Seeking specific information about the melee between warlords in China.

The scuffle between the new warlords of the Kuomintang began in the Chiang Kai-shek War.

1929,196, Guangxi Wuhan Political Branch issued a resolution: Lu Diping was removed from the post of chairman of Hunan Province and division commander of 18. At the same time, Ye Qi's ninth division and Javert's seventh army were sent to Changsha for invasion. Lu Diping was caught off guard and fled to Nanjing by ocean-going ship. Gui Jun took control of Hunan. At this point, the Guangxi department occupied the two lakes and connected Guangxi, making it possible to attack and defend, advance and retreat, and compete with Chiang Kai-shek. This is the so-called "case".

Chiang Kai-shek eliminated Bai Chongxi by taking advantage of the contradiction between Tang Shengzhi and Guangxi, and Tang Shengzhi to expel Bai Chongxi. Li and Liao Lei brought to Hebei by Bai Chongxi are the main forces of Tang Shengzhi. Bai Chongxi wanted to stay in Hebei for a long time, but also wanted to develop in the northwest, which caused dissatisfaction among his subordinates. Tang's subordinates all want to return to their hometown in Hunan as soon as possible, and they all feel that they are disgraced in being an official in Guangxi. Chiang Kai-shek seized this contradiction and widely spread the news that Tang Shengzhi would be reinstated. Tang Shengzhi also became active in Shanghai, and sent someone to express his heartfelt support for the Central Committee to Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang Kai-shek not only promised Tang Ke to command the army again, but also rewarded him with a large sum of money, and urged him to go north to Peiping and Tianjin immediately and recover the old headquarters.

At this point, the Chiang Kai-shek campaign is imminent, and Bai Chongxi plans to lead his troops to cooperate with Li Zongren to attack Chiang Kai-shek in the south of Pukou. But at this time, the troops no longer listened to Bai Chongxi's command and posted "Down with the Guangxi Department!" "Down with Bai Chongxi!" "Welcome Commander-in-Chief Tang to make a comeback" and other slogans. Even put anti-Tang slogans on the train carriages in Pingjin. Bai Chongxi was unable to gain a foothold in the army, so he fled through Tanggu in disguise.

On March 20th, Tang Shengzhi landed in Tanggu and was welcomed by the old army. On March 1 day, Zi announced a crusade against Bai Chongxi, and Chiang Kai-shek immediately appointed Tang Shengzhi as the commander-in-chief of the Fifth Route Army. Tang Shengzhi set up its headquarters in Shuncheng, Beiping, Wang Fu. Chiang Kai-shek's plan to help Tang was fully realized, which was equivalent to cutting off an arm of the Guangxi department.

Li is a native of Wuzhou, Guangxi, and an official in Guangdong. In the division of political power, he belongs to Guangdong. Guangdong is rich in financial resources, but the fighting capacity of soldiers is poor. Guangxi is poor and the soldiers are brave. Li Changchun took advantage of the relationship between local literati and Guangxi. Guangdong supports Guangxi's capital and Guangxi supports Guangdong's army. After Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi left Guangxi, Li worked closely with Huang Shao, making it impossible for Chiang Kai-shek to intervene in Guangdong and Guangxi affairs. It is difficult for Chiang Kai-shek to destroy the Guangxi system without breaking up the alliance between Guangdong and Guangxi. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek plotted against Li.

Li doesn't want to come to Nanjing to attend the Third National Congress. Chiang Kai-shek personally guaranteed that four Kuomintang elders, Wu Zhihui, Cai Yuanpei and Li Shiceng, were sent to Nanjing to mediate the Hunan case. Li Xiangxin believed it. Unexpectedly, on the morning of 2 1, Chiang Kai-shek suddenly ordered Li to be arrested and detained in Tangshan Club. On March 28th, the closing day of the Third National Congress of the Kuomintang, Chiang Kai-shek sent troops to copy Li's residence in Nanjing. After the National Demobilization Conference, Chiang Kai-shek held military parades and exercises everywhere, and demonstrated to local strength groups. Li once accused Chiang Kai-shek of this. Chiang Kai-shek therefore bears a grudge against Li.

Chiang Kai-shek's unreasonable detention of Li caused strong dissatisfaction from all sides. Wu Zhihui and Renjie Zhang helped Chiang Kai-shek persuade Li Jinjing. They first angrily ran to Chiang Kai-shek to condemn Chiang Kai-shek's atrocities, and then moved to Tangshan to live with Li in protest. Cai Yuanpei and Li Shiceng also condemned Chiang Kai-shek's lack of faith. The generals of Guangdong and Guangxi were furious and called Chiang Kai-shek jointly with Jiang Guangding, Cai Tingkai and others, urging the immediate restoration of Li's freedom. Huang was also invited to Guangzhou to discuss countermeasures. But at this time, Chiang Kai-shek sent Guangdong generals Chen and Chen to Guangdong to persuade them to obey the central authorities. Second, Chen used the seemingly fair double-dealing technique to avoid war and isolated the Gui family. Subsequently, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Chen as commander-in-chief of the Eighth Route Army Uprising Army. Since then, Chen Yizhi has ruled Guangdong.

