Where did the Soviet Union produce marshals?

War Years

The Frunze Military Academy is a school in Russia that trains commanding officers above the regiment level in the combined arms of all arms.

The college was founded in 1918 and is located in Moscow. It is called the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army General Staff College. In 1924, Marshal Frunze became president. In 1925, the college was named after Frunze. The Frunze Military Academy opened tank and artillery courses in 1931, and established an air defense department in 1939. In 1941, the college moved to Tashkent and offered a crash course in cadre training. In 1943, the Frunze Military Academy moved back to Moscow from Tashkent, redeveloped the basic department, and changed the academic system to 3 years. In 1947, the college restored the postgraduate system. Frunze Military Academy was awarded the Order of the Red Banner in 1922, the Order of Lenin in 1943, the Order of Suvorov in 1945, and the Order of the October Revolution in 1978. The academy also won the title of "Frunze Red Flag Military Academy". In 1992, the academy was renamed Russian Military Academy Frunze.

The former site of the college

The history of the college is inextricably linked to the construction and consolidation of the Soviet armed forces and the Soviet people's struggle for the freedom and independence of their motherland. The college was founded under complex conditions. It started teaching when the young Soviet Union and the country were fighting fiercely with white bandits and armed interventionists, and the domestic situation was extremely difficult.

In 1924, during the civil war in the youth camp of the Frunze Military Academy, large groups or individual trainees were often sent to places where the armed struggle was most intense. At the grand gatherings to send off college graduates and trainees to the front lines, well-known party and state activists of the Soviet Union were often present. On April 19 and June 14, 1919, Lenin visited the college in person twice and delivered warm farewell words to the trainees going to the Eastern Front, Western Front and Southern Front. Lenin has always been very concerned about the activities of the college and often provided support in various aspects. During the civil war, one-third of the trainees were awarded the "Order of the Red Banner" for their active fighting on the front lines. Party organizations have played a huge role in the life of the college, and Communist Party members have played a pioneering role in teaching and military academic activities.

After the civil war, the college made adjustments to teaching, scientific research, and party and government work. In completing this task, Frunze, who served as the president of the academy from April 1924 to January 1925, played a major role. Under his leadership, the college system was improved, the syllabus and teaching methods were reformed, and unnecessary subjects were abandoned. Attention was paid to field operations, military scientific research was developed, and the activities of the Military Science Association and the Graduate Class (established in January 1924) were activated. With the development of armored tanks and mechanized forces, artillery and aviation, the academy is faced with the task of cultivating combined army commanders with extensive knowledge for regiment to corps levels. To this end, teaching and research sections for motorization and mechanization, air force and combat training were established. In 1931, the Department of Operations was established on the basis of the Teaching and Research Office of Operations to train command and staff cadres from the group army level to the front army level.

Graduated trainees went directly to the front line to fight

In the 1931-1932 academic year, the college not only recruited commanders of the combined arms of various arms, but also accepted trainees of artillery, tank troops, aviation and other forces. On the eve of World War II and early in the war, the number of cadets and instructors increased. At that time, great emphasis was placed on studying the experience of the Spanish War, the Hassan Lake area and the Kharakhim River operations, and the Soviet-Finnish War. The status of field operations was improved, and trainees participated in actual military exercises more frequently.

View of Frunze Riverside Street After the Soviet-German War began, the college shortened its academic duration and actively participated in the establishment of the Moscow Defense Zone. Instructors participated in the training of the capital's militia units and fighter squadrons. In 1941 alone, about 3,000 officers were sent to combat troops, and throughout the war years, Japan sent 11,000 well-trained commanders and staff to the troops. They lived up to the trust of the party and the government, and many of them became heroes of the Soviet Union and won high medals from the government. Many graduates and teachers sacrificed their lives while fighting the German fascist invaders, including: Generals Apanashenko and Vatutin, General Kirponos, Lieutenant General Yefremov , Engineer Lieutenant General Karbyshev and others. After the war, the college carried out extensive activities to study and summarize combat experience, and began to conduct in-depth research on new issues in military academics.

