The New Economic Reform in Soviet Russia and the Main Contents of Roosevelt's New Deal in the United States

The New Economic Reform of Soviet Russia

After the October Revolution, the Soviet Union and Russia implemented the surplus grain collection policy of "wartime productism", which caused great dissatisfaction among farmers. Therefore, in March of 192 1, the economic policy of transition to socialism was implemented. An important part of the new economic policy is to levy a grain tax, not a surplus grain levy system. Farmers pay a certain grain tax in accordance with state regulations, and the surplus grain in excess of the tax goes to individuals, greatly reducing the burden on farmers. In addition, foreign-funded enterprises and the state are allowed to temporarily manage enterprises that are unable to operate, restore the relationship between goods and money, and adjust production. This made Soviet Russia, dominated by small farmers, find a way to transition to a socialist economy. Later, because Stalin came to power, it was gradually cancelled.

main content

Direct purpose

Solve serious domestic economic difficulties and political crises.

Basic purpose

Establish the socialist economic foundation (public ownership).

nature

Use the relationship between market and commodity currency to develop economy.

agriculture

Replace the surplus grain collection system with a fixed grain tax.

industry

Some enterprises that are vital to the national economy to restore the private economy are still owned by the state.

trade

Allow free trade and resume commodity circulation and exchange.

distribute

Cancel the distribution system in kind and implement the distribution system according to work.

agriculture

192 1 March 21day, the law on the collection system of replacing surplus grain with real tax was promulgated, stipulating that surplus grain and other agricultural products can be exchanged in the market after farmers pay grain tax. The tax amount of grain tax is far less than that of surplus grain collection system, and the national tax amount of1921-1922 is 43.3% lower than that of the previous year. 1922, the government passed the outline of the land law, allowing farmers to freely use and lease land and hire workers under the supervision of the Soviet Union.

Industrial aspect

On the premise of adhering to the development of socialist mass production and the state grasping the lifeline of the national economy, some state-owned enterprises will be transformed into state-owned capitalist enterprises in the form of lease system and franchise system. 1920, 1 1 In the afternoon, the concession law was promulgated, allowing foreign capitalists to operate concession enterprises in Soviet Russia or form joint-stock companies with Soviet countries. 192 1 may. The state returned some small enterprises to their original owners. In July, it was decided to lease a number of small and medium-sized factories and shops to domestic cooperatives or individuals. These franchising and leasing enterprises are privately operated and the ownership belongs to the state. The lessee must accept the supervision and guidance of the state, abide by the laws and regulations of the Soviet Union, pay the rent and a certain percentage of profits on schedule, and return the enterprise to the Soviet Union in good condition when it expires.

Circulation aspect

Abolish the state rationing system and the state trade monopoly system. On the premise of adhering to the leadership of the state plan, we will implement a free trade system and vigorously develop the socialist commodity economy.

The new economic policy can be summarized as the following series of measures:

1. Grain tax replaced the grain collection system.

2. Allow agricultural products to buy and sell freely, thus recognizing the market mechanism.

3. Non-nationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises should be carried out under the condition that the country maintains the economic lifeline (metallurgy, transportation, fuel industry, oil, etc.). ).

4. Combine large industrial enterprises into trusts and syndicates for economic accounting.

5. Cancel the labor obligation system and labor mobilization, and pay labor remuneration according to product quality and quantity.

6. To a certain extent, private capital is allowed to develop freely in industry, agriculture, commerce and service industries, and cooperatives, rural employees and tenancy are encouraged to be legalized.

7. Allow foreign capital to enter, and implement franchising and leasing; Rebuilding the banking and tax system.

8. Carry out currency reform, cancel Soviet paper money and issue a stable currency-Severn ruble.

Roosevelt's new deal

The New Deal refers to a series of economic policies implemented by franklin roosevelt after he took office in 1933. The core three R's are relief, recovery and reform, also known as the Three R's New Deal.

The New Deal increased the government's direct or indirect intervention in the economy and eased the economic crisis and social contradictions brought about by the Great Depression. Through the National Assembly, the Emergency Banking Law, the National Industrial Rehabilitation Law, the Agricultural Adjustment Law, the Social Security Law and other bills were promulgated.

