I urgently need RMB information. The teacher wants it.

Article 15 of Chapter 3 of the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China" stipulates: "The legal currency of the People's Republic of China is RMB." When the People's Bank of China was established on December 1, 1948, it began to issue the first set of RMB; on March 1, 1955, it began to issue the second set of RMB; on April 15, 1962, it began to issue the third set of RMB; on April 27, 1987 The fourth set of RMB was issued on the same day. The fifth set of RMB currently circulating in the market is mainly the fifth set, and there are also some fourth set of RMB.

The unit of RMB is yuan (yuan) (RMB Renminbi Yuan, abbreviated as "RMB", codenamed with "￥"). The unit of RMB auxiliary currency is dimes. The RMB does not have a legal gold content. It performs functions such as a value standard, a means of circulation, and a means of payment.

Currently, there are 12 types of RMB notes circulating in the market, namely 1, 2, 5 cents, 1, 2, 5 jiao, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 yuan. According to legal regulations, RMB yuan and above are the main currencies, and the remaining dimes and cents are auxiliary currencies. A three-step system is formed for the main and auxiliary coins, that is, 1 yuan = 10 jiao = 100 cents. According to the natural properties of the materials, they are divided into metal coins (also known as coins) and banknotes (also known as banknotes). Both banknotes and coins circulate at the same value.

The legal currency of the People's Republic of China is RMB (can be abbreviated as RMB). The People's Bank of China is the national competent authority for the management of RMB and is responsible for the design, printing and issuance of RMB. The unit of RMB is Yuan, and the units of RMB's subsidiary currencies are jiao and cents. 1 yuan is equal to 10 jiao, and 1 jiao is equal to 10 cents. Since the People's Republic of China issued the RMB, it has lasted more than 50 years. With the development of economic construction and the needs of people's lives, it has been gradually improved and improved. So far, five sets of RMB have been issued, forming banknotes and metal coins, ordinary commemorative coins and A currency system with multiple varieties and series including precious metal commemorative coins. In addition to the 1, 2 and 5 cent coins, the first, second and third sets of RMB have been withdrawn from circulation. The RMB currently in circulation is the fourth set of RMB issued by the People's Bank of China since 1987 and the 1999 RMB. The fifth set of RMB issued, two sets of RMB are in circulation at the same time.

The first set of RMB

On December 1, 1948, the People's Bank of China established and issued the first set of RMB, with 12 denominations and 62 versions, including 1 yuan There are 2 kinds of coupons, 4 kinds of 5 yuan coupons, 4 kinds of 10 yuan coupons, 7 kinds of 20 yuan coupons, 7 kinds of 50 yuan coupons, 10 kinds of 100 yuan coupons, 5 kinds of 200 yuan coupons, 6 kinds of 500 yuan coupons, and 6 kinds of 1,000 yuan coupons. There are 5 types of 5,000 yuan coupons, 4 types of 10,000 yuan coupons, and 2 types of 50,000 yuan coupons.

The unified issuance of RMB is a major measure taken to welcome the liberation of the country. It eliminates various currencies issued by the Kuomintang government and ends decades of inflation under the Kuomintang rule and China's nearly century-old foreign currency and financial system. The history of silver coins being circulated and bought in the market promoted the overall victory of the People's Liberation War and played an important role in the economic recovery period in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China.

The second set of RMB

The second set of RMB was issued on March 1, 1955, and the first set of RMB was withdrawn at the same time. The conversion ratio between the second set of RMB and the first set of RMB is 1:10,000. The second set of RMB has 11 denominations: 1 cent, 2 cents, 5 cents, 1 jiao, 2 jiao, 5 jiao, 1 yuan, 2 yuan, 3 yuan, 5 yuan and 10 yuan. Among them, the 1 yuan coupon has 2 There are two kinds of 5-yuan coupons, and there are two kinds of banknotes and coins for 1-cent, 2-cent and 5-cent coupons respectively. In order to facilitate circulation, three coins of 1 cent, 2 cents and 5 cents have been issued since December 1, 1957, and they are circulated with the same value as paper cents. Black 1-yuan coupons and brown 5-yuan coupons were issued on March 25, 1961 and April 20, 1962 respectively, with the face patterns and patterns adjusted and replaced respectively. Due to the high technical requirements for large-denomination banknotes, 3, 5, and 10 yuan were printed by the Soviet Union at that time.

