zhizheng (1361), Zhu Yuanzhang was named Duke of Wu by Han Liner, and in 1364, he called himself King of Wu. In the same year, Xiao Ming Wang sank into the Yangtze River. On the ninth day of the first month in the twenty-eighth year of Zhengzheng (1368), Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Yingtian, with the founding name Daming and the year Hongwu. Take Yingtian as Nanjing and Kaifeng as Beijing. In July of the same year, General Xu Da conquered Dadu and the Yuan Dynasty perished. In the 14th year of Hongwu (1381), Yunnan was conquered, and China was generally unified.

After the unification of China, Zhu Yuanzhang formulated a series of strict laws and regulations for the Ming Dynasty. Due to the weakness of Crown Prince Zhu Biao, Zhu Yuanzhang began to slaughter the heroes on a large scale, and successively concocted large-scale cases such as Hu Weiyong's case, Aquamarine's case and Air India's case, with a large number of people involved.

formulate Daming Law. In the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1398), Zhu Yuanzhang died of illness in Yingtian Palace. Bury Xiaoling Mausoleum in Purple Mountain.

Family List

Father Ren Zuchun Emperor Zhu Shizhen (formerly known as Zhu Wusi)

Mother Chun Empress Chen

Brothers and sisters

Zhu Xinglong, Nanchang Wang

Empress Xiao Ci Gao Ma Shi, Guo Zixing adopted daughter

Princess:

Cheng Muguifei Sun Shi, Marshal Ma Shixiong adopted daughter.

Shu Fei Li, Li Jie.

Ning Fei Guo, Guo Shanfu's daughter.

children

son

Zhu Biao, the eldest son, Prince Yiwen (from Empress Xiao Ci Gao)

Zhu Shang, the second son, King Qin Cheng (from Empress Xiao Ci Gao)

Zhu, the third son, King Jin Gong (from Empress Xiao Ci Gao)

Zhu Di, the fourth son, Ming Cheng. Qi Wang (Yongle Dynasty was abolished as Shu Ren) (Da Dingfei went out)

Zhu Zi, eight sons, Tan Wang (Hongwuchao died of self-immolation) (Da Dingfei went out)

Zhu Qi, nine sons, Zhao Wang (young sorrow)

Zhu Tan, ten sons, Lu Huangwang (Guo Ningfei went out)

Zhu Chun, Zhu Chun. King Su Zhuang (from Gao's family)

Zhu Zhi, fifteen sons, King Liao Jian (from Han Fei)

Zhu Xi, sixteen sons, King Qing Jing (from Yu Fei)

Zhu Quan, seventeen sons, King Ning Xian (from Yang Fei)

Zhu Kun, eighteen sons. Shen Jianwang (from Zhao Guifei)

Zhu Ying, 22 sons, An Huiwang

Zhu Gui, 23 sons, Tang Dingwang (from Li Xianfei)

Zhu Dong, 24 sons, Ying Jingwang (from Liu Huifei)

Zhu? , twenty-five sons, King Ili (from Princess Gelifei)

Zhu Nan, twenty-six sons

Princess Lin 'an, married Princess Li Qi, son of Li Shanchang, son of Korea

Princess Ningguo, mother filial piety and filial piety, and married Mei Yin, son of Hou Mei Sizu in Runan.

Princess Chongning, Hongwu married Niucheng in the seventeenth year, and it didn't take long.

Princess Anqing, the mother of filial piety and filial piety, married Lun Ou Yang.

Princess Runing, Hongwu married Lu Xian, the son of Zhong Heng, Hou Lu of Ji 'an in the 15th year.

Princess Huaiqing, whose mother was Mu Guifei Sun Shi, married Wang Ning.

Princess Daming, married lijian Fuqing Princess, mother Anfei Zheng, and Hongwu married Fengxiang Hou Zhang Longzi Zhang Lin in the eighteenth year. I have no heir and no death. In the fifteenth year of Yongle, he was the master.