New deal content

In view of the reality at that time and in line with the wishes of the broad masses of people, Roosevelt implemented a series of policies and measures aimed at overcoming the crisis, which was called the "New Deal" in history. The main contents of the New Deal can be summarized by "three Rs", namely, restoration, relief and reform [2]. The result of the implementation of the main measures of the New Deal: "It should be pointed out that Roosevelt's New Deal measures are the all-round expansion of the president's power, and finally a new pattern of decentralization centered on the president has been gradually established. He is a pioneer in the institutionalization of the presidency. "

The main measures of Roosevelt's New Deal include:

1. rectify the banking and financial sectors, order banks to suspend business for rectification, gradually restore bank credit, abandon the gold standard and devalue the dollar to stimulate exports;

2. Industrial revival or industrial adjustment (central measure): prevent overproduction caused by blind competition through the National Industrial Revival Law and the Blue Eagle Action; According to the national industrial revival law, all industrial enterprises formulate fair management rules for their own industries, determine the production scale, price level, market distribution, wage standards and working days of each enterprise, and prevent blind competition from causing overproduction, thus strengthening the government's control and regulation of capitalist industrial production [easing class contradictions].

3. Adjust agricultural policies: give economic subsidies to farmers who reduce farming and production (farmers reduce large areas of cultivated land and slaughter a large number of livestock, and the government pays subsidies) to raise and stabilize the prices of agricultural products;

4. Implement "work for relief" (the most important measure);

5. Vigorously build public * * * projects, alleviate social crisis and class contradictions, and increase employment to stimulate consumption and production;

6. The government has also established a social security system and passed the Social Security Law, so that retired workers can get pensions and insurance, the unemployed can get insurance money, and mothers with young children and disabled people can get subsidies.

7, the establishment of emergency relief agencies, to provide relief funds for the people.

finance

(1) Save the banking crisis, reform and start to manage the financial system. In order to solve the problem of shortage of bank money, the Roosevelt administration entrusted the Federal Reserve Bank to issue money according to the bank's assets, and authorized Fuxing Finance Corporation to provide liquidity for the bank by purchasing preferred shares. In order to restore people's trust in banks, it stipulates that the Ministry of Finance should rectify banks and supervise their reopening. According to the requirements, the Ministry of Finance has taken measures to support large banks that have the ability to pay, and eliminated unsound banks that have the ability to repay without compensation. In order to protect the bank reserves and prevent the outflow of gold, it prohibits the storage and export of gold. (2) On March 20th, Roosevelt's Economy Act was passed, reducing government expenditure and veterans' allowance by 500 million dollars. (3) By providing securities facts, securities trading and banking business, namely the famous Glass-Steagall method, the reform and management of banks, securities markets and currencies have been strengthened successively. (4) The dollar is decoupled from gold, the dollar depreciates, and the gold standard is abandoned. Results: The financial measures were successful. Through the above measures, the Roosevelt administration maintained and strengthened the private ownership of American financial capital, and also strengthened the state's management and control over the financial system.

Because the Great Depression was triggered by a financial crisis triggered by crazy speculation. President Roosevelt's New Deal also began with the consolidation of finance. Among the 15 important pieces of legislation made during the period known as the "100-day New Deal" (1March 9, 933 to1June), financial-related laws accounted for 1/3. 1when Roosevelt was sworn in as president on March 4, 933, almost no banks in the country were open for business, and checks could not be cashed in Washington. At Roosevelt's request, on March 9, Congress passed the Emergency Banking Act, and decided to adopt a system of individual examination and licensing for banks, allowing solvent banks to resume business as soon as possible. From March 13 to March 15, 1477 1 banks have been granted permission to reopen, compared with 25,568 banks before the crisis broke out in 1929, and 10797 banks have been closed. Roosevelt's extraordinary measures to rectify finance played a great role in cleaning up the mess and stabilizing people's hearts. Public opinion rated this action as "a lightning bolt in the dark sky". While reorganizing banks, Roosevelt also took action to improve the foreign economic position of the United States. 1933 since March 10 announced the cessation of gold export, major measures have been taken one after another: on April 5, it was announced that private storage of gold and gold securities was prohibited, and US dollar bills stopped being exchanged for gold; /kloc-In April of 0/9, the export of gold was banned and the gold standard was abandoned; On June 5, the public and private debts were abolished and paid in gold; 1934 65438+1October 10, announcing the issuance of US$ 3 billion banknotes guaranteed by state securities, with the US dollar depreciating by 40.94%. Through the depreciation of the dollar, the competitiveness of American goods abroad has been strengthened. These measures have played an important role in stabilizing the situation and dredging the blood circulation of economic life.

