I would like to ask a few questions about ideology

Consciousness is a common research object or research topic in philosophy, psychology and other related disciplines. What exactly

is consciousness? Not only is it itself a complex issue that is difficult to explain clearly at the moment, but people's understanding of it

has also been very inconsistent since ancient times. There are different opinions, making people confused. .

The word "consciousness" in Marxist classics has two uses: one is used as a verb, which refers to the activity of

"consciousness", that is, the activity of cognition ; First, when used as a noun, it refers to the results of activities that are opposed to matter, such as knowledge, thoughts, concepts, etc.

There are similarities between the study of consciousness in psychology and the study of consciousness in philosophy, but there are differences. In terms of consistency: both of them study the issue of consciousness, and scientific psychology’s research on the issue of consciousness accepts the guidance of Marxist philosophy. In terms of differences: Philosophy studies "consciousness" used as a noun, that is, consciousness that is opposed to "matter". It studies human consciousness as a whole, and its basic question is the relationship between consciousness and existence. Questions

questions refer to both personal consciousness and social consciousness; psychology studies "consciousness" used as a verb, which refers to activities and understandings of "consciousness"

Activity is a more specific study of human individual consciousness, its essence,

occurrence and development, structure and function, etc., although it is not< /p>

It will inevitably involve more issues of social consciousness, but as an independent science, psychology studies after all

individual consciousness.

Therefore, in psychology, consciousness is "a form of advanced psychological reflection of objective reality unique to humans"

The author once wrote an article ("Miscellaneous Talks on Consciousness Issues", published in "Psychological Exploration", Issue 4, 1982): Consciousness as a psychological phenomenon unique to humans includes feelings, perceptions, The most advanced cognitive activity with a composite structure

including thinking, in which thinking plays a decisive role; it is the practice of human beings with labor and other practices

It is produced together with language in a society based on activities and develops with the development of social history; it is the brain's reflection of objective reality realized with the help of the second signal system; it It has the characteristics of consciousness, initiative, and creativity; in various psychological activities of people, it plays a role in regulating, controlling, and guiding; it is not only a social products, and also have class overtones in class society. This latter sentence reflects the inevitable connection between individual consciousness

and social consciousness. In 1992, the author published "On Consumer Consciousness" (this long paper was submitted to the annual academic meeting of the Hubei Provincial Psychological Association, and was later abridged to "Consumer Consciousness and Consumption Types", published in < /p>

"Journal of Zhongnan University of Finance and Economics", Issue 3, 1993) once again wrote about consciousness: "From a broad perspective

understood, 'consciousness' refers to something that is relative to matter. The result of activities, used as a noun, such as knowledge, thoughts, concepts, etc.

It is often said in philosophy that 'existence determines consciousness'. This 'consciousness' is a spiritual thing, so 'consciousness' and 'mind' are

Li' are interlinked, but their connotations are not exactly the same." From a narrow sense, 'consciousness' refers to people's

cognitive activities and is used as a verb, such as 'Awareness', the so-called 'awareness' is also 'recognition', the consciousness mentioned in psychology

refers to 'awareness', that is, human psychological activity, which is a The form of understanding is a form of reflection. ...In medicine, consciousness refers to the 'clear state' or 'awake state'; in psychiatric medicine, consciousness refers to the clarity and range of the patient's entire mental activity." Therefore, "'Consciousness'

As a high-level cognitive activity of human beings, it includes the ability to identify the environment and the person themselves, as well as the degree of clarity.

When normal people are awake, their consciousness is clear and clear, and they can correctly identify and understand time, place,

people, events, and their own economic income and consumption status. , can make corresponding, appropriate, purposeful and active reflections and responses to the effects of the surrounding environment (including the impact of other people's consumption situations on themselves).

”

An important sign of what makes a human being is that he or she has consciousness.

Ideology

To put it simply, it means that human beings have From the perspective of human society, communism is an ideology, and capitalism is also an ideology. The following is described by many philosophers

Ideology

Ideology is a system of ideas and representations that governs the spirit of a person or a social group

Ideology is the representation of an imaginary relationship between an individual and his real state of existence.

In order to illustrate my central topic about the structure and function of ideology, I will first propose two themes, one negative and the other. One is yes. The first theme involves the object of "representation" in the form of ideological imagination; the second theme involves the materiality of ideology.