Since the beginning of Chiang Kai-shek War, many powerful factions have made plans for themselves. On March 29th, Yen Hsi-shan sent a telegram in response to Chiang Kai-shek's crusade. In order to prevent Chiang Kai-shek from entering Sichuan in the name of carrying out the Guangxi system, Liu Xiang of Sichuan also declared that he wanted Guangxi.

In the dispute between Jiang and Gui, Feng Yuxiang adopted the method of fighting on both sides. The Guangxi Department once asked Feng to help fight against Chiang Kai-shek, and Feng readily agreed. Jiang promised to make Feng Wei Cheng Xiang. Feng was moved by Li and promised to send 65,438+400,000 troops to help Jiang win the championship. However, when Feng was in Xuzhou, he printed a lot of notices for rebellion, but he didn't print who the rebellion was. He only printed charges such as "taking bribes to bend the law, extorting taxes, killing and persecuting young people". His intention is that whoever is defeated by Chiang Kai-shek and Guangxi will fill in his name on the notice and try to occupy Wuhan before Chiang Kai-shek. Feng Yuxiang's attitude not only damaged the Guangxi department, but also was countered by Chiang Kai-shek and accused by both sides.

Chiang Kai-shek personally served as commander-in-chief on March 29, and went to Jiujiang to direct operations and crusade against Guangxi. He Qinying is the chief of staff. * * * Three armies were dispatched: Liu Zhi's 1 Army, Zhu Shaoliang's 2nd Army and Zhu Peide's 3rd Army, and 14 ships participated in this operation.

However, Chiang Kai-shek's best way is to buy off the rebels from his opponents. Chiang Kai-shek knew that there were factions everywhere, and there could be no contradiction. Chiang Kai-shek used the factional principle to divide and disintegrate from the inside, and used the condition that he mastered the central power to promise high officials and high salaries, so it was often easy to find traitors. This way of breaking up opponents can play a radical role and get quick results.

At the beginning of Chiang Kai-shek War, Li Zongren returned to Guangxi from Shanghai, Bai Chongxi went to Guangxi from Tanggu, Huang was in Guangxi, and there was no commander-in-chief in Wuhan. The power of Wuhan frontline commander-in-chief was handed over to Li Mingrui and Yang Tenghui, teachers of the First Division. At this time, Li Mingrui and Yang Tenghui have been bought by Chiang Kai-shek. At the same time, Chiang Kai-shek won over Zhang Fakui and appointed Zhang as the commander-in-chief of the right-wing army of the 1 Route Army. The task is to ask Zhang Fakui to occupy Wuhan in front of Feng Yuxiang. Chiang Kai-shek's warrant: He Jian was appointed as the commander of the Fourth Army of the Rebel Army and allocated 700,000 yuan to the Ministry. He promised that Qiao Yun would be in charge of all affairs in Hunan. He Jian immediately sent a message saying that he "wholeheartedly supports" the Central Committee. In this way, without Chiang Kai-shek's war with Guangxi, Hubei and Hunan provinces occupied by Guangxi were divided and disintegrated by Chiang Kai-shek from local to military. Zheng Jiemin, Chiang Kai-shek's adjutant, commanded Chiang Kai-shek's spies in Wuhan and made arrangements for his internal work. On April 6, Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Wuhan and announced: "Wuhan will decide without bloodshed." Because Li Mingrui withdrew his troops from the fighting, Gui Jun almost quit without a fight. Feng Yuxiang's illusion that he had arrived in Wuhan before Chiang Kai-shek was also shattered.

After Chiang Kai-shek entered Wuhan, he rewarded officials and gave Li Mingrui a lot of cash. At the mass meeting in Wuhan, he cursed treason. Show off your strength and arrogance. Chiang Kai-shek also met separately with Feng Yuxiang's Ministry Han Fuju in Wuhan. Jiang and his wife "warmly" hosted him, were appointed as the chairman of Yuzhou in person, and gave hundreds of thousands of yuan to start the work of disintegrating Feng's department.

Under the guidance of Hu Zongyi, Tao Jun and Xia Wei, the remnants of the Guangxi Fourth Army retreated from Wuhan to western Hubei, trying to contact the Sichuan warlord Yang Sen. How could Chiang Kai-shek allow them to establish themselves in western Hubei? He ordered Zhang Fakui, Zhu Shaoliang and Xia Douyin to pursue them, and at the same time sent a letter to the Guangxi troops, which said: "If the officers and men come back with weapons, each person will be rewarded with five yuan; All officers and soldiers who are waiting for their hands will be taken in; If you can kill the rebel leader and come back, you will get a rank reward. Kill your platoon leader and reward the silver officer with 100 yuan by going up one flight of stairs; Kill the battalion commander, reward 500 yuan with silver, and be promoted to the second level; Those who kill the teacher's commander-in-chief and come back will receive a reward of 5 thousand yuan of silver, which will be upgraded by three levels. Therefore, Hu, Tao and Xia San people could not resist Chiang Kai-shek's combination of force and money. At the same time, the three men announced their retirement and the troops were at their disposal. At this point, the 4th Army of Guangxi was completely disintegrated.