The second set of RMB has a clear design theme, advanced printing technology, reasonable structure of the main and auxiliary coins, and novel patterns and colors. The main scene pattern embodies the style of socialist construction in New China, expresses the fighting course of the Chinese Communist revolution and the theme of the great unity of the people of all ethnic groups.

In the printing process, except for cent coins, all other coupons use glue gravure overprinting. The gravure printing plate is made by my country's traditional hand-engraving method and has a unique national style. Its advantages are deep pattern and thick ink layer. It has better anti-counterfeiting and anti-counterfeiting functions.

The third set of RMB

The third set of RMB was issued on April 20, 1962. There are 1 jiao, 2 jiao, 5 jiao, 1 yuan, 2 yuan, There are 7 denominations and 13 versions of 5 Yuan and 10 Yuan, including 4 types of 1 Jiao coupons (including 1 type of coin), and 2 types of banknotes and coins of 2 Jiao, 5 Jiao and 1 Yuan. In 1966 and 1967, the 1-cent banknote was revised twice, mainly to add a full-page watermark and adjust the color of the back.

The design pattern of the third set of RMB banknotes more intensively reflects the policy of China's national economy at that time based on agriculture, industry-led, and focusing on both light and heavy agriculture. In terms of printing technology, the third set of RMB inherits and carries forward the technical tradition and style of the second set of RMB. In the plate-making process, meticulous carving, machine and traditional handwork are combined to make the patterns and lines fine; the ink color matching is reasonable, the colors are novel and bright; the paper width is small, and the patterns are beautiful and generous.

This set of RMB is the most socialist and innovative currency in the world. The theme picture is closely related to the improvement of productivity and is rich in scientific and technological elements. This set of RMB was issued during the era of planned economy, and currency issuance was considered a major event directly related to the national economic life and the consolidation of the proletarian dictatorship. The socialist planned economy requires that production, circulation, distribution, and consumption can be carried out in a planned manner. Therefore, currency issuance and material distribution are strictly balanced and comprehensively arranged by the central government (not the People's Bank of China under a dictatorship). It insists on currency unification, consolidates an independent, long-term stable currency, and becomes one of the few stable currencies in the world.

The fourth set of RMB

In order to meet the needs of economic development, further improve China’s monetary system, and facilitate circulation, use and transaction accounting, the People’s Bank of China has issued The fourth set of RMB was issued. ***There are 9 denominations of 1 jiao, 2 jiao and 5 jiao, 1 yuan, 2 yuan, 5 yuan, 10 yuan, 50 yuan, and 100 yuan. Among them, 1 jiao, 5 jiao, and 1 yuan have two types of banknotes and coins. Compared with the third set of RMB, large denominations of RMB 50 and 100 are added. In order to meet the needs of anti-counterfeit RMB work, on August 20, 1992, the revised 1990 version of 50 and 100 yuan coupons was issued, with an added safety line.

The fourth set of RMB has certain innovations and breakthroughs in design ideas, style and printing technology. The main scene pattern embodies the theme of Chinese people of all ethnic groups being united and building socialism with Chinese characteristics under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. In terms of design style, this set of RMB maintains and promotes the traditional characteristics of Chinese national art. The images on the back of the main currency are based on Chinese historical sites, famous mountains and rivers, and the decorations on the back all adopt patterns rich in Chinese national characteristics. In terms of printing technology, the main scenes all use large-scale character head watermarks, and the engraving process is complicated; the banknote paper uses full-page watermarks and fixed portrait watermarks, which not only shows the line picture, but also shows the light and dark levels, and the craftsmanship is very high. , further improving China’s banknote printing technology and banknote anti-counterfeiting capabilities.