Theme 1: Representation of Ideology.

When we admit that ideology does not correspond to reality, that is, when we admit that ideology constitutes an illusion, we recognize consciousness. Forms construct the illusion of reality, they are simply "interpreted" as discovering the reality of the world (ideology = illusion/suggestion) hidden behind the imaginary representation of that world.

Theme 2: Ideology has a material existence.

When it comes to those "ideas" or "representations" that seem to shape ideology but do not have a conceptual or spiritual existence, some have a material existence. I have already touched on this theme. I even suggested that the conceptual or spiritual existence of "idea" only appears in the ideology of "idea", or in a certain ideology of ideology. Here I would add that , it appears only in the ideology that seems to have grounded this concept since the emergence of science, that is, among the "ideas" (true or false) that scientific practitioners present to themselves in their spontaneous ideologies.

Terry Eagleton

Ideology refers specifically to the way in which power struggles unfold at the level of representation; although this representational activity involves a variety of Hegemonic processes, but not at the level of domination that maintains domination in every situation

Ideology is often experienced as a process of naturalization and universalization through the installation of a complex set of discursive devices. Ideology presents values ??that are actually partisan, polemical, and of a specific historical stage as true in any time and place, and therefore these values ??are natural, inevitable, and unchangeable.

In short, ideology is a discourse issue, a practical communication issue between subjects in a historical situation, not just a language issue (the propositional issue we are talking about). Nor is ideology simply a matter of biased, biased, and partisan discourse, although there is no human discourse that is not.

Ideology refers to the largely concealed structure of values ??that pervades and is based on our actual statements. I am talking about the way we speak and believe within them, and how they relate to the way we live. The power structure of society is related to power relations...that is, the patterns of emotions, evaluations, perceptions and beliefs, which have a certain relationship with the maintenance of social power.

Clifford Geertz

As far as studying the social determinants of ideology, there are two main approaches: interest theory and tension theory. For the former, ideology is a mask or a weapon; for the latter, ideology is a disease and a prescription. According to the interest theory, ideological claims must be examined in the context of a broad struggle for superiority; according to the tension theory, they must be examined in the context of long efforts to correct social and psychological imbalances.

In the former context, people are chasing power, in the latter context, people are fleeing from anxiety.

Despite other differences, the so-called cognitive and expressive symbols or symbol systems have at least one thing in common: they are both external resources of information, on which human life depends. Such resources shape them so that they are transpersonal mechanisms for perceiving, understanding, judging, and operating in the world. The patterns of culture - religious, philosophical, aesthetic, scientific, and ideological - are "programs"; they provide templates or blueprints for the organization of social and psychological processes, just as genetic mechanisms provide organisms The organization of the process provides such a template... Man, an animal that makes tools, laughs and lies, is also an unfinished animal, or to be more precise, a self-completed animal. Man is the subject of his self-realization, and he creates the special ability to define himself out of the general ability to construct symbolic patterns. In other words, returning to our topic, it is through the construction of ideology and the construction of schema images of social order that people make themselves a political animal for good or ill.

As cultural systems, the difference between science and ideology should be found in the different types of semiotic strategies of the overall situations they respectively represent. Science names the structure of situations in such a way that the attitudes toward them contained therein are disinterested, in a form that is restrained, concise, and absolutely analytical, by avoiding the most effective statements of moral sentiments. By means of semantics, science seeks maximum clarity of thought. Ideology names the structure of situations in such a way that the attitude toward those situations contained within it is a commitment. Its style is colorful, vivid and deliberately suggestive: expressing moral sentiments through semantic means that science eschews, it seeks to evoke people's actions...Science is the diagnostic and critical level of culture, and consciousness Form is the defensible and argumentative level of culture, which refers to "that part of culture that actively cares about the establishment and defense of beliefs and value patterns.