Chiang Kai-shek's war to "completely eradicate" the Guangxi system began on May 5. Chiang Kai-shek was restricted to occupy Liuzhou before May 25th, and he went from Wuhan to Changsha to supervise the war. Chiang Kai-shek once persuaded Huang to rebel against the Guangxi clique and join Chiang Kai-shek, but Huang did not listen.

Under the pressure of Chiang Kai-shek, Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi and Huang decided to take the initiative to attack and defend. On the same day that Chiang Kai-shek attacked Guangxi, on May 5th, Li Zongren played the banner of "protecting the Party and saving the nation" in Wuzhou, and Bai Chongxi and Huang led his troops to attack Guangdong in two ways in an attempt to open up a new situation after defeating Guangdong. Li Zongren went to Hongkong to contact other anti-Chiang forces. On May 2 1 day, Guangdong and Gui Jun fought a bloody battle in Guangdong for a century. Gui Jun returned to Guangxi after his failure. Although Bai Chongxi and Huang suffered repeated defeats in Guangxi, they could not resist Chiang Kai-shek's troops attacking Guangxi from all directions. In June, Bai Chonghong and Huang Shao Hong fled Vietnam from Longzhou at the southern tip of Guangxi and stood by again.

Chiang Kai-shek's policy of eradicating Guangxi and its insidious means caused great shock and panic among various factions of the Kuomintang. Force them to find their own way out: either fight back, commit themselves to take refuge, or cater to each other in a two-faced way.

After Chiang Kai-shek successfully overthrew Guangxi, he tried his best to win over Yan Xishan and stepped up his attack on Feng Yuxiang, still adopting the strategy of divide and rule.

Feng Yuxiang wants to take advantage of the battle of Jiang Gui to seize Wuhan. But when Chiang Kai-shek caught a glimpse of me, I had already taken precautions. Feng Yuxiang's plan failed, which also increased Chiang Kai-shek's resentment against Feng Yuxiang, making the contradiction between Jiang and Feng irreconcilable. After Chiang Kai-shek occupied Wuhan, he immediately mobilized the main forces and prepared to capture Henan and Shandong to fight against Feng.

Chiang Kai-shek tried his best to eradicate Feng Group. First, he began to buy off Feng Bu. Han Fuju, Feng Yuxiang's old subordinate and the most loyal general, has been bribed in Wuhan. Then Chiang Kai-shek sent people to Xiangfan to send hundreds of thousands of yuan to buy off Shi Yousan. The fickle villain Shi Yousan immediately agreed to obey Chiang Kai-shek's orders. Later, Chiang Kai-shek bribed Liu Zhenhua, Ma Hongkui and other ministries to rebel against Feng in the same way and joined Chiang Kai-shek. Under the disintegration of Chiang Kai-shek, the nationalist army was severely divided. Secondly, Chiang Kai-shek spread rumors widely, creating a public opinion that Feng Yuxiang colluded with the Soviet Union and wanted to attack Chiang Kai-shek and Yan Xishan in Shanxi Province, and provoked the relationship between Feng and Yan, which made Yan Xishan dubious. Third, Chiang Kai-shek tried to lure Feng Yuxiang to Beijing, resulting in the leaderless Northwest Army. At that time, Jiang sent telegrams one after another asking Feng Yuxiang to work in Beijing. Feng Yuxiang made it clear that the fundamental reason why he didn't go to Nanjing was "fear of becoming the second Li." At the same time, Feng Yuyang held a military meeting in Huayin and decided to arm against Chiang Kai-shek. Feng Zi was appointed as the "Commander-in-Chief of the Northwest Road for Protecting the Party and Saving the Nation", demanding that all ministries shrink their forces and shorten the front. Feng Jun retreated from Lu Yu to Tongguan to meet Chiang Kai-shek. When Feng Jun retreated to the west, he blew up the 13 bridge from Guide to Mamuji to stop Chiang from transporting troops.

On May 8, the Kuomintang Central Political Conference elected Chiang Kai-shek as its chairman. On the 23rd, the Standing Committee of the Kuomintang Central Committee decided to remove Feng Yuxiang from all his posts, expel him from the Party forever, and ordered him to be investigated. Later, in various announcements issued by the Kuomintang Central Committee, Feng Yuxiang was called "the stalk of reunification", "sabotaging the revolution", "insidious", "repeatedly having no party membership", "colluding with the Soviet Union" and "betraying the party and the country". All in all, it was heinous. Feng Yuxiang, the "brother-in-law" of Chiang Kai-shek, has a great intention of sleeping on his laurels. Wen, Wu, frontal attack and internal disintegration attacked Feng Yuxiang's nationalist army together, which made Feng Yuxiang's situation very difficult.

