Prevention and management of geological disasters

Geological disaster prevention and management refers to the supervision and management of geological disaster prevention and control by the administrative department of geology and mineral resources. All regions, departments and industries have the obligation to do a good job in the prevention and control of geological disasters within their respective responsibilities. The basic contents of geological disaster prevention and management mainly include the following aspects: ① compiling and organizing the implementation of geological disaster prevention and control planning; (2) Delineating the danger zone of geological disasters and supervising and managing it; ③ Management of geological hazard exploration and evaluation of construction projects; (4) Formulating relevant standards and norms; ⑤ Organize monitoring and forecasting of geological disasters; ⑥ Be responsible for the qualification management of the undertaking unit of geological disaster prevention and control project; ⑦ Conduct geological disaster responsibility appraisal and dispute mediation.

(a) to formulate and organize the implementation of geological disaster prevention and control planning.

Geological disasters are widely distributed in China, and the disaster situation is serious. The prevention and control of geological disasters involves many aspects, and the whole society must be mobilized to carry out this work. In order to avoid duplication, overlapping and disjointed work, unified planning, grading and departmental implementation are needed. Therefore, the compilation of geological disaster prevention planning is one of the important contents of geological disaster prevention management. The main task of geological disaster prevention and control planning is to define the objectives of geological disaster prevention and control, the focus of work in each period, the responsibilities of various localities and departments, the main measures and methods to be taken and the disaster prevention technical means to be developed in a certain period of time.

1989, the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources organized and compiled the National Outline of Geological Disaster Prevention and Control (1990 ~ 2000), 1990, which was jointly forwarded by the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, the State Planning Commission and the State Science and Technology Commission. 199 1 year, the Ministry of Geology and Minerals began to deploy10.5 million geological environment survey and zoning work with geological disasters as the main content throughout the country. This work will be basically completed in 2000. At that time, the national geological disaster prevention and control work plan will be re-compiled. The administrative departments of geology and mineral resources of the people's governments at all levels shall organize the investigation of geological environment and geological disasters, grasp the development and distribution law of geological disasters, delimit the prone areas of geological disasters, and find out the serious geological disasters and the degree of harm they may cause, as well as the current stability of the disaster bodies. On this basis, combined with the geological disaster prevention and control plan at the next higher level, according to the critical degree and possible harm of each geological disaster point, the priorities are distinguished and the geological disaster prevention and control plan is compiled. In accordance with the principle of "natural geological disasters, who benefits, who contributes, man-made geological disasters, who induces, who governs", the prevention and control work will be implemented to all relevant departments, units or individuals. The planning for prevention and control of geological disasters shall be reported to the people's government at the same level for approval (at the same time, it shall be reported to the administrative department of geology and mineral resources at the next higher level for the record) and incorporated into the local social and economic development planning, and the administrative department of geology and mineral resources shall be responsible for organizing the implementation. Strictly supervise the implementation of the plan.

(2) Delineation and management of geological disaster areas.

It is an important content of geological disaster prevention and management in all countries of the world to designate areas that may be seriously threatened by geological disasters as geological disaster risk areas, limit the construction of dangerous areas and human activities, and formulate necessary disaster prevention plans.

The administrative departments of geology and mineral resources at all levels shall, according to the investigation, designate the areas that may be seriously threatened by geological disasters as geological disaster danger areas, and announce them to the public after being approved by the local people's government. After the geological disaster danger zone is demarcated and announced, the administrative department of geology and mineral resources shall, according to the scope of the announced danger zone, set up obvious danger zone markers, signs, etc. beside the perimeter, especially the roads around the perimeter. At the same time, strengthen the supervision and management of dangerous areas of geological disasters.

(1) No construction activities shall be carried out in the dangerous area until the geological hazards that cause the disaster threat are effectively controlled and the disaster threat is not lifted. If construction is really necessary, the construction plan must include practical and effective disaster prevention measures, and the construction can only be carried out if the competent administrative department of Geology and Mineral Resources considers it enough to resist the threat of geological disasters. The main purpose of this is to prevent engineering buildings from being threatened by existing geological disasters.