agricultural production

During the "100-day New Deal", while solving the banking problem, Roosevelt tried his best to urge the parliament to pass the agricultural adjustment law and the national industrial revival law successively, becoming the right-hand man of the whole New Deal. Roosevelt asked capitalists to abide by the rules of "fair competition", stipulate the scale, price and sales scope of each enterprise, and stipulate the minimum wage and maximum working hours of workers (the original workers worked 55 hours a week with a salary of only 60 cents, and the adjusted standard was: workers worked 40 hours a week with a minimum weekly salary of 12 US dollars). So as to limit monopoly and reduce and ease the tense class contradictions. After receiving the reluctant support of large enterprises, Roosevelt then tried his best to win the support of small and medium-sized business owners. He said that it is very important for large enterprises to accept the industrial revival law. "The field that produces fruitful results lies in small employers, and their contribution will be to provide new employment opportunities for 1 to 10 people. These small employers are actually an extremely important part of the backbone of the country, and the success or failure of our plan depends largely on them. " The development of small and medium-sized enterprises has played a positive role in social stability and economic recovery in the United States. In order to implement the new regulations, the government awarded the "Blue Eagle" medal to the enterprises that accepted the regulations, which was marked with the slogan "We will do our part" in recognition.

Roosevelt's new deal

Roosevelt's new deal

Another important content of the New Deal is relief work. 1933 in may, congress passed the federal emergency relief law, established the federal emergency relief agency, and quickly allocated various relief funds and materials to the States. The following year, the simple relief was changed to "work for relief", which provided the unemployed with opportunities to engage in public utilities and safeguarded their self-reliance and self-esteem. In the early days of Roosevelt's administration, more than170,000 unemployed people and their relatives in China depended on the help and charity of the state government, the municipal government and private charities to make a living. However, compared with such a huge army of unemployed people, this part of the financial resources is tantamount to a drop in the bucket. Only the federal government can solve this complex social problem. The first measure of Roosevelt's New Deal was to urge Congress to pass the plan of the private resource protection group. The plan especially attracts/kloc-young people aged 0/8 to 25 who are physically strong and have high unemployment rate, and engage in projects such as tree planting and forest protection, flood control and drainage, soil and water conservation, road construction, opening up forest fire lines, and setting up forest watchtowers. The first group recruited 250,000 people to work in 65,438+0,500 camps across the state. Before going to the United States to fight in the war, more than 2 million young people worked in this institution, and they opened up more than 7.4 million acres of state-owned forest areas and a large number of state-owned parks. On average, everyone works for 9 months, and most of the monthly salary is used as family support, thus expanding the relief area and corresponding purchasing power of the whole society. For those people in Qian Qian who absolutely depend on cities to support themselves, Roosevelt also urged Congress to pass the federal emergency relief law, set up federal relief agencies, rationally divide the use ratio between the federal government and the states, formulate preferential policies, and encourage local governments to directly help the poor and the unemployed. During the New Deal, there were various relief agencies in the United States, which could be divided into the Ministry of Public Works (the government allocated more than 4 billion US dollars) and the Ministry of Civil Engineering (the investment was nearly 65.438 billion US dollars). The latter built 65.438+08 million small-scale engineering projects nationwide, including school buildings, bridges, dams and dikes. Later, several new relief organizations were established. Among them, the most famous ones are the project establishment organization set up by the National Congress with a grant of 5 billion dollars and the National Youth Administration for young people. They employ a total of 23 million people, accounting for more than half of the national labor force. By the eve of World War II, the federal government had spent $654.38+08 billion on various projects and a small amount of direct relief expenses. The US government has built nearly 654.38+0000 airports, more than 654.38+02000 sports fields and more than 800 school buildings and hospitals, which not only created employment opportunities for craftsmen, unskilled workers and the construction industry, but also provided various jobs for thousands of unemployed artists. The money goes through the pockets of workers, through different channels and consumption, and returns to the hands of capitalists, becoming the "detonating water" to stimulate private consumption and personal investment with government investment.