What are the literary texts?

Question 1: What does literature include? Literature is an art form. Broadly speaking, any art created by language and writing can be called literature. Therefore, literature includes all products with language as the artistic form, such as literary works, literary texts, literary studies and so on.

Literary works include realistic works, narrative works and lyrical works. Literary texts also include themes and expressions used by writers in their creation. (that is, including words and rhetoric). From the perspective of literary activities, it includes four elements (world, works, artists and appreciators), including an aesthetic, creative and aesthetic process. Literature also includes literary theory, literary criticism and the history of literary development. Genre-wise, literature includes poetry, prose, novel and drama.

The thought of literary works is determined by the writer's experience of the world and his creative motivation. Philosophers can create philosophical and literary works. Historians can also use literary works to carry historical events and historical knowledge. Literature, ideologically speaking, is a broad knowledge. The ideas in literary works are endless. It can be said that what kind of writers can have what kind of works.

Question 2: What's the difference between writing and literature? The difference between writing and literature should be more clearly defined and divided in teaching books, but only from the surface of writing, the two should be different.

Some people say that literature in a broad sense can include everything written in words. At first glance, it sounds a bit empty, but when you think about it, it still makes sense.

From the archaeological point of view, if we can find several literal objects four or five thousand years ago, people will explore and imagine the life background information and cultural heritage significance they may contain from the aspects of glyphs and meanings. Such characters are rich in social value and will attract more attention from certain readers and researchers, which is enough to be called literary works. If you say so, words are literature, but just by feeling, I will say, "It's not like that!" " "

What is literature? What should literature be? I used to use the words "literature carries the Tao" and "literature is the mentor and psychologist of society". "Literature is the expression of words, and it is the expression and expression of the emotion and will of individual human life." Wait for things like this to explain or argue. However, looking at this problem today, especially in the face of all kinds of books, magazines and columns that advertise "literature" in the streets and literary circles, I am confused and speechless!

There will be a time in my life when I want to know "what is truth?" Now, apart from clarifying the truth words such as "truth is relative", I have become vague and ambiguous about the concept and essence of everything! Why is this?

Sometimes, after reading movies, fashion publications, popular literature or contemporary masterpieces, I can't help thinking: "Can literature be published, attract public participation, realize currency circulation among authors, publishers and readers, and bring economic and social benefits?"

In fact, looking back at those works that have been circulating for a long time and are well-known at home and abroad, it goes without saying that those vivid literary works, although they also have the social connotation I whisper, are not created, born and circulated for profit at all, but the author's pious portrayal of life, society and even the illusory world.

In today's market-oriented society, literary works that have always been closely related to real life, especially the authors after the works, will undoubtedly be influenced by them, and will certainly affect their writing life and help them create content. But is the expectation of readers and the quality of works completely different in society? Although the tone of "different" in the answer is affirmative, the public's desire and expectation that literature can play the role of dispelling doubts, letting go, enlightening and guiding the way with the progress of the times remains the same.

Question 3: What is a textual "text" has always been a concept in literary research and criticism. If we want to define this concept in a neutral way, we can say that "text" is the actual expression of the words of a written work, or the specific work chosen by researchers and critics as the analysis object. However, "text" has become an important concept in literary research, which is closely related to the "new criticism" in western literary theory in 1960s and 1950s and the "structural criticism * * *" in 1960s and 1970s.

Traditional literary theorists and critics believe that their research object is literary "works", whose form and meaning are endowed by the author's conscious use of written media. From 65438 to 0950, the "new criticism" school appeared in Britain and America, trying to establish a scientific and objective evaluation system of literary works. They removed three "non-objective" elements of traditional criticism from "works", leaving only "texts" that exist independently and can be analyzed scientifically and objectively. They emphasize that criticism only pays attention to the "text" itself, and advocate "careful reading" of words in the text, so as to find the deep meaning and overall form of the text from the relationship between semantics and language structure.

