The life of Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev

Khrushchev was born on April 17, 1894, in a village called Kalinovka in southern Russia (in today's Kursk Oblast). His parents are poor farmers, and he has a sister who is two years older than him. My father soon left home and moved to the Donbas area to work as a railway worker, miner, and brick factory worker. After earning enough money, he returned home.

Khrushchev studied in Kalinovka for four years. His teacher Lidia Shevchenko exposed him to some banned books in Tsarist Russia and encouraged him to continue to read educate. But the family's poor financial situation forced him to leave school and move to the Donbas city of Yusovka with his parents in 1908. At the age of 14, Khrushchev became an excellent fitter in the factory.

In 1914 he married Evrosinya Pisareva. The next year, their daughter Yulia Khrushcheva was born. Two years later they gave birth to a son, Leonid Khrushchev. He gradually became interested in politics. In May 1912, Khrushchev raised a donation for the families of the gold mine strikers who were killed in the Lena River Massacre. After learning about it, the local police station notified the staff of his factory. Authorities, the factory then fired him. He then came to work in the mines near Ruchenkov.

During this period he participated in the propaganda activities of the Social Democratic Labor Party. He also briefly planned to immigrate to the United States. The First World War broke out on July 28, 1914. Khrushchev was exempted from enlistment in the army because of his status as an outstanding skilled worker. During this period, he actively participated in and led local strikes and anti-war demonstrations.

The February Revolution broke out in Petrograd in March 1917. Tsar Nicholas II abdicated and the Russian Empire fell. On May 29 of the same year, Khrushchev was elected chairman of the Ruchenkov Soviet. Since there were many political forces in Ukraine at the time, Khrushchev claimed that he was not clear about their positions at the time, and it was not until 1918 that he chose to join the Bolshevik camp. Some believe that he was actually more aligned with the Menshevik position. When the German army occupied Ukraine in March 1918, Khrushchev fled back to his hometown of Kalinovka. At the end of the year, he joined the Red Army and soon became a political commissar. The Russian Civil War brought severe famine, and Khrushchev's wife, Evrosinya Pisareva, died of typhus while he was in the army. After the civil war, Khrushchev returned to work in the coal mines of Donbas Ruchenkov.

In 1921 Vladimir Lenin began to implement the New Economic Policy. Khrushchev achieved great success while serving as deputy director of the Ruchenkov Coal Mine, so he was soon appointed to the nearby Pastukhov Coal Mine as a supervisor. However, he did not accept the appointment and instead applied to go to the nearby Pastukhov Coal Mine. Study at the worker training class opened (this training class later became the Donetsk State Polytechnic University). Due to political affairs, his teacher believed that his academic performance was not satisfactory. Khrushchev and Marussia married in 1922, but they soon divorced.

Soon after, he married Ukrainian-born Communist Nina Petrovna Kukarschuk, but the two never registered their marriage until Khrushchev in 1965. Until my husband steps down. In December 1923, Khrushchev participated in the fourth meeting of the Communist Party Committee of the Yusovka region. In the same month, he joined the committee and became a member of the government officials. He initially briefly supported Trotsky's opposition and opposed Joseph Stalin's political line, although Khrushchev himself never acknowledged this. In July 1925, Khrushchev was appointed party secretary of the Petrov-Marinsky district near Stalinno (formerly Yusovka). Soon after, he participated in the 14th Congress of the Communist Party of the Union in Moscow as one of several Stalino representatives. In 1925, Khrushchev was promoted rapidly by Lazar Kaganovich, Secretary of the Ukrainian Party Committee. In December 1926, he was promoted to Minister of Organization Department of the Stalinist Communist Party Committee and Stalinist Party Committee. Deputy secretary of the party organization. Nine months later, Khrushchev helped arrange the ouster of his boss, Moiseyenko.

In 1928, Kaganovich transferred him to Kharkiv, the capital of Ukraine, and promoted him to head of the Organization Department of the Central Committee of Ukraine. Soon he was transferred to Kyiv.