Fredric Jameson < /p>

From this higher perspective, we can see that the first ideological model, which is essentially epistemological, cannot give us much help, because it is not a certain ideological model that plays a decisive role now. The question of whether an ideological system is truth or falsehood is rather a question of its function, role and effectiveness in the class struggle. It is now believed that the tasks of the ideology of the ruling class are legitimation and hegemony (these two words come from respectively. Habermas and Gramsci), in other words, no ruling class can always rely on violence to maintain its rule, although violence is completely necessary in turbulent moments of social crisis. On the contrary, the ruling class must rely on people. This form of approval is at least a certain form of passive acceptance. Therefore, the basic function of the huge ruling class ideology is to convince people that social life should be like this, that change is a waste of effort, that social relations have always been like this, etc. At the same time, it is conceivable that the function of a countervailing ideology - such as Marxism itself, as the ideology of the proletariat, rather than as a "science" about the state of society - is to challenge the hegemonic Ideology presents the challenge of debunking, weakening, and disbelieving the ideology, and developing its own counter-ideology as part of the broader struggle to seize power.

Lark. Ernesto Laclau

Ideology does not consist of a misrecognition of the nature of affirmation; rather, on the contrary, it consists of a failure to recognize that: The indeterminate character of any possibility, and the failure to recognize the impossibility of any eventual bridging.

Emmanuel Levinas

The concept of ideology, originally a Hegelian concept later used in Marxist critiques of bourgeois humanism, owes much of its compelling power to Nietzsche and Freud for its novelty. The point is that rational phenomena may be obscure and more difficult to grasp than irrational phenomena. Its mystifying power can be so hidden that the art of logic is not enough to break the mystery. The mystification stems from an unconscious intention. , mystifying the mysterious things.

Like reason in Kant’s transcendental dialectic, ideology may be a necessary source of illusion. This may be a recent view. If one believes Althusser, ideology always expresses the way in which consciousness experiences its dependence on the objective and material conditions that determine it, that is, on The dependence of scientific reason on the conditions to be grasped in its objectivity. However, an inevitable doubt is whether this also tells us something strange about the consciousness that is related to the order controlled by science. To be precise, it is related to what science belongs to, that is, the subject. Fracture, the great gap and "game" between science and existence.

Peter Bürger

It should be noted that in this model, ideology cannot simply be understood as a copy of social reality, that is, a copy of social reality , but should be regarded as a product of social reality. Ideology is the result of an activity that reacts to experienced reality as an insufficiency ("real reality", that is, the possibility of man unfolding in reality is suppressed, so that man is Forced into "fantasy realizing" himself in the religious realm). Ideologies are not simply reflections of certain social conditions; they are parts of the social reality as a whole: "Elements of ideology do not simply mask economic interests, they are not just slogans and slogans: they are elements of the real struggles being fought. "

Raymond Williams

"Ideology" is an indispensable term in sociological analysis, but the difficulty with this term lies above all. : Either it is used to describe: a) the systematic or conscious beliefs of a class or other social group, as in the usual use of the word "ideological" to mean some general principle or theoretical proposition, or generally less palatable The statement refers to some dogma. Either used to describe: b) the unique world view or universal concept of a class or social group, which includes some systematic and conscious beliefs, as well as less conscious and systematically elaborated attitudes, habits and emotions, and even some Unconscious assumptions, intentions and commitments.

Judith Williamson

Ideology is a meaning which is necessarily produced by the conditions of society and helps to perpetuate these social conditions. We feel a need to belong, to be in a certain social "class," although this need is difficult to detect. In fact this need may be given imaginatively. All of us truly need a social existence, a homogeneous culture. Mass media provides this need to some extent, and it can (potentially) fulfill an affirmative function in our lives.

Slavoj Zizek

As a belief, a set of ideas, beliefs, concepts, etc., the inner concept of ideology is used to convince us of its "truth" , but actually serves some implicit specific power interests. The ideological criticism mode corresponding to this concept is the symptomatic reading mode: the purpose of this criticism is to reveal the implicit bias of official texts through cracks, gaps and clerical errors - to expose market exchanges with "equality and freedom" Equality and freedom of the partners, of course, this kind of market confers privileges on the owners of the means of production.

Ideology is no longer seen as a mechanism that guarantees the homogeneity of social reproduction and as "social cohesion"; it becomes a Wittgensteinian process of ambiguous correlation and heterogeneity The scope of a "family" is strictly local. Along these lines, so-called ideological thematic critiques of domination strive to show that an ideology either exerts a decisive influence that is not limited to a certain social class, or to expose the marginalized role of ideology in social reproduction.