(2) In the danger zone of geological disasters, any activities that may aggravate or induce geological disasters are prohibited. It is forbidden to cut slopes, fill soil, dig ditches and other activities in the dangerous area of collapse and landslide. Groundwater cannot be over-exploited in the dangerous area of karst collapse.

(3) instruct the township people's government where the danger zone is located to prepare the disaster prevention plan for the geological disaster danger zone. The disaster prevention plan must be clear: institutions and personnel for dynamic monitoring of disaster bodies, standards for disaster prevention and early warning, institutions and personnel responsible for early warning, early warning signals, evacuation routes, etc.

(four) instructed the relevant departments and units to prepare plans for the prevention and control of geological disasters in dangerous areas, which shall be implemented after examination and approval by the administrative department of Geology and mineral resources. The administrative department of Geology and mineral resources shall supervise and inspect the implementation of the plan.

(3) Geological hazard exploration and evaluation management of construction projects

Due to the improper site selection of construction projects and the destruction of geological environment by human activities, external dynamic geological phenomena such as collapse, landslide, debris flow and ground collapse have caused harm to human life and property and become geological disasters. For example, many landslides occurred in the new site of Badong County, Hubei Province, which caused serious economic losses and casualties. The main reason is that geological hazards were not explored when the county was relocated, and the new county was selected in an ancient landslide distribution area. 1994 in Wulong county, Sichuan province, a small coal mine excavated the foot of the cliff, which caused the rock in Jiguanling to collapse and cut off the Wujiang River, causing economic losses as high as 800 million yuan. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out geological disaster exploration and evaluation before the project construction to prevent geological disasters caused by improper site selection or engineering activities. Therefore, the management of geological disaster exploration and evaluation of construction projects is the core content of geological disaster prevention and control management. As long as we grasp this link, it is equivalent to controlling the "source" of the disaster. Realize the real "prevention first".

Geological hazard exploration and evaluation management of construction projects includes the following aspects.

(1) Evaluation unit qualification management. That is, the unit undertaking the evaluation work must have the qualification of geological disaster exploration and evaluation approved by the administrative department of Geology and mineral resources.

(2) Management of exploration and evaluation reports. The geological disaster exploration and evaluation report without the approval of the administrative department of Geology and mineral resources cannot be used as the basis for construction, and the relevant departments shall not approve the construction project.

(3) Supervise the prevention and control project and its implementation. Engineering construction projects that may induce geological disasters must include geological disaster prevention projects and facilities. Moreover, geological disaster prevention projects and facilities must be designed, constructed, accepted and used simultaneously with the main project. The administrative department of Geology and mineral resources is responsible for the acceptance of geological disaster prevention and control projects in construction projects.

(4) Formulating relevant standards and norms.

In order to make the prevention and control of geological disasters rule-based, strict supervision and management, it is very important to formulate and promulgate relevant standards and norms. These standards and norms mainly include: ① technical standards for geological disaster exploration; (two) technical standards for geological disaster prevention and control engineering; ③ Statistical standard of geological disasters; (4) Evaluation criteria for the prevention and control benefits of geological disasters; ⑤ Technical requirements for geological hazard exploration and evaluation of construction projects.

(5) Organizing the monitoring and forecasting of geological disasters.

It is impossible for our government to control all geological disasters with existing financial resources. For most geological disasters, we can only strengthen monitoring and forecasting, try to avoid casualties caused by geological disasters and reduce economic losses. Therefore, the monitoring and forecasting of geological disasters is particularly important. The administrative departments of geology and mineral resources of all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) shall formulate measures for the management of geological disaster monitoring and forecasting according to local actual conditions; According to the results of geological disaster investigation, determine their respective monitoring and forecasting priorities. Then, according to the location of the disaster body and the target of the threat, the task of disaster monitoring will be implemented to specific departments and units. Dangerous points that are very harmful and may cause a large number of casualties and property losses should be monitored by professional teams; For other disaster points, the township where the disaster point is located shall set up a geological disaster monitoring group, which shall be responsible for the township, and select villagers who are serious in work and have a strong sense of responsibility and certain knowledge and professional skills as monitors, and train each monitor on the knowledge of geological disaster prevention and control, formulate post responsibility system, and carry out mass simple monitoring under the guidance of professional and technical personnel.