Feng Yuxiang dared not rashly face the strong pressure of Chiang Kai-shek. He suddenly announced: "Since May 27th, all news has been rejected, and I have been studying since then." Of course, Feng Yuxiang didn't go out to study. The purpose was to make Chiang Kai-shek lose the excuse of attacking the Northwest Army to save his strength, and then Feng tried to tighten up against Chiang Kai-shek. Feng Yuxiang's move did have some effect, and Chiang Kai-shek's armed attack was temporarily stopped. However, the battle on the battlefield immediately turned into a tortuous political struggle between Jiang, Feng and Yan.

In the conflict between Chiang Kai-shek and Feng, Yan Xishan not only charmed Chiang as Feng, but also pulled Feng against Chiang. Meijiang put pressure on Feng in order to push the Northwest Army out of Henan, Shaanxi and China through Jiang Zhili. The purpose of resisting Chiang Kai-shek is to improve his social status in front of Chiang Kai-shek and prevent Chiang Kai-shek from attacking the Kim system. In order to divide and rule, Chiang Kai-shek first firmly grasped Yan Xishan to oust Feng Yuxiang, and then only the Jin system was left to clean up. If Feng Yuxiang wants to resist Chiang Kai-shek, he must unite with Jin to gain a foothold. This is the subtlety of the triangle relationship between Jiang, Feng and Yan at this time.

On June 7, Chiang Kai-shek called Yen Hsi-shan, asking Yen Hsi-shan to help him attack the Northwest Army and forcing Feng Yuxiang to go abroad. Feng Yuxiang can't just "study in the mountains". Yan Xishan said that he did not advocate civil war, but advocated a peaceful solution. And threatened to go abroad with Feng Yuxiang. Later, he sent someone to Tianjin to book a boat ticket and arranged accommodation in Japan to pretend that he was determined to retire. Yan Xishan repeatedly invited Feng Yuxiang to Taiyuan to discuss anti-Chiang plans, but Feng Yuxiang suspected that Yan Xishan had ulterior motives and dared not rashly enter Jin. Feng saw Yan's above behavior and dispelled Feng's doubts. Yan also sent Li Shucheng, Feng Yuxiang's respected old friend, to intercede with Feng, who was determined to be promoted. On June 24th, Feng Yuxiang took his wife Li Dequan and his daughter from Huayin Mountain to Shanxi, and arrived in Taiyuan on June 24th, where they were warmly received by Yan Xishan.

After Feng Yuxiang arrived in Shanxi, Yan Xishan did not seriously discuss the anti-Chiang plan with Feng, but sent people around to prepare clothes and appliances needed to go abroad. It seems that Yan and Feng are going abroad hand in hand. This really worried Chiang Kai-shek. If Feng and Yan go abroad side by side, it will undoubtedly unite the Northwest Army and the Jin Army, and Chiang Kai-shek's goal of divide-and-conquer will be difficult to achieve. So Chiang Kai-shek appointed Yan Xishan as the special envoy to deal with the aftermath of the northwest. Yan Xishan disapproved of Chiang Kai-shek's appointment, but he proposed to Chiang Kai-shek with a tougher attitude that he must go abroad at the same time as Feng Yuxiang. If the Central Committee does not approve, he will resolutely resign as a member of the National Government. Chiang Kai-shek hurriedly called to retain Yan Xishan and decided to deign to go to Peiping to meet Yan Xishan. This virtually doubled Yan's worth.

On June 25th, Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Beiping. He tried his best to change Yan Xishan's attitude. On June 27, Chiang Kai-shek sent Wu Zhihui and Zhao He to Taiyuan to meet Yen Hsi-shan, and invited Yen Hsi-shan to Beiping to discuss with Chiang Kai-shek to deal with the aftermath in the northwest. Yen Hsi-shan asked the central authorities to revoke the punishment against Feng Yuxiang, and accompanied Wu Zhihui and others to Peiping on June 30th. After Chiang Kai-shek had a secret talk with Yan in Beiping, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Yan Xishan as the deputy commander of the national army, navy and air force, and Yan's position in the army was raised to one person below Chiang Kai-shek and above ten thousand people. Yan Xishan promised Chiang Kai-shek to solve the Northwest Army as soon as possible, and Jiang Yan reached a secret agreement to deal with Feng Yuxiang. At this time, Yan Xishan's plot was exposed. First, he tricked Feng Yuxiang into Taiyuan and bargained with Chiang Kai-shek with the Feng family's trump card, until Chiang Kai-shek made him the deputy commander-in-chief of Peiping, and the price was big enough.