Princess Shouchun, Hongwu married Fu Zhong, son of Ying Guogong and Fu Youde in the 19th year.

ten princesses, early warning.

Princess Nankang, Hongwu married Hou Hu Haizi and Hu Guan in Dongchuan in the 21st year.

Princess Yongjia, whose mother was Hui Fei Guo, was married by Hongwu in the 22nd year of Wuding Hou Guo Yingzi Guo Zhen,

Princess XIII, who died early.

Princess Hanshan, Han's mother, married Yin Qing in the 27th year of Hongwu.

Princess Ruyang, the mother Hui Fei Guo, was married to Xie Da by Hongwu in the 27th year.

Princess Baoqing, the youngest daughter of Taizu, married Zhao Hui.

Princess Fucheng, the daughter of Nanchang Wang, the mother of Wang. Marry Wang Kegong. Ke Gong tried to participate in politics in Fujian province, and later changed to Fuzhou Wei as the commander.

Princess Qingyang, the daughter of Mengcheng, married Chen Wang.

Bailiao has slept, but I haven't slept.

Bailiao gets up before I get up.

It's not as rich as a man in the south of the Yangtze River.

He's still holding a quilt when he's ten feet taller every day.

It is said that this poem was written by Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of Ming Dynasty, after he became emperor, showing his hard work. Zhu Yuanzhang is indeed an emperor who is diligent in political affairs. He gets up before dawn every day to read official documents and works late at night. He often changes into people's clothes and goes out for private visits. One day, he went to Luo Furen's house to see this Chen Youliang (Chen Youliang, a general of the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty, later became a local separatist force. In 1363, Zhu Yuanzhang was defeated by Poyang Lake and killed by an arrow in Jiujiang's mouth. Luo Jia is in an alley outside Nanjing. The house is shabby and there is no furniture in it. Luo Furen was scraping on a ladder to brush the wall. When he saw the emperor coming, he hurriedly asked his wife to bring a small stool for the emperor to sit on. Zhu Yuanzhang saw that he was incorruptible as an official and so poor that he was very ungrateful. He quickly said, "How can a good scholar live in such a shabby house!" Give him a big house in the city. On the contrary, for those corrupt officials, once verified, Zhu Yuanzhang was extremely strict in law enforcement and never tolerant.

why can Zhu Yuanzhang reward honest officials and punish the greedy palace like this? It turned out that Zhu Yuanzhang (1328 ~ 1398) was originally a poor monk in the rural area of Haozhou (now Fengyang, Anhui). By participating in the peasant uprising, he overthrew the decadent rule of the Yuan Dynasty, seized the national political power, established the Ming Dynasty and ascended the throne of the emperor. From then on, Zhu Yuanzhang always thought about how to consolidate his rule and prevent the peasant uprising from happening again. He summed up the lessons of the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, and felt that the corruption of official administration was an important reason for the demise of the Yuan Dynasty. In the late Yuan Dynasty, the government publicly sold official titles. Many officials use money to buy official jobs, so they try their best to search for money, embezzle, steal and extort money, regardless of the lives of the people. Even those Xuanfu officials who were ordered by the emperor to "ask people about their sufferings" were greedy, took bribes, took bribes and perverted the law. The people made up folk songs and cursed them, saying, "When the envoy came, it was earth-shattering. When the envoy came, it was dark, the officials were all happy and the people were crying." The people can't live, so they have to take risks and rise up to revolt. From here, Zhu Yuanzhang realized that the quality of official management is a big problem related to whether the rule can be consolidated. Therefore, he made up his mind to rectify the bureaucracy and severely punish corrupt officials.