Some French structuralist critics (especially Roland? Barthes (represented by Roland Barthes) regards literary works as impersonal, thinking that they are not "works" but a kind of impersonal "text", which shows what is called "writing" or "writing" established by social conventions. Because "works" have authors or owners, while "texts" have no authors or owners, they can only be experienced in language situations and reading activities, and "texts" have an open, non-central and endless structure. In their view, the author is just an intermediary, and his writing behavior is to transform various elements and codes of the pre-existing language and literary system into concrete "texts". "Text" is a systematic "coding" in form and semantics, and readers' reading of "text" is a process of "decoding" and the process of "meaning" being generated. Under the influence of this theory, "textual research * * *" became a branch of western literary theory and criticism in the 20th century. By comparing and analyzing all the existing manuscripts or printed texts, it tries to establish the most accurate and "scientific" view of written works, and establish the principles and procedures for judging literary texts, so as to reconstruct the meaning of texts according to these principles and procedures and eliminate all kinds of fallacies and misunderstandings in the process of reading and interpretation. Text criticism has changed the routine that traditional literary criticism pays attention to the relationship between works and authors, abandoned all social, ethical, political and ideological factors except "text", only paid attention to "text" itself, regarded "text" as a unique structure, and devoted itself to revealing and describing the functions and functions of "text".

"Text" is a concept often used in contemporary cultural studies. Levi's, a British cultural theorist, initiated the Levi's School of Cultural Studies, which paid attention to the moral and social dimensions of cultural criticism, opposed the capitalist modern industrial civilization and its cultural consequences, and advocated cultural criticism through "intensive reading" and quoting cultural texts. Under the influence of Levi's, Hogart, Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall and others were all influenced by text analysis. At the same time, they also absorbed some ideas and methods of structuralism theory, and thought that non-verbal cultural forms such as photography, movies, clothing, fashion, music, architecture and environment can all be used as different "texts" of cultural research and concrete examples of cultural analysis.

1After the mid-1970s, "post-structuralism" (represented by French theorist jacques derrida) challenged the tendency of "cultural materialism" represented by William to pay attention to sociology, ethnology, subculture and cultural system analysis in cultural research. Derrida clearly stated in Grammar that "there is nothing but text", which constitutes ...

Question 4: What are descriptive words and literary words? The urgent use of descriptive words is scientific, without any modification, and requires accuracy and conciseness; Literary language is decorative, can be exaggerated, can be imagined, can be described with gorgeous words, just like a literary work. Unscientific.

Adopt it

Question 5: There are several levels of meaning in literary texts. The first level of literary text is the language level, which is the appearance of the text composed of language materials, that is, a series of words and expressions that are linearly combined. The language layer consists of two parts: pronunciation and semantics. The language layer of literary texts has relatively independent aesthetic value, and language gives readers aesthetic feelings through its own characteristics. This is particularly prominent in poetic language. For literary texts, especially poems, phonetics has an independent position and value. The semantic expression of literary texts is based on the requirements of the richness of connotation, the integration of information and the individualization of experience, and often uses various rhetorical devices to deliberately violate the existing language conventions, so as to make ideographic behavior an artistic creation with aesthetic value. Therefore, literary language has the characteristics of fuzziness and implicitness. This semantic feature of literary language can be grasped from the special context in which literary texts are located. The premise of the establishment of literary text context is often divorced from daily context, which provides conditions for readers' creative participation and gives readers a broader imagination space. The second level of literary text structure is the phenomenon level. Phenomenon layer is one of the bases to distinguish literary texts from non-literary texts. Literary texts are mainly composed of image systems. In the composition of literary texts, the phenomenon layer occupies the core position, which is both the reference of the language layer and the carrier of the implication layer. This feature of the phenomenon layer has also become an important basis for judging the aesthetic value of literary texts: literary texts should not only have vivid and touching images or images, but also have rich and profound aesthetic implications in this image system. Specifically, in lyric literature texts, the phenomenon layer is mainly embodied as a coherent and flowing emotional counterpart; In narrative literature texts, the phenomenon layer is embodied in the characters in action, the plot of development and the changing environment. The image system, which constitutes the phenomenon layer of narrative text, is also the product of fiction and imagination, and contains some implications like the phenomenon layer of lyric text. The hidden layer is the "hidden meaning" of literary texts. The value of a literary text ultimately depends on its aesthetic significance. Hint layer is an indispensable part of literary text composition; Whether the implication is rich and profound directly affects the aesthetic value of literary texts; Implication is the soul of literary texts. The meaning of a literary text cannot exist independently without the literary image, that is, the phenomenon level of the text, and the relationship between image and meaning is unified. The meaning of literary text is the meaning contained in the text phenomenon layer, which has the characteristics of implication and ambiguity. Literary text is a deep unity composed of language layer, phenomenon layer and implication layer. The upper layer is the formal representation of the lower layer, and the lower layer provides the content and basis for the upper layer. Among them, the phenomenon layer has the function of intermediary contact, and literary images reflect the dialectical unity of content and form of literary texts in the dual relationship with literary language and literary meaning.