In 1929, Khrushchev followed Kaganovich to Moscow and entered the Stalin Industrial Institute to continue his education. Although he did not complete his studies in the end, he prospered politically. At that time, the Industrial College was full of anti-Stalin "rightists". Khrushchev actively responded to the school party committee's attacks on those rightists and assisted Pravda in accusing and reporting them. He himself soon became a prominent figure in the Bauman area where the school is located. Chairman of the meeting. While at school, Khrushchev also met Stalin's wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva. In his memoirs, he called her his "lucky lottery ticket" and believed that she would mention her performance in front of Stalin. .

But some people believe that Khrushchev's status was still very low at that time, and the key figure was actually Kaganovich. In 1930, Khrushchev became the party secretary of the Krasnopresnysky district, the largest district in Moscow; in 1932, he became the second secretary of the Moscow party organization behind Kaganovich; in 1934, he was appointed He led the party organization in Moscow and was elected to the Central Committee of the Soviet Union.

During this period, Khrushchev and Kaganovich devoted all their efforts to the construction of the Moscow Metro. Once they required workers to work for 48 hours straight and ignored technicians' warnings about the danger of collapse, resulting in serious accidents that ended up being recorded only as heroic deeds in service of a great cause. Although the construction of the subway was not completed within the planned date, Khrushchev was awarded the Order of Lenin for his performance. In 1935 he was appointed First Secretary of the Moscow Oblast Party Committee. In 1934, Stalin launched a large-scale political purge, and Khrushchev was one of the most ardent advocates of Stalin's line. During the trial, he called for the execution of Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev: "Anyone who has a negative impact on the successes achieved by our country and our party under the leadership of the great Comrade Stalin Anyone who rejoices in victory will find that we have only one word for these profit-seeking fascist lackeys of the Trotsky-Zinoviev group, which is to kill them.” Khrushchev also helped arrest and eliminate his own colleagues. with friends. Among the 38 senior officials of the Moscow Municipal and Provincial Party Committees, only three survived. Among the 146 party secretaries of the General Assembly in other cities and regions in the Moscow region, 136 were "suppressed."

Khrushchev's memoirs said that "almost everyone who worked with me was arrested." According to procedure, the purge operation must obtain an arrest warrant issued by Khrushchev, and while helping him He did little or nothing in terms of friends and colleagues. On June 27, 1937, the Politburo set a quota for arresting 35,000 enemies in Moscow Oblast, of which about 5,000 were to be shot. Khrushchev demanded that about 2,000 former kulaks living in Moscow be eliminated to partially fulfill the prescribed quota. On July 10, he reported to Stalin that some 41,304 "criminals and kulaks" had been arrested in Moscow provinces and cities. In the same document, he himself identified 8,500 "first category" enemies who should be executed.

But Khrushchev also soon ran into trouble. He confessed his ties to Trotskyism in 1923 to Kaganovich, who urged him to tell Stalin. These things. Stalin received Khrushchev and at first advised him not to mention the incident at the party meeting, but on the advice of Vyacheslav Molotov, he thought it would be better for him to confess in public. So Khrushchev confessed his past criminal behavior at the conference, adding that Stalin "knows the mistakes I made." As a result, his "confession" won everyone's applause and he was immediately re-elected to the party committee.

At the end of 1937, Stalin appointed Khrushchev as the First Secretary of Ukraine. Khrushchev arrived in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, in January 1938. After his arrival, the pace of political purges in Ukraine accelerated significantly.

In 1938, 106,119 people were arrested, and from 1938 to 1940, the number of arrests reached 165,565. All but one member of the Politburo and Secretariat of the Communist Party of Ukraine were arrested, and the entire government apparatus was replaced. However, Khrushchev also realized that a considerable number of those purged were innocent. He said at the 14th Ukrainian Party Congress: "Comrades, we must tear off the disguise of all enemies of the people and turn them into Knock down ruthlessly. But we cannot let a loyal Bolshevik be harmed." On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany suddenly launched the "Barbarossa Plan" to invade the Soviet Union. Currently working in Kiev. Stalin appointed him political commissar. His powers were the same as those of a commander, and no order could be issued without his signature. Stalin ordered Khrushchev's Southwest Front of the Red Army to defend Kiev. However, the Red Army was encircled and annihilated by the Germans in Kiev. Khrushchev, Semyon Budyonny, Semyon Timoshenko and other generals broke through and fled. Germany claimed that they captured 655,000 prisoners in the Battle of Kiev. According to the Soviet Union, only 150,541 of the 677,085 besieged Soviet troops broke through and escaped. Marshal Georgy Zhukov recalled that when he tried to convince Stalin before the war that he should retreat, Khrushchev told Stalin that Kiev could be held. Khrushchev's memoirs said that he and Budyonny decided to mobilize the army to prevent the German encirclement, until Timoshenko came from the center to take over Budyonny's position. He said bitterly in his memoirs: "All this is very irrational and ignorant from a military point of view. It is difficult for me to find the right words. For "Don't give an inch! "There is an incorrect and wrong understanding of the slogan. This is the result of not giving in. We failed to rescue these troops and did not withdraw them. As a result, they were lost... This could have been avoided!"