Organizational Structure and Curriculum Settings

The college has one dean and one deputy dean for teaching, scientific research and political work. The college consists of training, political, research and material and technical support departments, as well as academic committees, academic committees, teaching methods committees and other institutions. The main teaching and research sections include the Battle and Tactics Teaching and Research Section, the Marxism-Leninism Teaching and Research Section, the Soviet Union Party History and Party and Government Work Teaching and Research Section, the War History and Military Academic History Teaching and Research Section, and the Foreign Language Teaching and Research Section. The college has two major departments: basic and correspondence courses, as well as advanced courses and postgraduate courses. The basic department has majors such as synthetic army, reconnaissance, airborne, and landing.

The college gives priority to recruiting candidates who have graduated from the Advanced Command School of the Combined Arms of All Services, have served as battalion commanders for more than 2 years, have practical experience in unit command, have good combat literacy and political literacy, and are under the age of 38 Captains and Majors under the age of 15. The admissions method is recommendation by leaders, review one by one, and admission through examination. Examination subjects include Russian language, mathematics, literature, tactics, technical equipment, etc. The basic department enrolls nearly 300 students every year. The number of students enrolled in the correspondence department is larger, which is equivalent to 2 to 3 times that of the basic department. All students will be allocated uniformly after graduation. Generally, one is promoted to one level, one to two levels, and holds a position no lower than the chief of staff of the regiment. Individuals with outstanding academic performance may be appointed as regiment leaders.

The current main building of the school

The courses offered by the basic department include contract tactics, battle science, war history, foreign military history, Marxist-Leninist philosophy, political economics, party history and party government Work, foreign languages, military psychology, military pedagogy, military law and military financial management, etc. The length of study for the synthetic army major is 3 years. In the first year, students learn basic tactical theory and regiment offensive and defensive tactics, in the second year they learn division tactics and command, and in the third year they learn group army campaign theory and command. Two or three months before graduation, they also learn front army campaign and other related knowledge. The course setting and pace of the correspondence department are the same as those of the basic department, but self-study is the main focus. After 6 semesters of study, students are allowed to take the graduation examination. The college emphasizes comprehensively improving the operational, tactical and military technical literacy of students, and training students to become outstanding combined army commanders with independent thinking and problem-solving abilities. The training emphasizes the comprehensive use of lectures, classroom discussions, self-study, various assignments, various exercises and other forms to improve both theoretical level and practical ability. It also emphasizes the use of modern equipment to improve the quality of teaching.

The college’s teachers are selected from the entire military. Many of the instructors are war-tested generals and officers of other ranks who have engaged in scientific research and teaching for many years. The teaching team basically realizes the integration of old, middle and young people. For example, in the Battle and Tactics Teaching and Research Section, 37% of the teachers have more than 10 years of teaching experience, 31.5% have more than 5 years of teaching experience, and 31.5% have less than 5 years of teaching experience.

The teaching method of the college is relatively advanced. During the training, special emphasis is placed on the comprehensive use of lectures, classroom discussions, self-study, various assignments, various exercises and other forms to improve the students' operational, tactical and military technical literacy, and cultivate Students’ ability to think independently and solve problems. During the training process, it also emphasizes the use of modern teaching equipment, such as simulated command posts, laboratories, teaching centers, etc., so that trainees can become familiar with weapons and technical equipment, train and master modern equipment, and learn to use automated command systems to command the army. The faculty of the college are knowledgeable and experienced. Many of the faculty are war-tested generals and officers who have been engaged in teaching and scientific research for many years, and all have doctorates.

The person of Frunze

When talking about the Frunze Military Academy, we must talk about the person of Frunze.

Frunze

Frunze was one of the most famous Red Army commanders in the Soviet Civil War. He was born in Bishpek, Kyrgyzstan (now Frunze, Kyrgyzstan) in 1885. He was a famous Soviet party and state activist, strategist, outstanding military commander and military theorist. In April 1924, Frunze served as deputy chairman of the Soviet Revolutionary Military Commission and chief of staff of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army concurrently as dean of the Military Academy. Such appointments illustrate the importance that the Communist Party and the government of the Soviet Union attach to training military cadres, and also confirm the great role of the college in this important undertaking.

After Frunze came to the college, he first further clarified the training goals of the college. He required students not only to master military skills, but also to continuously improve their ideological and theoretical levels. In order to adapt to the development of the world's military, Frunze carried out drastic reforms in the academy's organizational structure, training content, training methods and training system. As an outstanding military commander and military theorist, Frunze attached great importance to the issue of unified understanding of important principles of military academics.

