Encyclopedia of green manure

Green manure is a green plant used as fertilizer. Green manure is a biological fertilizer source with complete nutrients. Planting green manure is not only an effective way to increase the source of fertilizer, but also plays a great role in improving soil. However, in order to give full play to the role of green manure in increasing production, it is necessary to apply it reasonably.

catalogue

1. Advantages and characteristics

classify

3. Planting techniques

4. Product function

Dominant characteristics

Green manure is one of the traditional important organic fertilizers in China. Developing green manure has the following advantages:

(1) has a wide source and a large quantity. Green manure can be planted in farmland and wasteland because of its variety, strong adaptability and easy cultivation. The yield of fresh grass is high, which can generally reach 1000 ~ 2000 kg per mu. In addition, there are a lot of wild green manure for collection and utilization.

⑵ High quality and good fertilizer efficiency. Green manure crops are rich in organic matter, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients and a variety of trace elements. It decomposes quickly and has fast fertilizer efficiency. Generally, green manure containing nitrogen 1kg can increase the yield of rice and wheat by 9 ~ 10kg.

(3) Improve soil to prevent soil erosion. Because green manure contains a lot of organic matter, it can improve soil structure and improve soil water and fertilizer conservation and fertilizer supply capacity; Green manure has lush stems and leaves covering the ground, which can prevent or reduce the loss of soil and water and fertilizer.

(4) Less investment and low cost. Green manure only needs a small amount of seeds and fertilizers, and is planted and applied locally, which saves labor and transportation power and is lower than chemical fertilizer.

5] Comprehensive utilization, with great benefits. Green manure can be used as feed to feed livestock and develop animal husbandry, while livestock manure can fertilize fields and promote each other; Green manure can also be used as biogas raw material to solve some energy sources, and biogas digester fertilizer is also a good organic fertilizer and liquid fertilizer; Some green manure, such as Chinese milk vetch, is a good honey source and can develop beekeeping. Therefore, developing green manure can promote the all-round development of agriculture.

classify

(1) According to the source of green manure, it can be divided into: (1) cultivated green manure refers to artificially cultivated green crops; ② Wild green manure refers to wild plants that have not been artificially cultivated, such as weeds, leaves and fresh shrubs.

⑵ According to plant disciplines, it can be divided into: ① leguminous green manure with root nodules, and rhizobia can fix nitrogen in the air, such as Chinese milk vetch, vetch seed, pea and cowpea; (2) Non-leguminous green manure refers to all plants that have no nodules and cannot fix nitrogen in the air by themselves, such as rape, cauliflower and Jin Ju.

⑶ According to the growing season, it can be divided into: ① Green manure applied in winter refers to green manure planted in autumn and winter and harvested in spring and summer of the following year, such as pasture, Chinese milk vetch, vetch seed, mustard tuber and broad bean; (2) Summer green manure refers to green manure sown in spring and summer and harvested in summer and autumn, such as sesbania, tamarind, bamboo beans and pig excrement beans.

⑷ According to the growth period, it can be divided into: ① annual or perennial green manure, such as tamarind, bamboo bean, cowpea, vetch seed, etc. (2) Perennial green manure, such as grass, Tephrosia vogelii, cajanus cajan, Leucaena leucocephala, etc. ③ Short-term green manure refers to green manure with short growth period, such as mung bean and soybean.

5. According to the ecological environment, it can be divided into: ① aquatic green manure, such as peanut, water hyacinth, water hyacinth and green duckweed; (2) Dry green manure refers to all green manure cultivated in dry land; (3) Rice bottom green manure refers to the green manure planted before rice harvesting, such as Chinese milk vetch, Chinese milk vetch and other rice bottom green manure.

Planting technique

There are several ways to grow green manure:

(1) Green manure monoculture. That is, only one kind of green manure crop is planted on the same cultivated land, and other crops are not planted at the same time. For example, planting green manure crops for one season or one year on the wasteland first can increase fertilizer and soil organic matter, which is beneficial to subsequent planting.