Question 6: There are several literary styles, modern.

(1) Literature is separated from ordinary written articles and even culture and becomes a conscious, independent and social-oriented art. ..

(2) Taking the change of literary language as a breakthrough, the form, expression and content of literature have undergone comprehensive and profound changes, resulting in new poems, essays, novels and dramas different from traditional literature, and also introducing and creating new genres such as prose poems, reportage and film literature.

(3) The personality of the creative subject, self-awareness and the breadth and depth of the socialization of the description object have all been strengthened, which has become an urgent and conscious pursuit of writers and combined with each other.

(4) Modern significance is mainly manifested in the concern for people's destiny and people's and nation's destiny (different from traditional "benevolence" and traditional patriotism). Modern democracy (including individualism and humanism) and socialist ideological trend are the ideological basis of the new literary mainstream.

(5) Generally, the works have a strong rational color and a distinct political tendency. Since the mid-1920s, there have been a large number of works focusing only on propaganda and incitement. Lyric literature flourished in the first ten years, and gradually declined after the mid-1930s, until the end of 1970s.

(6) The road of intellectuals, the sufferings of peasants-struggle-liberation, and armed struggle (class and national wars) are the most common themes in his works. Historical figures and events have been portrayed in a new way, more foreign themes have entered China's literary works, and the rendering of the inner life of the characters, including the subconscious, has begun to appear.

(7) There are more extensive and cordial exchanges between writers and readers. Contradictory and unified popularization and popularization (educating the masses) have strengthened the extensive and profound connection between literature and the masses, and played an unprecedented role in real life (mainly political struggle); But at the same time, the improvement of art itself and the exertion of various functions of literature (especially aesthetic functions) are relatively ignored.

(8) Modern literature is indeed the development of China literature under the new social and historical conditions for thousands of years, and it is also the product widely nourished by the new trend of world literature. Only through the nationalization of foreign influences and the modernization of literary traditions can we create new national literature and become conscious members of modern world literature.

Ancient Chinese character art

Poetry:

1, gentle and honest, resentful but not angry, represented by the five-character poem Nineteen Ancient Poems written by literati at the end of Han Dynasty.

2. Pastoral landscape poetry school, the originator is Tao Jin Yuanming, and there are representative poets such as Meng Haoran and Wang Wei in the Tang Dynasty.

3. The frontier poets represented by Gao Shi and Cen Can in Tang Dynasty.

4. The originator of romantic poetry school is Qu Yuan, and the representative poet is Li Bai.

5. Realistic poetry school, representing poets Du Fu and Bai Juyi.

6. Exotic poetry school, represented by Han Yu and Meng Jiao.

7. Jiangxi Poetry School, represented by Huang Tingjian and Chen Shidao.

……

Ci school:

1, Huajian School, represented by Ting Yun and Wei Zhuang in Tang Wen.