He not only wrote articles specifically pointing out the importance of unifying military doctrines and unifying basic military academic views, but also did a lot of work in unifying the training policies of the academy, unifying the content of operations and their implementation methods. The construction of the armed forces has laid a solid foundation.

In October 1925, Frunze unfortunately passed away at the age of 40. In the days of mourning for this dean who was deeply loved by the entire academy, the entire academy requested the Revolutionary Military Council of the Soviet Union to name the academy after him. The committee approved the request. The General Staff College of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was renamed the Frunze Military College. The academy has now been integrated into the Combined Service Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, but Russians are still accustomed to calling it the Frunze Military Academy.

Famous Alumni

The academy enjoys a high reputation in the Soviet Union and even in the world. It has trained a large number of military talents for the Soviet armed forces, such as Marshal Chuikov, Grechko, Zhukov, and Volo Nov, Bilyuzov and others all graduated from the academy. Chinese Marshal Liu Bocheng, Eighth Route Army Deputy Chief of Staff Zuo Quan, Air Force Commander General Liu Yalou, and Vice President of the Higher Military Academy General Yang Hucheng also graduated from the Frunze Military Academy.

"Hero of the Soviet Union" Zhukov

Orge Konstantinovich Zhukov (December 2, 1896 - June 18, 1974), Soviet military strategist . Because of his outstanding achievements in the Soviet-German War, he was considered one of the best generals in World War II. Therefore, he became one of only two people to be awarded the honorary title of "Hero of the Soviet Union" four times.

Zhukov

Zhukov was born in a poor family. He served as an apprentice in Moscow as a boy and was recruited into the cavalry regiment of the Tsarist Russian Army in 1915. During World War I, Zhukov won the "St. George Cross" twice for combat bravery and was promoted to sergeant. After the October Revolution he joined the Bolsheviks. In one encounter, he led his troops to hold the position for seven hours at a disadvantage of 100 men to 2,000 men, and was appreciated by Stalin. From 1918 to 1920, he participated in the Soviet-Russian Civil War. Zhukov became regimental commander in 1923 and brigade commander in 1930. He was an ardent supporter of the new theory of armored warfare and was renowned for his detailed battle plans and strict demands for discipline.

In 1938, the Japanese army caused friction at the border between Outer Mongolia, where the Soviet Union was stationed, and the puppet Manchukuo established by Japan. Zhukov was sent to the border to organize military deployment against Japan. The Battle of Nomonkan broke out in May 1939. Under the command of Zhukov, the Soviet army used a large number of armored troops to conduct three-dimensional mobile operations like blitzkrieg, and finally encircled the Japanese army and won the victory. Zhukov was awarded the title "Hero of the Soviet Union" for his outstanding command in this battle. In 1940, Zhukov was awarded the rank of general and was subsequently appointed chief of the Soviet Army's General Staff.

On June 22, 1941, the German army invaded the Soviet Union, and the Soviet-German War broke out. The Soviet army was defeated in the early stages of the war. Zhukov signed an order requiring the Soviet Red Army to immediately organize a counterattack, but to no avail. After the German army drove straight in, they focused on attacking Kyiv. After judgment, Zhukov proposed that Kiev should be withdrawn to avoid being encircled by the German army and causing greater losses. His views and outspoken character brought him into conflict with Stalin, and he was appointed commander of the reserve army, with Shaposhnikov taking over as chief of the general staff. The course of the subsequent war showed Zhukov's insight. If Stalin had adopted his suggestions at that time, the tragedy of 660,000 Soviet troops being surrounded and annihilated in the Battle of Kiev would not have occurred.

Zhukov commanded operations on the front line. After Zhukov served as the commander of the reserve front, he led the front to successfully implement the Yelniya counterattack in the Yelnya area, crushing the German vanguard and stabilizing the local front. Leningrad was in crisis in September. Zhukov was recalled to Moscow, appointed as the representative of the base camp, and went to Leningrad. From then on, he began to coordinate the command in various places, and was therefore called the "Fire Captain".

After Zhukov arrived in Leningrad, he immediately suspended the meeting that was studying the retreat plan, ruthlessly replaced the commanders of the two group armies, arrested and executed some officers who retreated without permission, and quickly drew up a defense plan. city ??plan. Through his strong will, he led his subordinates to rationally utilize effective troops to carry out key defense and counterattack, and stabilized the defense line. In October, the German army launched a massive attack on Moscow, and Zhukov was transferred back to Moscow to replace Timoshenko in organizing the defense of Moscow. The defensive battle ended in December, and the German troops withdrew from the areas surrounding Moscow.