On July 2, Yan Xishan was suddenly "sick" and admitted to the hospital, and closed the door. On July 4th, he returned his plane ticket to Japan. Since then, Yan Xishan has also changed his attitude towards Feng Yuxiang.

He lured Feng Yuxiang to Jian 'an Village and put him under house arrest in the name of inconvenient life in Jinci. The troops sealed off the village and isolated Feng from the outside world.

Yan Xishan's treachery was condemned by other factions. Li Shucheng, who persuaded Feng Yuxiang to enter Jin, moved into Jian 'an Village to live with Feng Yuxiang and expressed his protest against Yan Xishan.

Feng Yuxiang was betrayed by Yan Xishan and bit his navel, but he was not willing to do nothing. He knew that Jiang and Yan had a new deal, and he didn't show any emotion. He just tried to break the collusion between Jiang and Yan to find a way out. During his house arrest, he managed to instruct Song Yuanzhe, who was in charge of the Northwest Army in Shaanxi, to bypass Yan Xishan, contact the Nanjing government directly, and move closer to Chiang Kai-shek. The generals of the nationalist army were very dissatisfied with Yan Xishan's treachery. Feng Yuxiang was detained in Jian 'an Village, and his salary could not be solved. Northwest China is a poverty-stricken area, which is in urgent need of help. After receiving instructions from Feng Yuxiang, they felt that being close to Nanjing was also a way out. So, in mid-July, the nationalist army sent Chen Zhuoru, chief of staff, to Nanjing to inquire for Chiang Kai-shek, saying that the nationalist army accepted the central order and requested economic assistance. Chiang Kai-shek believed that the nationalist army had surrendered to him, and it was no longer necessary to use Yan Xishan to disintegrate Feng Group. The cunning Chiang Kai-shek didn't know that he had been taken in by Feng Yuxiang, so he sent Yu Youren and He Yaozu to comfort Lao Feng Yuxiang's troops, appease Feng's department, and provide their salaries. In order to win the support of the generals of the Northwest Army, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the dismissed Lu, Xue Duzhou, Xiong Bin and Tang Yueliang to return to Nanjing. Call and entertain in person. On August 6th, 2007, Lu was appointed Minister of Military and Political Affairs. On August 22nd, another close friend of Feng was appointed as the director of the Resettlement Department of the National Resettlement Committee. Since then, the relationship between Chiang Kai-shek and the nationalist army has changed from confrontation to closeness.

1in August, 929, after the national demobilization executive meeting, Yan Xishan began to feel that he was in danger himself. Feng's close relationship with Chiang Kai-shek made him more suspicious. He guessed that Jiang and Feng might have reached a new agreement, and Jiang and Feng would unite against Jin in the next step. Yan Xishan thinks that the policy of flattering Jiang and restraining Feng is wrong. In order to get rid of the predicament, he is ready to embark on the road of Lafon's anti-Chiang again.

On the night of Mid-Autumn Festival, Yan Xishan personally went to Jian 'an Village to apologize to Feng Yuxiang and proposed to unite against Chiang Kai-shek. Feng Yuxiang instructed Song to move closer to Chiang Kai-shek in order to disintegrate the Chiang Yan alliance. Feng saw that his purpose had been achieved, and he readily expressed his willingness to let go of the past and cooperate against Chiang Kai-shek. On September 26th, Yan and Feng visited Wutai Mountain to show their reconciliation.

This time, Feng Jian launched a war against Chiang Kai-shek. The way he took was: Feng Yuxiang still lived in Jian 'an Village, and instructed the Northwest Army to lead the war against Chiang Kai-shek. Feng hid behind the scenes to leave room for manoeuvre. The Northwest Army first launched a war, with Yan Xishan as its leader, and then the Jin Army made a comeback and responded against Chiang Kai-shek.

On October 9th, 65438/KLOC-0, Song and others first called Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang to list Chiang's crimes, claiming that they were forced to rise up against Chiang. On June 6th, Yan, Feng Fusong and other telegrams said: "To put the people on the right track politically, we still need to take a long-term view, or we hope to make good arrangements first, so as to realize the original intention of the comrades to save the country, and national affairs should still be handled by the people." The purpose of telegraphic exchanges between Song and Yan and Feng was to create the illusion that Yan and Feng had nothing to do with anti-Chiang, so as to cover their behind-the-scenes command.

On June 6, Song and other 27 generals of the Northwest Army jointly delivered a speech in support of Feng and Yan's crusade against Chiang Kai-shek's electrification.