(2) Intercropping green manure. In the same field, green manure crops and other crops should be planted alternately in the same season. For example, bamboo and soybeans are planted between rows of corn, mung beans and cowpeas are planted between rows of sugarcane, and Chinese milk vetch is planted between rows of wheat. Intercropping green manure can make full use of soil fertility and make the land arable. Intercropping leguminous green manure can increase nitrogen nutrition of main crops and reduce weeds and diseases.

(3) Intercropping green manure. Sow green manure between main crops before sowing or harvesting. Such as sowing seeds of Chinese milk vetch or vetch in the late rice milk maturity stage, interplanting sweet clover in wheat field, etc. Intercropping not only has the function of intercropping, but also makes full use of the growing season, prolongs the growing time and improves the yield of green manure.

(4) Mixed planting of green manure. In the same field, plant more than two kinds of green manure crops at the same time, such as mixing Chinese milk vetch and radish in fertile fields, mixing ultraviolet rays, or mixing Chinese milk vetch seeds and rape. The masses said: if the seeds are mixed, the yield will double. Leguminous green manure and non-leguminous green manure, creeping green manure and upright green manure can be mixed to adjust nutrients between them, and stolons can climb up the upright green manure to make the field ventilated and transparent. Therefore, the yield of mixed cropping is higher and the effect of improving soil is better.

5] Plant or plant green manure for many times. After the crops are harvested, use the short spare growing season to plant short-term green manure crops as base fertilizer for the next crop. Generally, green manure varieties with short growth period and rapid growth are selected, such as mung bean, black cowpea, tamarind and green duckweed. The advantages of this method are that it can make full use of land and growing season, facilitate management, collect more green manure and solve the source of fertilizer for next crop.

The nitrogen content in the roots of green manure crops varies greatly with different varieties. According to the analysis, the nitrogen content in the roots of wild peas accounts for about 4 ~ 5% of the total nitrogen content of plants, peas account for about 2 ~ 4%, broad beans account for about 8%, lupines account for about 5 ~ 15%, and red clover accounts for about 45%.

product function

① It can provide rich nutrients for the soil. The tender stems and leaves of all kinds of green manure are rich in nutrition. Once decomposed in soil, it can greatly increase organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and various trace elements in soil. Each thousand kilograms of green manure and fresh grass can generally provide 6.3 kilograms of nitrogen, 1.3 kilograms of phosphorus and 5 kilograms of potassium, which is equivalent to 13.7 kilograms of urea, 6 kilograms of calcium superphosphate and 10 kilograms of potassium sulfate. Green manure crops have developed roots. If the aboveground part produces 1000 kg of fresh grass, the underground root system will have 150 kg, which can greatly increase soil organic matter, improve soil structure and improve soil fertility. Leguminous green manure crops can also increase nitrogen in the soil. It is estimated that two thirds of nitrogen in leguminous green manure comes from air.

(2) It can transform insoluble nutrients in soil, which is beneficial to crop absorption and utilization. Organic acids secreted during the growth of green manure crops and decomposed after ploughing can transform insoluble phosphorus and potassium in soil into available phosphorus and potassium for crops.

⑶ It can improve the physical and chemical properties of soil. After turning into the soil, the green manure is continuously decomposed under the action of microorganisms, which not only releases a lot of effective nutrients, but also forms humus. The combination of humus and calcium can make the soil stick into granular structure. The soil with granular structure is loose and breathable, which has strong water and fertilizer conservation ability, and has good regulation performance on water, fertilizer, gas and heat, which is beneficial to crop growth.

④ Promoting the activity of soil microorganisms. After green manure is applied to the soil, fresh organic energy substances are added, so that microorganisms can multiply rapidly, their activity is enhanced, the formation of humus is promoted, nutrients are effective, and soil maturity is accelerated.