In early 1943, Zhukov and Marshal Voroshilov, as representatives of the Supreme Command, coordinated the Leningrad Front and the Volkhov Front to break through the German blockade of Leningrad. After the victory of the battle, Zhukov was promoted to marshal; in the summer of the same year, he coordinated the Kursk campaign as a representative of the Supreme Command. Late at night on May 8, 1945, Zhukov presided over the unconditional surrender ceremony of Nazi Germany and signed on behalf of the Soviet Union.

After the war, Zhukov was jealous of Stalin due to his outstanding military exploits and shortcomings in his own character. After Stalin's death in 1953, he was recalled to Moscow; in 1955, he was appointed Minister of Defense of the Soviet Union. But in the process of helping Khrushchev, Zhukov proudly said: "Without my order, not a single tank can move from the same place." Khrushchev then felt threatened by Zhukov and took advantage of Zhukov's visit. After he returned to China, he was dismissed from the post of Minister of Defense on the groundless charge of being a "Bonapartist".

After Khrushchev stepped down, Zhukov was mentioned again. Zhukov, who lives in leisure, has written military works such as "Memories and Thoughts", "In the Battle to Defend the Capital", "Kursk Bulge", "On the Direction of Berlin", etc., describing many Soviet-German battlefields in World War II. famous battles and elaborated on his military thoughts. Zhukov died in 1974 and was buried under the Kremlin wall in Red Square.

"Military God" Liu Bocheng

Liu Bocheng (December 4, 1892 - October 7, 1986), formerly known as Liu Mingzhao, was the founder and leader of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. Born on December 4, 1892 in Zhaojiachang, Kaixian County, Sichuan Province. When he was young, he joined the army and determined to serve the country. In 1911, he joined the student army in Kaixian County in response to the Revolution of 1911. In 1912, he was admitted to the Chongqing Military Government General School. In 1913, he participated in the Sichuan Army against Yuan (Shikai). Joined the Chinese Revolutionary Party in 1914. In the war to protect the country and protect the law, he successively served as company commander, brigade chief of staff, and regimental commander.

Liu Bocheng

In March 1916, when he captured Fengdu, he was shot in the right eye and became disabled. In 1923, during the war against Wu Peifu, he served as the former commander of the first route of the East Route Army against the Bandits, and was known as the "Famous General in Central Sichuan." Joined the Communist Party of China in May 1926. In 1927, he participated in the leadership of the Nanchang Uprising and served as the chief of staff of the Chinese Communist Party's Committee on Former Enemies.

In the second half of 1928, Liu Bocheng was transferred to Frunze Military Academy to study. When he stepped into the school gate, a striking slogan left an indelible impression on him: "All tactics must be suitable for a certain historical era. If new weapons appear, the organizational form and command of the army will also change." Liu Bocheng This reminds me of a slogan I saw in the classroom when I was at the Moscow Advanced Infantry School: "Theory separated from reality is dead theory, and reality separated from theory is blind practice." The profound connotation of these two aphorisms has a profound impact on Liu Bocheng's thinking. Military thought has profound enlightenment.

In order to thoroughly understand why "all tactics must be suitable for a certain historical era", Liu Bocheng found the theoretical basis from Engels's "Anti-Dühring": "Nothing is more dependent on the economy than the army and navy. Premise. Equipment, organization, organization, tactics and strategy depend first on the level of production and transportation conditions at that time. What is revolutionary here is not the intellectual freedom of the commander-in-chief, but the invention of better weapons and soldiers. Changes in ingredients; the influence of a genius commander is at most limited to adapting the way of fighting to new weapons and new warriors." This wonderful and extraordinary theory of Engels deeply moved Liu Bocheng, and he plucked up the courage to write this section. Translated into Chinese.

From then on, he attached great importance to the study of Engels's military works and benefited a lot from them. The main courses of the Frunze Military Academy include strategy, war history (history of the First World War, the history of the Soviet Civil War), military geography, Russian language, etc. Liu Bocheng studied military theory and strived to combine it with actual combat. Every time he took a course, he effectively connected it with the battles he had experienced in the past, and summed up the successful experience and the lessons of failure. Therefore, whether it was questions in class, assignments on pictures or field exercises, he learned solidly and understood thoroughly.