Song and others were passionate about Chiang Kai-shek's electrification, and the charges listed were all facts and had certain appeal. The soldiers of the Northwest Army divided into three roads and marched into Henan. But it was defeated by Chiang Kai-shek in less than a month and a half. Why? There are three main aspects:

1. Chiang Kai-shek has an advantage in financial, material and military resources. Song Ziwen is in Nanjing and Shanghai. Zhejiang has raised the salaries of soldiers and even used severance bonds to fight civil war, because the central government holds the national treasury and has sufficient financial resources. A condolence group organized by Song Meiling went to the front to reward officers and soldiers with 200,000 cash. The nationalist army was too poor to pay the monthly salary. Chiang Kai-shek can still get imperialist equipment and a lot of weapons and ammunition. There are also German military advisers to provide advice and suggestions. Chiang Kai-shek's own army is the backbone, and there are many miscellaneous troops who take refuge in him, and their strength is also higher than that of the Northwest Army.

Secondly, Chiang Kai-shek also overwhelmed the nationalist army in political strategy. There is no justice in the scuffle between Kuomintang factions. Song implored Chiang Kai-shek to electrify, of course, which had a certain political influence, but Chiang Kai-shek responded with a "Report to the Soldiers of the Country", saying that the Northwest Army "was a feudal group with a combination of interests. I only know that there are groups, I don't know that there are countries, I only know that there are interests, and I don't know that there is socialism. " As long as this feudal group is not eliminated, national reunification will not succeed. Song and others could not answer Chiang Kai-shek's scolding.

Three, the nationalist army internal disunity. Feng Yuxiang was not in the army, and Song and He fought for power and power, giving each other no concessions and being unconvinced. The command can't be unified, and the battle is fragmented, which weakens the combat effectiveness.

However, the important reason for the failure of the nationalist army against Chiang Kai-shek this time is that Yan Xishan once again betrayed his faith.

Feng and Yan * * * agreed in advance to jointly fight against Chiang Kai-shek, otherwise Feng Yuxiang would not rashly launch an anti-Chiang movement unilaterally. Song and others, out of hatred for Yan Xishan's selling friends for glory, did not recommend Yan Xishan as the leader according to the original agreement, but only proposed universal support for Feng and Yan. Therefore, after the launch of the nationalist army, Yan Xishan stayed put, leaving the nationalist army to fight alone. Seeing the rift between Feng and Yan, Chiang Kai-shek immediately adopted the strategy of wooing Yan Xishan and isolating Feng. On June 65438+1October 1 1, Nanjing called Yan Xishan in the name of the president of the Fifth Hospital, asking him to deal with the northwest issue nearby. 10/0 On October 28th, Chiang Kai-shek announced the appointment of Yan Xishan as the deputy commander-in-chief of the army, navy and air force. 01October 365438, Chiang Kai-shek sent He and Fang Benren to Taiyuan to collude with Yan Xishan on behalf of Chiang Kai-shek. 165438+1On October 5th, Yan Xishan was announced as the deputy commander-in-chief of the national army, navy and air force. At the same time, "An Shi Rebellion Conference" was held in Beiping, Taiyuan and other places to show that Jin Department fully supported the central government. Yan and Feng separated again, and Jiang and Feng colluded again. Subsequently, the Jin army took a hostile attitude towards the Northwest Army. The defeated and completely isolated Northwest Army returned to Shaanxi and held fast to Shaanxi and Tongguan. Feng Yuxiang's nationalist army failed again in its second attack on Chiang Kai-shek.

During the period of 1929, almost all factions of the Kuomintang were involved in the whirlpool of civil war, the gunfire never stopped, and the war spread to more than half of China. Chiang Kai-shek had a hard time, so he had to hastily convene a meeting of party and state officials on February 3, 65438 to plan countermeasures. As a result of the discussion, Chiang Kai-shek decided that winning over Yan Xishan and Zhang Xueliang was the key to solving the problem. As long as Yan and Zhang are arrested and the reorganization faction is opposed, it is not difficult to quell the chaos of the powerful faction. So Chiang Kai-shek sent Wu Tiecheng to the northeast to pull Zhang Xueliang in the name of the old gentleman, and sent Zhao back to Shanxi to convince Yan Xishan. Wu Tiecheng persuaded Zhang Xueliang to support Chiang Kai-shek. Yan Xishan and Zhang Xueliang have long been in contact. Yan Xishan, who had already expressed support for the reorganization faction, was afraid of being sent to Shanhaiguan by the army. He was attacked by Chiang Kai-shek and Feng and turned to support Chiang Kai-shek. Therefore, Yan and Zhang jointly sent a telegram, "resolutely supporting the Central Committee" and opposing the reorganization faction. At this point, Chiang Kai-shek sent He Ruyue and Chen to jointly repel the "Party Protection and Salvation Army" of Zhang Fakui and Guangxi, and transferred Liu Zhi's own troops to the north to attack Tang Shengzhi. Yen Hsi-shan personally went to Zhengzhou to bid, and cooperated with Chiang Kai-shek to attack Tang Shengzhi. 1930, 65438+ October, Tang Shengzhi was defeated and electrified. Shi Yousan surrendered to Chiang Kai-shek again. The anti-Chiang military speculation of the Kuomintang reorganization faction failed.