The fifth set of RMB

On October 1, 1999, the People's Bank of China successively issued the fifth set of RMB, including 1 jiao, 5 jiao, 1 yuan and 5 yuan. There are eight denominations of 10 yuan, 20 yuan, 50 yuan and 100 yuan, including 1 jiao, 5 jiao and 1 yuan, including banknotes and coins. According to the needs of market circulation, the fifth set of RMB adds a 20-yuan denomination and cancels the 2-yuan denomination, making the denomination structure more reasonable.

The fifth set of RMB inherits China’s traditional experience in printing technology and draws on advanced technology in foreign banknote design. It has greatly improved in terms of anti-counterfeiting performance and adaptability to the modernization of currency processing. The obverse of each denomination of currency features the portrait of Chairman Mao Zedong in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China. The background uses famous Chinese flower patterns. The main scene pattern on the back fully expresses China's long history and magnificent mountains and rivers by selecting representative patterns with national characteristics. , carried forward China’s great national culture.

Ordinary commemorative coins

Ordinary commemorative coins are RMB with a specific theme and are issued in limited quantities. Since the People's Bank of China issued the first set of ordinary commemorative coins in 1984, it has issued 63 sets of 75 ordinary commemorative coins (pieces), with a total circulation of approximately 850 million coins (pieces).

These commemorative coins have rich and colorful themes, unique designs, various specifications and materials, and novel and beautiful patterns. They have denominations ranging from 1 dime, 1 yuan, 5 yuan, 10 yuan, 50 yuan, and 100 yuan. They represent the unity and harmony of the Chinese people. The country's glorious achievements and major historical events over the past 50 years are condensed into the square inches of the commemorative coin. These commemorative coins are an important part of the RMB series, enriching and improving China's monetary system, promoting China's monetary culture, and constantly exploring and innovating, playing a positive role in promoting commodity circulation and economic development, and expanding foreign exchanges

Other

Legal currency issued by the People's Bank of China. The unit is yuan (circle). Released on December 1, 1948. Use ￥ as the code name, and take the first letter of the Chinese pinyin of "yuan" (yuan) in capital letters plus two horizontal strokes. After the issuance, the local currencies issued by the liberated areas were gradually recovered, and all were collected in April 1951. Subsequently, various currencies issued by the Kuomintang government were eliminated through exchange methods. In order to establish an independent and unified RMB market, the state prohibits the circulation of gold, silver, and foreign currencies in the market. After controlling the inflation that has continued since the Anti-Japanese War, in order to maintain the long-term stability of the value of the RMB and eliminate the remnants of inflation, the country has issued new RMB since March 1, 1953, depreciating the currency at the rate of 1 yuan. 10,000 yuan is exchanged, and prices, wages and all debts are also converted at this rate. The denominations of RMB notes include main currencies of 100 yuan, 50 yuan, 10 yuan, 5 yuan, 2 yuan, and 1 yuan, auxiliary currencies of 5 jiao, 2 jiao, 1 jiao, 5 cents, 2 cents, and 1 cent, and 1 yuan and 5 jiao. , 2 dimes, 1 dimes, 5 cents, 2 cents, and 1 cent metal coins. Foreign exchange coupons are bills that are equivalent to the RMB in circulation within a designated range. They ceased circulation on July 1, 1995.

On December 2, 1947, Mao Zedong sat on the earthen bed of a farmer's cave in northern Shaanxi and received a telegram from Dong Biwu, the Central Working Committee: "Nan Hanchen has been sent to the Bohai Sea to find Zhang." , Deng discussed the specific measures to establish the bank. The name of the bank is proposed to be the People's Bank of China. If it is possible, please consider it. The name should be decided early and used when printing banknotes..." Mao Zedong handed it over after reading it. Zhou Enlai sitting across the table.

After Zhou En came to see it, he said: "Nan Hanchen believes that it is imperative to establish a unified bank and currency across the country." Mao Zedong laughed and said: "The situation is really a bit like the Eight-Power Allied Forces entering Beijing. We Jin Chaji uses border coins, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong and Henan use Jinan coins, Shandong uses Beihai coins, the Northeast uses Northeast coins, and Northwest uses peasant coins. Once you get into Tianjin and Peiping, it's not Seven or eight currencies will be listed together! However, is it too early to establish a unified national bank..." Zhou Enlai responded to the telegram according to Mao Zedong's opinion.