2. Graceful school, represented by Song Qingzhao and Qin Guan.

3. The uninhibited school, represented by Su Shi and Xin Qiji.

4. Metric school, represented by Zhou Bangyan and Jiang Kui.

The above is an analysis of the style of excellent literary works. As for those literary works such as bubble novels, their styles may be different, and it's hard to say. I'd better read more by myself, so I can understand them naturally. . . . Personal point of view

Question 7: What are the literary activities? They are acts of creation, reading, criticism and research centered on literary texts.

It includes the following aspects:

First of all, literary activities are centered on literary texts. Without literary texts, there would be no literary activities.

Secondly, writing and reading correspond to the author and the reader respectively.

Third, criticism and research are aimed at literary texts and the above-mentioned creation and reading.

In addition, it is necessary to distinguish between "literary activities" and "human activities related to literature". For example, someone planned a book fair, which was also an activity related to literature, but it was not a "literary activity" but a commercial activity; However, when someone reads or evaluates a writer's book at a book fair, it is a "literary activity".

Are you satisfied with the above answers?

Question 8: What are the four types of literary works? The genres of literary works are poetry, prose, novel and drama.

China's Traditional Dichotomy

All text genres are divided into two categories: verse and prose.

Basis: the external characteristics of the text are the factors of language form.

This classification is too general, and it does not involve issues such as subject matter and conception, so it is difficult to distinguish literary texts from non-literary texts. It's abandoned now.

2. Western "dichotomy"

Represented by the dichotomy in Aristotle's Poetics, he distinguished epic from drama by imitating reality. Because epic imitates reality through language, unlike drama, it is considered as a literary type in a strict sense. As for the language expression of epic, it can be verse or blank prose.

Similarly, the dichotomy, represented by Aristotle, pays more attention to the internal characteristics of the text, such as media means.

divide

The dichotomy represented by Aristotle made no mention of lyric poetry. When the status of lyric poetry in literature was promoted, dichotomy was replaced by dichotomy.

Trigonometry is a method to divide all kinds of literature into narrative, lyric and drama according to the choice of theme, conception and emotional experience and the expression of shaping images in literary works.

Narrative literature takes events, characters and environmental scenery in the objective world and the virtual world as the theme, takes imitation and fiction as the conception, and takes concrete and vivid narration as the main artistic expression, thus reflecting and expressing the aesthetic grasp of social life by the creative subject. Narration is the basic aesthetic feature of narrative literature. Narrative literature includes novels, epics, narrative poems, story poems, historical biography literature, reportage and so on.

Lyric literature is a literary work with the subjective feelings of the lyric hero as the center, inner feelings and experiences as the way of conception, and direct expression as the main artistic expression, thus showing the creative subject's perception and appreciation of nature, society and life. Lyricity is a prominent aesthetic feature of lyric literature. Lyric literature mainly includes lyric poetry, lyric prose and prose poetry.

Drama literature is a kind of literary work with the theme of contradictions and conflicts in life, the way of simulating and reproducing virtual reality, and the main artistic expression means of characters' own behaviors and lines, thus reflecting the aesthetic grasp of social life by the creative subject.

Three-quarters method

1, China's "quartering method" divides literary texts into four categories: poetry, novel, prose and drama literature. Some add film and television literature on this basis.

China's quartering method is based on the external form of literary texts, taking into account the characteristics of theme selection and image-building, and dividing literary genres according to the linguistic characteristics and system length of texts.

2. The four-point method of Canadian poet Frye.

He said: "The central principle of genre is quite simple, and the basis of the differences between Chinese and English in literature seems to be the principle of expression. Words can be performed or spoken in front of the audience; You can also sing it or write it for readers. "

((Canada) Northrop? Frye's Critical Analysis, translated by Chen Hui, Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House, 1998, p. 308)

"Poetry performed in front of an audience is drama; Narrative poems are recited in front of the audience; Singing or chanting with your back to the audience is a lyric poem; The novel should be read quietly. " ([France] David? The Poetics of Fontaine-A General Theory of Literary Forms, translated by Chen Jing, Tianjin People's Publishing House, 2003, p. 126).

Frye's four-point method is different from the popular four-point method in China in demonstration basis and classification results.