Chiang Kai-shek entered the 1930s as a winner, but because the anti-Chiang faction still had strength and refused to give in, a larger-scale warlord scuffle was brewing.

1930 New Year's Day brought a serious crisis to the Nanjing government instead of a "gospel". Although Chiang Kai-shek was on his high horse because of his continuous victory over his opponents, it did not alleviate the crisis.

The first is the political crisis. The dictatorship of Chiang Kai-shek and the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang deepened the class contradiction in China. In the darkness, the people of China, deeply affected by the disaster, saw that a single spark lit by the producer of China * * * had started a prairie fire. The rapid corruption and "deterioration" of the reactionary Kuomintang regime is in sharp contrast with the vigorous development of the red revolutionary base areas. The people's enthusiasm for participating in the agrarian revolution is growing, the rural revolutionary base areas are expanding and the Red Army is developing. Revolutionary movements of workers, students, youth and women in central cities were also launched under the leadership of the China Production Party. After 1927, the depressing situation has been fundamentally changed. The development of the people's revolutionary forces dealt a heavy blow to the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang, which was the root cause of the political crisis in the Nanjing government.

In addition, the contradictions within the Kuomintang reactionaries are far from being resolved. Anti-Chiang forces still exist. Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang held 500,000 troops, which made Chiang Kai-shek restless day and night. The reorganization faction continued to unite against Chiang Kai-shek, frequently engaged in activities, and used the corruption of the Nanjing government to carry out anti-Chiang propaganda everywhere, which caused no small threat to Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang Central Committee. This is also one of the reasons why the Nanjing government fell into a political crisis.

The second is the diplomatic crisis. Chiang Kai-shek instructed Zhang Xueliang to provoke the Middle East Road incident for no reason, which triggered an armed conflict between China and Russia. Not only did it cause serious losses to the lives and property of residents in the border areas, but diplomatic negotiations with the Soviet Union took a long time and no settlement agreement was reached. Chiang Kai-shek's trick of cutting the stolen goods and framing Feng Yuxiang ended up shooting himself in the foot.

Finally, the financial crisis. Years of continuous civil war and long-term border conflicts have consumed a lot of money and drained the blood of the people. In addition, the traitorous financial policies pursued by Song Ziwen and other countries dragged China into the economic crisis of world capitalism. During the period of 1929, an unprecedented economic crisis occurred in capitalist countries all over the world. Gold prices soared and silver prices plummeted, and China's currency, which is based on the silver standard, seriously depreciated. Because only the United States bought silver at that time, China's silver was continuously exported to the United States to maintain China's current currency. The United States relied on China's cheap silver to reduce its losses, while China fell into a situation of "the people's livelihood was depressed and the national treasury was empty", and public grievances boiled and the domestic social order was once chaotic.

The financial crisis is the most urgent problem for the Nanjing government. Chiang Kai-shek couldn't think of an effective way to solve the crisis. He racked his brains and tried every means to play tricks on strengthening Nanjing's reactionary rule, and put forward so-called measures such as "refreshing politics", "improving political efficiency" and accelerating national reunification in an attempt to reduce expenses and cut expenses passively. Moreover, his "throttling" method is only "tightening". That is to tighten the establishment and organization and reduce the number of troops. However, the military establishment of Chiang Kai-shek's department has not been reduced, nor has the royal organization of Chiang Kai-shek's department been reduced; The henchmen adopted by Chiang Kai-shek were not only dismissed, but also sent to various places to be officials. For other factions, Chiang Kai-shek used "empty treasury" as an excuse and "fiscal austerity" as an excuse to ask them to downsize quickly according to the downsizing plan. Before downsizing, the wages of indirect troops will be postponed or stopped. Chiang Kai-shek also repeatedly ordered the troops of various powerful factions to be transferred to designated areas, and officers at all levels were transferred to the Central Military Academy for training. Through these methods, he tried to take the power of various powerful factions into his own hands. In order to show his austerity policy, Chiang Kai-shek eliminated some old, weak and sick soldiers again and "laid off" some useless employees. In order to deal with Chiang Kai-shek, the powerful faction also handled it in the same way, which led to mutiny, mutiny and rogue, harming people everywhere and making the people even more in dire straits. In addition, Chiang Kai-shek also used the excuse that the emptiness of the national treasury was closely related to the disunity of the country, forcing local governments to obey the central authorities and threatening to use force. As a result, contradictions within the reactionary Kuomintang clique deepened rapidly, and powerful groups that did not openly oppose Chiang Kai-shek became nervous. Regardless of national security and people's lives, the new warlords just launched a new struggle to safeguard the interests of their group.