On May 12, 1942, Timoshenko and Khrushchev launched a large-scale counterattack against the German troops in Kharkov. 640,000 Red Army troops were involved in the battle, making history Called the Second Battle of Kharkov. The counterattack went very smoothly in the first few days. However, on May 17, the German army launched a pincer offensive from the flank, putting the Soviet army in a dangerous situation. Because Stalin refused to cancel the counterattack plan, the Soviet army was eventually encircled and annihilated by the German army. The Soviet Union lost 267,000 people, of which more than 200,000 were captured. After the war, Stalin dismissed Timoshenko, disbanded the Southwest Theater Command, and recalled Khrushchev to Moscow. Stalin did not execute Khrushchev, but sent him to the front again. Khrushchev arrived at the Stalingrad front line in August 1942, and the Battle of Stalingrad began shortly thereafter. His main job was to inspect the combat readiness and morale of the troops, personally interrogate German prisoners of war, and recruit some of the prisoners of war for propaganda work. During this period, Khrushchev was almost killed by a bomb. He also proposed a counterattack plan with Andrei Yereomenko, but the Supreme Command and the General Staff had already accepted Zhukov's Operation Uranus before them. The Soviet army finally defended the city at the cost of heavy casualties, and surrounded and annihilated all approximately 330,000 German troops of the German 6th Army.

Not long after the Battle of Stalingrad, a family tragedy struck Khrushchev. On March 11, 1943, his son Leonid, a pilot, died during the battle. Died in a plane crash. Many rumors arose about the cause of Leonid's death: one rumor stated that Leonid survived the crash of his plane and was captured by the Germans, with whom he later defected until Stalin ordered Soviet troops to capture and execute him .

Some say that Nikita Khrushchev pleaded for his son’s life, but Stalin rejected his plea. However, historical researchers have found no sign of Leonid in the German interrogation records of Soviet prisoners of war. Leonid's comrade-in-arms Lieutenant Chamorin later admitted that he had concealed something. It was he who saw Leonid's plane disintegrate. His purpose seems to be to avoid any possible responsibility for the death of the son of a Politburo member. In the same year, Leonid's wife Lyuba Khrushcheva was arrested by the internal affairs agency and sentenced to five years in a labor camp.

Her daughter Yulia was raised by Nikita Khrushchev and his wife.

In June 1943, Khrushchev participated in the Battle of Kursk with the army. He claimed to the General Headquarters in Moscow that a German deserter told him that the German army was preparing to attack the next day. However, this was considered by his biographer to be an exaggeration. In November of the same year, he led the Soviet army to recapture Kiev. Soon after, Khrushchev was appointed Chairman of the People's Committee of Ukraine and continued to serve as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Kuomintang Party. The war brought huge losses to Ukraine: approximately 5.3 million people were lost, 16,000 industrial enterprises and 28,000 collective farms were destroyed. After Khrushchev returned to Ukraine, he devoted himself to re-strengthening party control, rebuilding collective farms, and fighting nationalist guerrillas in Western Ukraine. In 1944, the Soviet army reoccupied Western Ukraine and recruited 750,000 soldiers. All men between the ages of 19 and 50, regardless of health, are thrown into the battlefield after several months of simple training. Other Ukrainians resisted conscription and chose to join nationalist guerrilla groups. Khrushchev was busy traveling around, and during this period he also visited his hometown of Kalinovka. He made several proposals to expand Ukraine's territory, but these proposals were rejected by Stalin. Khrushchev was rewarded for his reconstruction work in Ukraine, and on his 50th birthday in April 1944, he received his second Order of Lenin. Khrushchev's collectivization of agriculture in Western Ukraine aroused dissatisfaction among the local people, who resisted the collectivization with the help of armed nationalists. Khrushchev actively suppressed the Ukrainian rebel army and other ethnic armed elements. From February 1944 to May 1946, the Soviet army and police reportedly killed 110,825 "bandits" and arrested 250,676 Between 1944 and 1952, 600,000 people were arrested in Western Ukraine, one-third of whom were executed, and the remaining two-thirds were imprisoned and exiled. Khrushchev also arrested Catholic leaders, dissolved the Catholic Church, and later merged it with the Russian Orthodox Church. He also planned the assassination of a Catholic priest.