Shortly after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang summoned his ministers and announced: "From now on, strict laws will be made to prohibit it, and any official who corrupts and harms the people will never be forgiven. You all have to understand this sentence. If you are honest and honest, it is like walking on a flat road and being at ease. If you are greedy and break the law, it will be like breaking into the thorns and being unable to move. Even if you barely struggle out, it will be ruined. " Then, he formulated various rules and regulations to prohibit corruption and theft of officials, and summoned officials from various prefectures and counties to warn them: "Now that the world has just settled down, the people's financial resources are very difficult, just like a bird that just flew can't pull out its feathers, and a newly planted young tree can't move its roots. They should be allowed to recuperate and develop production. You must not disturb them."

however, officials at that time did not take Zhu Yuanzhang's work to heart. They think that all newly enthroned emperors are going to do this. That's just talk, so don't take it seriously. They learn from the officials of the Yuan Dynasty. They catch money when they see it, make money when they see it, and take bribes and pervert the law. They do everything. "Those who take charge of the money valley steal it, and those who take charge of the criminal name (that is, punishment, generally referring to law) go in and out of the criminal name (that is, they don't follow the law)." Farmers in western Zhejiang pay autumn grain, which was originally stipulated to be handed over to the warehouse in Nanjing, the capital city, and farmers have to spend a lot of extra freight. Later, in order to reduce the burden on farmers, the court asked farmers to convert grain into banknotes and hand them over directly to the nearby government, which was called "folding grain". However, many local officials charge farmers for all kinds of vehicle and boat freight, as well as the fees for packing food bags and bamboo baskets. These additional freight and packaging fees are as high as 5% of the grain discount. There is a grain manager, A Ran, who is in charge of collecting taxes and grain. In addition to collecting 1, pieces of grain and rice, he used various pretexts to levy an extra 22, pieces of grain and 11,1 yuan. Farmers can't afford to pay, so he forced them to tear down houses and sell clothes, cookers, animals and farm tools as collateral, which made many people lose their money. The petty officials in one place embezzled so much money and grain, and the amount of corruption by the big officials in the central government was even greater. Hu Weiyong, the Prime Minister, takes bribes widely. It is said that there are countless treasures in his family. Zhu Yuanzhang repeatedly lamented: "Before the officials of various yamen took office, I enlightened them and told them not to run amok. But after I went, how many of them listened to me? " "A fool like this, I'm so old, I'm thirsty, I can't breathe, and I say he won't wake up!"

For the sake of the long-term stability of the Zhujiajian dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang used extremely severe measures to crack down on corruption. As long as officials are found to be corrupt and illegal, he will use cruel punishment and severely punish them. All those who take bribes and bend the law are sent to the remote and desolate places in the north to serve as soldiers. Those who embezzled more than 62 taels of money were taken to the Land Temple to show off their heads and peel the grass. Even officials who travel on official livestock, vehicles and boats, and carry personal belongings in excess of the prescribed weight, are also in hell to pay. According to the regulations of the Ming government, animals travelling in the official residence, except their personal clothes, who carry more than 1 Jin of personal belongings, will be punished by ten times every five Jin (beating their hips, legs or back with small thorns or bamboo boards), and the crime will be increased by one grade every ten Jin, and the heaviest one will be 6 times with sticks (beating their hips, legs or back with large thorns, bamboo boards or sticks). Those who take official vehicles and boats and carry more than 3 kilograms of private property will be punished with 1 strokes per 1 kilograms, and the crime will be increased by one grade for every 2 kilograms, and the heaviest will be 7 strokes.