In the summer of 1930, Liu Bocheng graduated from the Frunze Military Academy. After returning to China, he served as a member of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China and secretary of the Yangtze River Bureau Military Commission, assisting Zhou Enlai in handling the daily work of the Central Military Commission. In January 1937, he entered the Central Revolutionary Base Area and served as the principal and political commissar of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army School. During the Long March, he served as the commander of the Central Column, commanding the advance troops to forcefully cross the Wu River and outwit Zunyi.

In January 1935, he participated in the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held in Zunyi and supported Mao Zedong's ideas. In May, the first unit of the command cadre regiment seized Jiaoping Ferry, ensuring the smooth northward crossing of the Jinsha River for the whole army. Later, he and Nie Rongzhen led the detachment to clear the way for the entire army, and made a "blood-based alliance" with Xiao Yedan, the leader of the Yi tribe, so that the entire army could pass through the Yi inhabited area smoothly. On May 25, he led the 1st Red Division to forcefully cross the Dadu River at Anshun Field. After the Red Army's First and Fourth Fronts reunited, he firmly implemented the strategic policy of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on going north to resist Japan and fought against Zhang Guotao's separatist activities.

After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, Liu Bocheng served as the commander of the 129th Division of the Eighth Route Army, and organized the command post to conduct night attacks on Yangmingbao, Qigen Village ambush, and Changshengkou, Shentouling, and Xiangtangpu. After waiting for the battle, they later achieved victory in the "siege" against the Ninth Route in southeastern Shanxi and the "mopping up" against the Eleventh Route in southern Hebei, establishing the Shanxi-Hebei-Henan anti-Japanese base area. In 1940, he organized troops to participate in the Hundred Regiment Campaign. Later, an armed group composed of regular army, guerrillas and militia was organized to localize the main force, and set up a large number of armed work teams to implement "the enemy advances, we advance" to attack urban strongholds and communication lines in enemy-occupied areas to defeat the Japanese and puppet troops. "Encroachment" and "mopping up" consolidated and expanded the anti-Japanese base areas. At the same time, they repeatedly counterattacked the invasion of the base areas by the Kuomintang die-hard troops.

During the War of Liberation, he successively served as the commander of the Shanxi-Hebei-Luyu Military Region, the Central Plains Military Region, and the Second Field Army. From September 1945, he and political commissar Deng Xiaoping commanded the Shangdang Campaign and the Handan Campaign, effectively supporting Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai's peace negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek in Chongqing. In June 1947, he and Deng Xiaoping led a 120,000-strong army to break through the Yellow River defenses and organized and commanded the Battle of Southwest Shandong. Then they left the base area, leaped thousands of miles into the Dabie Mountains, penetrated deep into the heart of the enemy, established a foothold, and repeatedly broke through the siege of heavy enemy troops. Since September, it has been closely coordinating with the Chen (Yi) Su (Yu) Field Army that marched into Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu, and the Chen (Geng) Xie (Fu Zhi) Group that marched into western Henan, annihilating a large number of enemies between the Jianghuai River and Han Dynasty, forcing the Kuomintang army to become passive. It played a decisive role in reversing the national war situation. In November 1948, he participated in commanding the Huaihai Campaign and achieved a major victory in the strategic decisive battle. In April 1949, he participated in commanding the Battle of Crossing the River and directly commanded the Second Field Army to liberate vast areas in southern Anhui, western Zhejiang, northeastern Jiangxi, and northern Fujian. In the winter of the same year, he commanded the Southwest Campaign, implemented the combat policy of long-distance roundabout encirclement, and liberated the four provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Xikang.

At the end of 1950, he led the establishment of the People's Liberation Army Military Academy and served as its dean (and later political commissar). Since 1954, he has successively served as Vice Chairman of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission, Vice Chairman of the National Defense Commission, and Minister of the Training Directorate of the Military Commission. In September 1957, he was appointed president and political commissar of the Higher Military Academy. After 1959, he was also responsible for strategic research work and made significant contributions to promoting the modernization and regularization of the People's Liberation Army. In 1955, he was awarded the military rank of Marshal of the People's Republic of China, the first-class "August 1st Medal", the first-class "Independence and Freedom Medal", and the first-class "Liberation Medal". In 1982, he resigned from his leadership position in the party, government and military. Died of illness in Beijing on October 7, 1986.