In 1945, a large-scale drought struck Ukraine. At this time, the country increased the quota of grain surrender in 1946, part of which was supplied to the communist allies in Eastern Europe. This led to severe famine in Ukraine, and there were many tragic scenes of cannibalism. Khrushchev wrote to Stalin on October 15, 1946, requesting a reduction in the quota for grain surrender. In December, he proposed to Stalin the issuance of supply cards to ensure minimum food security for the rural population. But he was scolded by Stalin. Khrushchev came to Moscow in person, and Stalin finally agreed to provide limited food aid to Ukraine. But this also caused Khrushchev to lose Stalin's trust in him. In March 1947, Stalin sent Kaganovich to Ukraine to assist him in his work, and the Central Parliament of Ukraine elected Kaganovich as the first party secretary.

After Kaganovich arrived in Kiev, Khrushchev fell ill. His illness seemed to be a political disease. In fact, he had a cold that later turned into pneumonia. His children said his condition was very serious at one time. After Khrushchev recovered, on the advice of his doctor, he took his family to a beach in Latvia to rest. Kaganovich was recalled to Moscow at the end of 1947, and Khrushchev became the First Party Secretary of Ukraine again. His last two years in Ukraine went smoothly. Grain harvests in 1947 and 1948 exceeded planned targets. By mid-1949, collectivization had consolidated the property of 60% of the peasantry. In order to realize his ideal of "eliminating the differences between urban and rural areas," Khrushchev also tried to merge collective farms into agricultural cities. He built a model site and dedicated it to Stalin in October 1949 as his 70th birthday gift. Khrushchev spoke highly of the Ukrainians in his memories: "My last year in Ukraine was 1949... This was also my most comfortable year. Our success in agriculture has improved in the eyes of the people across the country. The status of Ukraine and the aspirations of our Ukrainian leaders... However, it is not enough to attribute the credit to my own name.

I am Russian myself and I do not want to disparage Russians, but I must give our credit to the Ukrainian people. "In 1949, Stalin recruited Khrushchev from Ukraine to Moscow. The purpose of doing so may be to balance the power of Lavrenty Beria, Georgi Malenkov and others, who were generally regarded as As Stalin's successor. In the last few years, Stalin greatly reduced the number of party meetings, and the official affairs were basically conducted at all-night banquets. Husband, Bulganin and others) summoned him to the Kremlin to watch his favorite American western cowboy movie, and then went to his villa for dinner around 1 a.m., and often got Khrushchev and others drunk. Stalin also liked to ask them to dance for fun, and Khrushchev had to perform the traditional Ukrainian dance Gopac for him.