In view of the development and change of geological conditions and the influence of rainfall and human activities, new disasters and hidden dangers will appear every year. The competent administrative departments of geology and mineral resources at all levels should organize forces to investigate areas with serious geological disasters before the flood season every year, strengthen monitoring during the flood season, conduct re-examination after the flood season, keep abreast of the changes of disaster bodies in time, and improve the accuracy of forecasting and the effectiveness of prevention and control.

When major geological disasters occur, the administrative departments of geology and mineral resources at the city (prefecture) and county level shall report to the provincial administrative department of geology and mineral resources within 24 hours, and major geological disasters shall also report to the administrative department of geology and mineral resources in the State Council. When geological disasters occur, the administrative department of geology and mineral resources shall organize relevant personnel to go to the site for investigation, understand the causes and development trends of the disasters, and put forward countermeasures.

(six) examination and approval of geological disaster prevention and control exploration, design, construction and supervision units.

Geological disaster prevention and control engineering is a special geological engineering which is different from general roads, bridges and urban construction. Only by fully grasping the formation mechanism, occurrence and development law of geological disasters can we implement the treatment project according to the right medicine and achieve effective treatment results. Therefore, there are special requirements for the qualifications of units undertaking geological disaster prevention, exploration, design, construction and supervision. The State Council entrusted the competent department of geology and mineral resources with the responsibility of qualification management of geological disaster exploration, design, construction and supervision units. The competent department of Geology and Mineral Resources promulgated and implemented the Measures for the Administration of Qualification of Geological Disaster Exploration and Design Units, the Measures for the Administration of Qualification of Construction Supervision Units of Geological Disaster Prevention and Control Projects and the Measures for the Supervision of Construction of Geological Disaster Prevention and Control Projects. At present, the qualification management measures for construction units of geological disaster prevention and control projects are being formulated. In accordance with the current management procedures, units that apply for Grade A and Grade B qualifications for geological disaster prevention and control projects shall be recommended by their superiors, reviewed by the administrative departments of geology and mineral resources of the local people's governments of provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), and reported to the administrative departments of geology and mineral resources of the State Council for examination and approval. Units applying for Grade C qualification are recommended by their superiors, approved by the administrative department of Geology and Mineral Resources of the people's government of the province (autonomous region or municipality) where they are located, and reported to the administrative department of Geology and Mineral Resources of the State Council for the record.

The administrative department of Geology and mineral resources of the State Council shall implement the annual audit system for the qualification of the undertaking unit of geological disaster prevention and control projects; In addition to the qualification management of this unit, it is also responsible for the qualification examination and approval of the construction supervision engineer of geological disaster prevention and control project. The administrative departments of geology and mineral resources at all levels shall strengthen the qualification management of units undertaking geological disaster prevention and control projects and supervision engineers, and prohibit any unit from undertaking geological disaster prevention and control projects that are incompatible with its qualifications to ensure the quality of the projects and the safety of people's lives and property.

(seven) geological disaster responsibility appraisal, dispute mediation.

In the prevention and control of geological disasters, the policy of "prevention first" is implemented. The principle of "whoever benefits, who contributes" is applied to geological disasters caused by natural action, that is, departments, units and individuals threatened by disasters and able to benefit from prevention and control work contribute to prevention and control work. For geological disasters induced by human activities, the responsible person is responsible for governance. Because the causes of geological disasters are very complicated, it is difficult to distinguish between natural disasters and man-made disasters in many cases. In fact, in many cases, they are the superposition of two factors. Therefore, in the case of unclear responsibilities, the administrative departments of geology and mineral resources at all levels should identify the responsibilities of geological disasters according to their respective authorities. On the basis of full investigation and exploration, find out the real causes of disasters and the role of various factors in the formation of disasters, and mediate disaster disputes.

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