Dong Biwu received a reply from the central government and immediately called Nan Hanchen and said: "It is a little early to establish a national unified bank, but we cannot relax in preparations. The working committee has studied it and starting from tomorrow, Put up the sign of the Preparatory Office of the People's Bank of China, and you will take the lead as the director of the Preparatory Office."

Nan Hanchen said: "The preparatory work to be done now is to collect all unified currency issuance policies and collect various information. For the issuance index of the liberated areas, sufficient issuance reserves must be prepared, and several types of coupons, the amount and value content of each coupon must be determined, the coupon pattern must be designed, the paper must be selected, etc. Since the Central Committee and the Maoist Government The chairman all agrees with our opinion. The unified bank is called the People's Bank of China, so our currency will be called 'RMB'."

Dong Biwu nodded and said, "This name is very good, it explains us. The nature of banks and our currency belongs to the people, so it is not owned by a certain region or department, but must be national and owned by the people of the whole country!"

Nan Hanchen admired Dong Biwu very much. He gave an explanation that was shrewd and thorough, so he said: "When the time comes, you will have to write the words "People's Bank of China" on the banknotes."

In late December 1947, the sign of the Preparatory Office of the People's Bank of China , hung in a small farmer's yard in Jiayu Village, a mile away from Xibaipo in Pingshan County.

In the autumn of 1948, the preparatory office moved to Shijiazhuang, just in time for the bombing by Kuomintang planes. The comrades in the Preparatory Office went to rescue the RMB and other spare materials that were being printed amidst the roaring shrapnel. Nan Hanchen took the lead in carrying and rescuing in the sea of ????fire. No one took into account personal safety.

Dong Biwu went to Nan Hanchen one day and said to him: "All the comrades of the Central Working Committee of the RMB banknotes you designed have seen it. A few days ago, I telegraphed Chairman Mao and told him The front of his ticket printed a portrait of Chairman Mao.

The chairman came back with a telegram today and disagreed with the printing of his image on the ticket. The chairman said that the ticket was issued by the government, not the party. I am the chairman of the party, not the chairman of the government, so my image cannot be printed on the ticket. Let’s talk about it when I become the chairman of the government in the future. Han Chen, please take the ticket back and let them redesign it.”

"So, what kind of pattern should be changed on the face of the ticket?" Nan Hanchen asked.

Dong Biwu thought for a while and said: "The RMB is the people's own currency, and it should mainly reflect the people in the liberated areas engaged in industrial and agricultural production. In addition, there is another point that should be paid special attention to, the RMB is the currency of New China.

We are an independent country. On the front and back of the ticket, except for necessary Arabic numerals, all are in Chinese and cannot be mixed with English words like some currencies. ”

Nan Hanchen went back and told designers Wang Yijiu and Shen Naiyong to redesign the banknotes based on Dong Biwu's opinions, and also brought over Dong Biwu's words "People's Bank of China" and the number of money.

The two designers quickly designed three types of tickets: 10 yuan, 20 yuan, and 50 yuan. All the patterns were of workers and farmers engaged in production. The front of Shi Yuan: on the left is farmers driving, and on the right is the mine field; on the left is farmers leading donkeys carrying goods, and on the right is a train running on the railway; on the right is the front of Wu Shi Yuan: on the left On the side is a donkey well with traffic, and on the right is a coal cart in a coal mine. Even the coupons of one hundred yuan, two hundred yuan, five hundred yuan, one thousand yuan, five thousand yuan and one thousand yuan issued later also followed this structure of industrial and agricultural production.

When the second set of RMB was issued in 1953, the famous painter Luo Gongliu was responsible for the design. At the beginning, they followed the Soviet Union's practice of printing Lenin's face on currency, and designed various ticket plates with Chairman Mao's portrait. When Mao Zedong reviewed it, he rejected it again. When it was submitted for review for the second time, Zhou Enlai still proposed some revisions.