During this period, Beria and Malenkov used the Leningrad case to arrest and execute them. Their rivals. And the doctor case initiated by Stalin got them into trouble. Khrushchev skillfully managed the relationship between them and consolidated his power. Reinforced concrete housing revolutionized Moscow's housing crisis and solved the city's housing crisis. This cheap and simple housing became known as "Khrushchev House" and he also actively planned to transform Moscow. Nearby collective farms merged into larger agricultural cities, even though their size made it impossible to implement effective management. Text of Khrushchev's speech on agricultural urbanization in Pravda, March 4, 1951. It occupied two pages, but Stalin did not like his suggestion, and Pravda immediately revised its view at the Moscow party plenary meeting. Fortunately, everyone criticized Khrushchev. Stalin's final treatment was quite light. On March 1, 1953, Stalin suffered a severe stroke. Khrushchev and others took turns to stay by Stalin's side. , Stalin finally passed away. Khrushchev commented in his memoirs: "Stalin regarded those who disagreed with him as "enemies of the people." He said that they wanted to restore the old order. For this purpose, "Stalin regarded people who disagreed with him as "enemies of the people." "Collude with international reactionary forces. Hundreds of thousands of honest people died as a result. In those days, everyone lived in fear... How can all this be forgiven and forgotten now? Never! "After Stalin's death, Malenkov served as the new Chairman of the Council of Ministers, while Beria took charge of the secret police force and the national nuclear missile program. On March 14, 1953, Malenkov resigned as Secretary of the Central Committee, and Khrushchev and others Five people formed the Secretariat. Khrushchev became the first secretary of the Central Committee, but the power of this position was concentrated only on propaganda and ideology, and political and economic affairs fell into the hands of Malenkov and Beria shortly after taking power. Beria launched a series of bold liberalization reforms: implementing amnesty, releasing and rehabilitating millions of political prisoners imprisoned in labor camps; ending the Russification policy of the Soviet Union's communist countries and restoring The status of the national language; and planning to merge East Germany and West Germany into a neutral Germany. Khrushchev believed that Beria would kill them sooner or later, so he complied with Beria on the surface, but secretly worked with Malenko. At the Kremlin meeting on June 26, 1953, Malenkov and others suddenly launched a siege on Beria. , and with the assistance of Moskalenko, Zhukov and other soldiers, he arrested Beria on December 18 of the same year for treason, terrorism and counter-revolution.

Pele. After Ya's execution, Malenkov gradually strengthened his influence in the government, while Khrushchev continued to increase his power within the party. In August 1953, Malenkov proposed lowering taxes and increasing the state's purchase price of grain. , Agricultural policies to encourage farmers to operate small plots of private land. In order to regain his prestige, Khrushchev proposed higher purchase prices, strengthened farmers' private land and other policies in September, and further planned to reclaim wasteland in Kazakhstan and Siberia.

During the spring and summer of 1954, Khrushchev mobilized more than 300,000 volunteers to reclaim wasteland in the east. Due to lack of investigation and preparation, this movement turned into an agricultural and ecological disaster within a few years. Khrushchev also opened the Kremlin to the public, which produced a huge response among the people. During this period, plans to overthrow Malenkov were also carried out secretly. Khrushchev asked the court investigation team to pursue the Leningrad case in 1949, knowing that the investigation would eventually involve Malenkov. During 1954, Khrushchev gradually won the support of Bulganin, Molotov, Kaganovich, Voroshilov, Mikoyan and others. At the Supreme Soviet meeting in February 1955, Khrushchev and his supporters accused Malenkov of responsibility for the Leningrad case, and Malenkov was eventually dismissed from his post as prime minister.

After Malenkov was defeated, the conflict between Khrushchev and Molotov gradually escalated. Molotov opposed Khrushchev's reclamation policy, preferring to invest in cultivated land, and he also expressed dissatisfaction with Khrushchev's housing policy. In terms of foreign policy, Molotov insisted that Yugoslavia was a revisionist country, but the delegation led by Khrushchev abandoned Molotov and took the initiative to visit Belgrade in May 1955. At the plenary session in July, Khrushchev and all other members of the Presidium laid siege to Molotov, who was forced to admit his mistake. Khrushchev did not immediately liquidate Molotov. After the meeting, he remained as foreign minister and member of the presidium.

In 1961, in order to prevent the resurgence of the personality cult, Khrukhev made a decision that shocked the world - to move Stalin's body from Lenin's Mausoleum. Main article: Twentieth Congress of the Soviet Union

At the end of 1955, thousands of political prisoners were released from the Gulag labor camps and returned home. After the Soviet Union Party Congress, the number of people who implemented the redress policy has reached hundreds of thousands. Khrushchev played a leading role in gathering materials, prompting retrials of cases and the release of prisoners. He also recommended that Stalin's crimes be investigated and reported. This aroused opposition from Molotov, Kaganovich and others.