In addition to sporadic attacks at ordinary times, Zhu Yuanzhang also concentrated on several major corruption cases and carried out several large-scale cleanups of corrupt officials. In 1385, Yushi Yumin and Ding Juting reported that Beiping (now Beijing) had undertaken to publicize the Ministry of Public Affairs (a provincial institution in charge of administration), and sentenced officials such as Li Mi and Zhao Quande of the Ministry of Justice (a provincial institution in charge of justice) for corruption and fraud, together with assistant ministers of the Ministry of Housing (deputy chiefs in charge of land, household registration and finance) such as Guo Huan, Hu Yi and Wang Daoheng. Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the judicial department to strictly investigate, implicating senior officials of the imperial court, such as Zhao Xie, the minister of rites, Wang Huidi, the minister of punishments (the highest officer in charge of criminal law), Wang Zhi, the assistant minister of the Ministry of War (the deputy officer in charge of military affairs), Mai Zhide, the assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, and officials of various ministries and agencies, as well as many local strongmen and landlords. The Ming government found that they not only stole gold and silver banknotes from the state treasury, but also stole a lot of taxes such as tax grain, fish and salt that were not put into storage. The total amount of corruption and theft is converted into food, which amounts to more than 24 million mangokus. Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Zhao Xie, Wang Huidi and others to abandon the city (put to death in the downtown area and expose the bodies on the street); Guo Huan and other officials under six assistant ministers were all executed; Tens of thousands of officials involved in various ministries and commissions have been arrested and imprisoned and severely punished; Many big landlords around the country were implicated in the memorial service, and countless people were killed in the property raid.

In the process of cracking down on corruption, Zhu Yuanzhang is not only resolute and resolute, but also does not avoid powerful people and relatives, no matter how high his position is or how close he is to himself. In addition to corruption, Hu Weiyong, the Prime Minister, committed other crimes and was executed. Hua Yunlong, the founding father, privately occupied the residence of the Prime Minister of the Yuan Dynasty in Peiping and was dismissed from office. Lun Ou Yang, a surname of Xu (son-in-law of the emperor), by virtue of being the husband of Princess Anqing, the biological daughter of Zhu Yuanzhang's wife Ma Huanghou, sold tea privately despite the court's ban and trafficked private tea several times in Shaanxi; Zhou Bao, his domestic slave, also called local officials, and asked dozens of private cars to transport private tea for his family. If he was a little unhappy, he arbitrarily beat and scolded local officials. Because Lun Ou Yang is powerful, no one dares to ask. A petty official of the Heqiao Inspection Department could not bear to be humiliated and reported it. When Zhu Yuanzhang got the news, he was furious. He ordered Lun Ou Yang to die, so that Zhou Bao, his domestic slave, was killed. He also wrote an edict and sent someone to take it to the informer, praising his spirit of not avoiding powerful people.

While severely punishing corrupt officials, Zhu Yuanzhang also strongly commended honest officials to help the healthy and suppress evil. Fang Keqin, the magistrate of Jining (now Jining, Shandong Province), was honest and concerned about the sufferings of the people. At that time, the court called on farmers to open up wasteland and stipulated that it would take three years to cultivate wasteland before taxation began. However, before he took office, local officials did not act according to the regulations, and they levied taxes on the cultivated farmers before the deadline. The people said that the court had broken its promise and abandoned the land for planting. After Fang Keqin took office, he announced that he would strictly implement the regulations of the imperial court, and divide the land into nine grades according to the fertility of the soil, and collect taxes according to the grades. The people immediately settled down and the land reclamation was in full swing. Later, one summer when there was a drought, farmers were busy fighting drought and planting crops, but the local government forces ordered the recruitment of migrant workers to repair the city. Fang Keqin hurried out to stop, saying, "People are busy farming, how can they be disturbed?" He asked Zhongshu Province to cancel the corvee, which was approved by Zhongshu Province. After the corvee was abolished, there was a heavy rain immediately, and the people were very happy. They made up a folk song and said, "Who will stop my service?" The power of the monarch. Who lives me? Rain of the monarch. Don't go, my parents. " Fang Keqin also paid attention to education, started social studies in rural areas, and invited Confucian teachers to teach folk children to read. He worked in Jining for three years, "the number of registered permanent residence has increased several times, and one county has spared enough." But I live a very simple and poor life. A cloth robe has not been changed for ten years, and only one meal with meat is eaten every day. Three years later, Keqin went to the capital to appear before him. Zhu Yuanzhang specially gave a banquet in recognition of him and sent him back to Jining to continue to be a magistrate.

after twenty or thirty years' struggle, the atmosphere of officialdom in Ming dynasty gradually improved, the bureaucracy became clearer, the society gradually settled down, and the economy developed with it.