It turns out that during the great national unity in Wu Yuan Guan’s main scene, someone held up a portrait of Chairman Mao. Zhou Enlai instructed: Chairman Mao’s opinion was not to paint his portrait. There are still portraits here, and they should be changed to placards. On the Tiananmen Square in the main scene of the one-yuan coupon, there were originally red flags, lanterns and a portrait of Chairman Mao. Zhou Enlai also ordered that the portrait be removed.

In November 1948, after Siye liberated the entire Northeast, millions of troops marched into the pass and implemented a strategic siege of Tianjin and other places, encircling but not attacking, separating but not encircling. The revolutionary situation developed very rapidly. . Faced with this situation, Zhou Enlai called Nan Hanchen and asked him to mobilize all efforts to issue a national unified RMB, otherwise other measures would be taken.

According to Zhou Enlai's instructions, Dong Biwu presided over the second political affairs meeting of the North China People's Government on November 18. The central topic was: establishing the People's Bank of China and issuing a unified national currency. At the meeting, Dong Biwu once again asked Nan Hanchen cautiously: "Hanchen, time waits for no man! How are you doing with your preparatory work? Can you hang up the People's Bank of China sign tomorrow?"

< p> "I think it's OK. After more than a year of preparations, all work is in place. The 12 denominations of tickets have been approved by several leaders of the central government. If the sign of the People's Bank of China is put up tomorrow, tomorrow Then the banknotes can be issued. In order to prepare for our RMB to occupy the market immediately after the liberation of Peiping, our comrades from the Ministry of Urban Affairs have sent people to carry printing plates into Peking and negotiated with a printing factory there to secretly print out one on our behalf. Approval of banknotes. Once the People's Liberation Army enters the city, the RMB will be able to circulate in the market," Nan Hanchen said with confidence.

Dong Biwu made the decision immediately: "Okay, let's make a decision and immediately announce the establishment of the People's Bank of China!"

December 1, 1948, North China The People's Government posted a notice announcing the establishment of the People's Bank of China and the issuance of the national unified currency RMB. Comrade Nan Hanchen was appointed as the general manager of the People's Bank of China.

On this day, the first batch of RMB with a face value of five yuan was officially issued at the Bank of Pingshan County, Hebei Province; then, RMB with a face value of twenty yuan and ten yuan were issued in Shijiazhuang.

Note: The 2-yuan banknotes currently in circulation are being recycled one after another, and the cents have been discontinued.

RMB appreciation

1. Benefits of RMB appreciation:

(1) RMB appreciation may mean an improvement in the status of the RMB and the status of the Chinese economy in the world economy improvement.

1) The wealth in the hands of Chinese people is more valuable. Once the RMB appreciates, the money in the hands of people becomes more valuable, and China's global ranking of GDP per capita can also move forward.

2) The reduction of China’s foreign debt pressure and the enhancement of purchasing power, etc.

For example: Who is paying to maintain the daily operations of the US government, known as the "global boss"? The obvious answer is the taxpayers of the United States of America. This answer is not entirely correct. Because the current U.S. federal government has a huge fiscal deficit, taxpayers' contributions alone are not enough to cover the expenses, so it has to borrow heavily. And who is the biggest creditor? It's Japan and China. A large part of China's more than 300 billion US dollars in foreign exchange reserves is purchased from US government bonds.

China became one of the largest creditors of the world's most powerful empire. This fact itself shows China's growing economic power and international influence. Last year, China's contribution to global economic growth was second only to the United States; its contribution to global trade growth was second only to the United States and Japan. *The RMB, whose economic strength speaks for itself, will naturally gain a greater say in international affairs, which is a good thing.

3) It is conducive to the development of the import industry: Shao Jinyang, deputy director of Sinopec, said in an interview: "If the RMB appreciates, overseas assets will be cheaper for us." If the RMB appreciates by 5%, China Based on current prices, the cost of oil imported by Petrochemicals in 2003 will be reduced by more than US$100 million.