From February 14 to 25, 1956, the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held in the Moscow Kremlin. The meeting was attended by 1,355 representatives of the Soviet Union, envoys from workers' parties from 55 countries and leaders of all communist countries in Eastern Europe. At the meeting, Khrushchev criticized the personality cult within the party several times, but did not mention Stalin's name. On the eve of the end of the meeting, from late night on February 24th to early morning on February 25th, Khrushchev made another 4 and a half-hour secret report titled "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences". However, after the report, there was no further discussion. Have a discussion.

This opened the lid on the Stalin problem in the Soviet Union. This caused a huge shock in the international community. In his "Secret Report" "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", Khrushchev emotionally condemned Stalin's crimes of purging and deporting ethnic minorities, lashed out at the disasters caused by his agricultural policies, and attacked him Incompetent in military command, and in the end he expressed his intention to return to the Leninist line. The speech lasted for four hours, and the content of the report shocked the delegates so much that "there was such silence in the venue that you could hear a pin drop." At the end of the meeting, Khrushchev asked the delegates "not to spread the topic outside the party, let alone the media." However, in March, Khrushchev distributed the text of a report as material to party organizations for discussion and study by 7 million party members and 18 million Communist Youth League members. At the same time, Israeli intelligence agencies obtained the text of the secret report in Warsaw and sent it to the CIA in April. On July 4, 1956, the New York Times published it. The disclosure of the secret report brought a violent political shock to the communist group, triggering a series of riots in the Soviet Union and its satellite countries.

The publication of Khrushchev’s secret report aroused strong dissatisfaction among Georgian nationalists and Stalinists. They commemorated the third anniversary of Stalin's death by holding memorial services for Stalin in Tbilisi and other major cities, which gradually turned into protests and demonstrations against the secret report.

Starting from March 4, 1956, demonstrators in Tbilisi held up portraits of Stalin, chanted slogans such as "Long live Stalinism" and "Down with Khrushchev", and forcibly requisitioned buses and trams in the city. procession. On March 10, the Soviet authorities used troops and tanks to break up the demonstration. There were clashes between the troops and the demonstrators, and eventually soldiers opened fire on the crowd. As there were no official reports, estimates of casualties range from 106 to 800, with hundreds injured and more than 200 arrested. Main articles: Poznan Incident, October Incident in Poland, October Incident in Hungary

In 1956, Boleslaw Beirut, the leader of the Polish People’s Revolutionary Party, was recovering in Moscow due to lung disease. While reading a secret report document of Khrushchev, he suddenly suffered a heart attack and died on March 12. Facing the rising anti-Soviet and anti-Russian sentiment in Poland, Khrushchev came to Warsaw in March to attend the funeral in Beirut and gave a vague explanation to the Polish government. On June 28, 1956, large-scale strikes and demonstrations took place in Poznan. The demonstrators carried slogans such as "We want bread" and demanded that the Polish authorities increase workers' wages and reduce taxes. The demonstrations eventually turned into riots due to the government's lack of sincerity in negotiating. On the 29th, the Polish government sent armored troops into Poznan and quelled the riots the next day. According to official statistics, the Poznan incident resulted in 74 deaths, 800 injuries, and 658 arrests.

In July 1956, the Seventh Plenary Session of the Second Central Committee of Poland elected Wladyslaw Gomulka, who had been imprisoned for "right nationalism", as the leader of Poland, and dismissed the Soviet Union's of Defense Minister Konstantin Rokossovsky. After hearing the news, Khrushchev immediately extended an invitation to the Polish Party for consultations, but the Polish Party rejected the invitation on the grounds that the Eighth Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was about to be held. On October 19, Khrushchev suddenly and unilaterally flew to Warsaw. As soon as he got off the plane, he angrily yelled at the Polish representatives. At the same time, the Soviet army was also advancing towards Warsaw. Under Gomulka's persuasion, Khrushchev finally agreed that the Soviet army would not use armed intervention and transferred Rokossovsky back to the Soviet Union.