1930 The war within the Kuomintang began with the quarrel between Chiang Kai-shek and Yan.

For many years, the relationship between Chiang Kai-shek and Yan has been erratic, which is caused by Chiang Kai-shek's sinister and Yan Xishan's speculative habits. Yan Xishan cooperated with Chiang Kai-shek many times, but it broke down many times. The Gui, Feng and Tang Dynasties were all fatally attacked by Chiang Kai-shek, but Yen Hsi-shan, like a wandering snake, kept the Jin Dynasty alive. Past experience has proved that Chiang Kai-shek will give him some benefits when he wants to use him, but he often pulls down the bridge when crossing the river, which makes strict control happy. For example, Chiang Kai-shek once put Ping Jin under the control of Yen Hsi-shan in order to win the Jin Dynasty. However, only half a year after Ping Jin changed its flag, Chiang Kai-shek sent Song Ziwen to Peiping in June (1929), and classified Ping Jin's tax revenue as "state-owned" or "Jiangyou" in the name of dividing "national tax" and "local tax". Yen Hsi-shan agreed to this arrangement, and at the same time proposed to Song Ziwen that the wages of the troops stationed in Peiping and Tianjin should be paid by the Central Ministry of Finance in exchange for handing over the "national tax" of Peiping and Tianjin. On the surface, Song Ziwen agreed, but only paid for one month, and never paid again. Knowing that he had been cheated, Yan Xishan applied for issuing 30 million yuan of provincial bonds to offset the 30 million yuan paid by Shanxi Bank in the Northern Expedition War, but Chiang Kai-shek did not approve it. Yan believes that this is Chiang Kai-shek's attempt to control the Jin system by economic means, and he has always been bitter about it. After the Kuomintang troops occupied Beiping and Tianjin, Yan helped Chiang Kai-shek many times in the internal struggle of the Kuomintang. But Jiang only uses Yan and never trusts him. Yan personally led troops to Henan to help Chiang destroy the Tang Dynasty, and as a result, Chiang broke his word. Instead of handing over Henan to Yan, he appointed Han Fudi as the chairman of Henan Province, the chairman of Anhui Province and Ma Hongkui as the commander-in-chief of southern Anhui. Chiang's own troops have also moved northward, concentrated in Xuzhou and Bengbu, and heavily stationed in Henan. This situation is undoubtedly to guard against the Jin army and the northwest army, so that the Jin army can not stand in Henan. Yan's wishful thinking failed, and he reluctantly withdrew the Jin army back to the original line of defense. Repeatedly calculated by Chiang Kai-shek, Yan Xishan saw that Chiang Kai-shek's next goal was his turn. In this way, Yan Xishan had to make a choice as soon as possible on the issue of supporting or opposing Chiang Kai-shek.

1930 65438+ 10 16, Yan Xishan returned to Taiyuan. Later, Wu Tiecheng came from Beiping with Chiang Kai-shek's orders. In order to implement Chiang Kai-shek's policy of "refreshing politics", Yan Buxing was invited to be sworn in as deputy commander. This is not just a matter of form, but a form that Chiang Kai-shek wants Yen Hsi-shan to obey the Central Committee. Yen Hsi-shan understood Chiang Kai-shek's intentions, and he didn't want to remain silent. On October 22nd, 65438/KLOC-0, Yan Xishan was sworn in in Taiyuan, and took the opportunity to deliver a speech against Chiang Kai-shek, proposing the establishment of "the whole party reunifying the country", opposing Chiang Kai-shek's control of the central power and accusing him of splitting the party and state. Chiang Kai-shek continued to deploy troops, while demonstrating against it, and publicly warned him severely. On February 9, Chiang Kai-shek called Yan, saying that "it is very sure to pacify Guangdong and Guangxi by force" and asked Zhao to return to Beijing as soon as possible. In the face of Chiang Kai-shek's threats and intimidation, Yan Xishan did not show weakness and gave Chiang Kai-shek an answer. Based on this, a two-month telegraph debate was held between Nanjing and Taiyuan, supplemented by talks and declarations, and they scolded each other and chattered endlessly. After the debate on Jiang Yan's telegram began, the front lines between the two sides gradually became clear. Anti-Chiang factions have electrified and expressed their support for Yan Xishan. The military and political figures who supported Chiang Kai-shek waved flags and shouted for Chiang Kai-shek under the banner of defending the Central Committee. Chiang Kai-shek set off a large-scale campaign to denounce Yan Xishan in his control area; Yen Hsi-shan also held a meeting for Chiang Kai-shek in his own jurisdiction to seal up local party departments and newspapers sponsored by Chiang Kai-shek's Central Committee. An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. The argument between Chiang Kai-shek and Yan made the relationship between Yan Xishan and the reformists closer. Yan Xishan denied the legitimacy of the Nanjing Kuomintang Central Committee, so it was necessary to establish a "legitimate" Central Committee to oppose Chiang Kai-shek's Central Committee. To this end, Yan needs the help of the reorganization faction and the Xishan faction. The regrouping factions in the south failed one after another, and they almost lost all their capital in military speculation, so they had to find a way out between Yan and Feng in the north. At the same time, because Chiang Kai-shek attacked the reorganization faction,