In 1955, the Stalinist leader of the Hungarian People's Communist Party Rakosi Matthias expelled the reform-minded Prime Minister Nagy Imre on the charge of "right-wing separatism" Party, which turned Hungary into a powder keg, and Khrushchev's secret report completely set Hungary on fire. On October 23, 1956, Budapest students held a large-scale demonstration to celebrate Gomulka's coming to power in Poland, demanding that Hungary carry out similar reforms and re-appoint Nagy as prime minister. Demonstrators also tore down a statue of Stalin. Late that night Hungarian security forces opened fire on the demonstrators. On the morning of October 24, Soviet tanks entered Budapest, which intensified the conflicts in Hungary. On October 30, Khrushchev decided to withdraw the Soviet troops from Hungary on the advice of Zhukov and others. However, the situation in Hungary was completely out of control. Angry crowds attacked the Communist Party headquarters in Budapest and lynched several security police. Nagy also called on Hungary to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact. After some hesitation, Khrushchev issued an order on October 31, and the Soviet troops subsequently entered Hungary again. On November 4, the revolution was finally suppressed by the Soviet army. In Hungary, 2,500 people died and 13,000 were injured. Najib was also executed in 1958. The turmoil in Eastern Europe damaged Khrushchev's reputation, and his opponents took the opportunity to quickly unite. Molotov, Kaganovich, Voroshilov, Malenkov, Bulganin, Khrushche Her husband's disciple Dimitri Shepilov conspired to attack Khrushchev. On June 18, 1957, Bulganin summoned Khrushchev to attend a meeting of the Council of Ministers held in the Kremlin. At the meeting, Molotov, Kaganovich, and Malenkov launched fierce criticism and siege against Khrushchev. The opposition's numerical advantage put it in a very disadvantageous situation. Khrushchev and Mikoyan then adopted delaying tactics and postponed the meeting until the next day. On the 19th, because he had appointed many local officials, Khrushchev called for a plenary meeting of the Central Committee, and his supporters prepared to transport the members to Moscow.

A plenary meeting was held on June 22. At the meeting, Zhukov severely accused Molotov, Kaganovich, and Malenkov of their crimes in the great purges of the Stalin era, and the opposition was finally defeated. Khrushchev accused the opposition of being an "anti-party group" and expelled them from the Central Presidium. Molotov was demoted to Soviet ambassador to Mongolia, and other opposition members were transferred to positions outside Moscow.

After assisting Khrushchev in eliminating the "anti-party group", Zhukov became an important member of the Presidium, and his personal prestige increased day by day, which aroused Khrushchev's suspicion and fear. On October 19, 1957, as Zhukov embarked on his voyage to the Balkans, Khrushchev, with the support of some leading generals, passed a resolution condemning Zhukov in the Presidium. After hearing the news, Zhukov returned to Moscow five days later, where the Central Committee's plenary session unanimously criticized him and dismissed him as defense minister. On October 14, 1964, while Khrushchev was on vacation on the shores of the Black Sea, Brezhnev and others launched a coup in Moscow (according to the memoirs of the late Chairman of the National Security Council Semichasny, Brezhnev Lezhnev suggested that Xie use different means to assassinate Khrushchev, but Xie did not agree). Khrushchev was removed from all posts, forced to "retire" and became a "special pensioner". From then on, disappeared from public view.

After stepping down, the depressed Khrushchev lived in seclusion in the countryside. While under house arrest, he wrote his memoirs, describing his political career in detail and revealing the inside story of many major events. After being discovered by the KGB, Brezhnev strictly prohibited him from writing memoirs and used eavesdropping and other methods to strengthen monitoring of his words and deeds. Khrushchev protested: "Even the toilet in my house is bugged! Are you spending the people's tax money just to listen to my farts?" The infuriated Khrushchev did not give in until he completed his personal memoirs. . With the Soviet KGB confiscating the manuscript and audio tapes, his family secretly shipped copies of the manuscript to the West for publication by Little Braun.

On September 11, 1971, the once all-powerful Khrushchev died of illness in silence and was buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery.

The major newspapers in the Soviet Union at that time did not even prominently highlight his name in their reports, but the large-scale tributes from the masses actually caused Brezhnev to order the closure of the Novodevichy Cemetery.